Essays on Hypertension

Abstract

Hypertension is a silent killer that afflicts over 77 million people in USA. The prevalence of this disease is higher among African-Americans than other ethnic groups. Especially, more than half of the population of African-American women suffers from hypertension and the associated disorders. Apart from genetic factors, a slew of environmental factors including obesity and lack of activity, diabetes, poor diet, alcohol consumption and stress are contributive to this growing phenomenon among black women. This paper has discussed this issue in more detail along with the recommended interventions necessary to keep this condition under check.

Introduction

Hypertension is a debilitating Continue reading...

During my Practicum Experience, I encountered a patient who will be referred to as Elaine in this description. Elaine, at the time of our examination of her, weighed nearly 200 pounds, was 5’7” in height, 35 years of age, and led a sedentary lifestyle. She reported to me and the other nurses that she was a regular smoker, having smoked two packs a day since she was in her early twenties, and also drank three times a week. She has an office job, and as such does not regularly exercise. Her blood pressure was 150 over 95, leading Continue reading...

Use of a standard language in nursing for the nursing care documentation is very crucial to the bedside or direct care nurse and the nursing profession. The American Nurses Association currently approves thirteen standardized nursing languages to direct care. Ten of these languages are specifically for the nursing care. In the course of delivering nursing services, all the nurses need to have a common means of expression and communication. They need to agree over a common terminology when describing interventions, outcomes, and interventions related to the specific documentation. By doing this, nurses all over the world are able to Continue reading...

Malaysia Health Promotion for Stroke

- Introduction
Stroke is caused by a blood clot forming on one of the arteries to the brain (Anon, 2014). The resulting blockage interferes with brain function and the body loses optimum function. There are degrees of severity, ranging from impaired speech to major disability or death. Early detection improves recovery.
Malaysia is experiencing increases in incidences of stroke related to lifestyle. Approximately 11.6% of all deaths each year are attributed to stroke (WorldLifeExpectancy, 2004). It is the second leading cause of death and in the top five causes of disability in the country. Malaysia is a low-to-middle income Continue reading...

Introduction

Hypertension is one of the most common clinical conditions that afflict most people regardless of country or race. Hypertension is a non-communicable disease, which means that it is not acquired through contact although mounting evidence through numerous studies suggests that the disease can be genetic or hereditary. In layman’s term, hypertension is commonly associated with high-blood pressure although in a medical perspective, hypertension is quite difficult to define. The definition of hypertension is quite arbitrary depending on factors such as age as well as the level of blood pressure that is normal for a person, which varies among Continue reading...

Introduction

Hypertension due to unknown cause or rather essential hypertension is responsible for an estimated 95% of the reported cases of hypertension. Its trend is seen in families and can be categorized as one of the genetically acquired or inheritance diseases. Numerous pathophysiological are said to causes hypertension with several experiments and research carried out to establish solid evidence. Sympathetic nervous system is one of the factors considered due to its effect on cardiovascular activities in the human body.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is mainly as a result of vascular resistance and output of the cardiac muscles. All these actions on the Continue reading...

(Author)

Abstract

Obesity refers to the condition of having weight more than average fatness. This medical condition is thought to be caused by hereditary factors but some environmental factors are also involved in this problem. Obesity in childhood is becoming an important problem for the world. BMI that is more than the 97th percentile for age and sex in children is considered as the point for childhood obesity. Childhood obesity can increase the chances of other medical problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Prevention is considered as the best strategy in reducing the problem of obesity. Treatment of this condition Continue reading...

Questions in Medicine

Question One
The leukemia and lymphoma website offers things that assist healthcare professionals and patients of access information. These include patient education programs, resource centers, support programs and discussion boards. The support programs offer a link for people with blood cancers to connect with other people with common problems. As such, this program offers mutual support by creating opportunities for discussing concerns and anxieties with people with similar experiences. The patient education programs offer free web education and telephone programs, video support and local education programs for caregivers and patients regarding blood cancers, support an the treatment options available. Continue reading...

It is well known that hypertension is a condition that can be controlled with various forms of lifestyle modification and medicines, however there are several other major factors that hinders or affect how such high blood pressure can be effectively controlled. Mrs Kingston's health history (abnormal cholesterol level and diabetes), BMI (obesity), and lifestyle (tobacco smoking, diet) place her at a high risk of complications if her blood pressure is not properly controlled. Those potential complications that could ensue from the hypertension can be related to affectations of organs such as the kidneys, eyes, and heart.The commonest of the Continue reading...

Hypertension which is also known as high blood pressure is a condition in which the arteries have persistently elevated blood pressure. It is a dangerous disease that can lead to other illnesses such as heart failure and stroke and it can also lead to damaged organs. Although hypertension is a dreadful disease, it can be treated by lowering blood pressure to less than 140/90 or probably lower in certain circumstances (Hays, 2009, p. 212). Alongside that, it can also be treated by changing lifestyle factors or treating it medically. Hypertension is the biggest risk factor for cardiovascular disease which Continue reading...

Introduction

Hypertension, commonly referred to as high blood pressure, is a medical condition which comprises of incessantly elevated blood pressure in the arteries. Hypertension may cause damage to the organs and several illnesses including renal failure, heart failure, heart attack or stroke. According to (Luehr, Hayes, Johnson & Burke (2012), close to 30% of the adult American (U.S.) population have hypertension. Majority of these people are those over 65 years. This means that nearly 66.9 million U.S. citizens have hypertension. This number is predicted to rise as the number of those above 65 years continues to rise. Poor adherence to medication Continue reading...

The regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis in the body occurs thorough an endocrine pathway called the renin angiotensin (RAS) pathway. This is a multistep pathway in which two step conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by rennin and subsequent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) occurs (Fig 1a). The RAS involves a number of peptides, receptors and enzymes partake in this highly regulated system. The angiotensin II, however, is the key biological player of this pathway. Uncontrolled activation and improper regulation of the RAS pathway leads to hypertension, organ failure and Continue reading...

Abstract

The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence rates of arterial hypertension among adults in urban and rural environments of Malta. Logistic regression is used to obtain (OR) the odds ratio as a useful measure of association between outcome and variables. The prevalence of arterial hypertension among the Maltese population was 21.9% (or 1.14), (Nicita, 2008, p. 14). The World Health Organization (WHO) website was used to gather information in this study regarding arterial hypertension prevalence among the Maltese population. The likelihood of reporting arterial hypertension increased with women and age, migrants and individuals with morbidities, former Continue reading...

This patient has received IV furosemide because her heart failure has lead to pulmonary edema, as is evident by the presence of pulmonary crackles. Furosemide is a powerful diuretic. This medication is also good for the treatment of her hypertension. Enalapril is an ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitor that is used for the treatment of hypertension and some forms of heart failure. Enalapril has been shown to lower mortality in patients with systolic heart failure, which is most likely what this patient is suffering from considering her chronic history of hypertension. Metoprolol is used because this patient has ventricular Continue reading...

Activity 1

Activity 2
Activity 3
Activity 4
Diagram to explain how β-adrenoceptors antagonists produce clinically useful effects
It suffices to note that b blockers have their main role outside the central nervous system. They competitively block receptor occupancy of b receptors, from agonists like catecholamines. Some bind irreversibly to beta receptors and are therefore used only in experimental settings. Some beta antagonists constitutively reduce the activity of beta receptors. These kind are known as inverse agonists. Most beta receptors blockers are structurally similar to isoproterenol

Harley,1983

Would we treat uncomplicated hypertension in 68year old patient with moderate asthma and renal impairment Continue reading...

Assignment 1 – Developing your ideas

Research Problem
Obesity has been a health issue to most middle aged men and older men for the last three decades. This issue has increased in many countries and researchers have been looking for a solution to the problem. One of the main health problem caused by obesity is stroke and cardiovascular problems. Researchers have found a reprieve in vitamin d supplements and other constituents to be useful in reducing stroke among middle aged males.Vitamin D is a highly required nutrient in nutrition. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent condition that has claimed the lives of so many people. Such Continue reading...

Literature review: weighing evidence

Research is an endeavor carried out in search of knowledge. The harnessing of a curiosity to know. In nursing this would comprise the search for new medical knowledge. In this light therefore it is paramount that the information gathered be as accurate, thorough and representative as possible.
In the case study on the relationship between lifestyle changes, physical activity and diet against hypertension, the researchers did a good job in data sampling as can be observed from their work the inclusion of the diverse variables into consideration during their time of the study signifies in a well thought out Continue reading...

Introduction

Identifying and describing a researchable Problem
Essential hypertension is a term used to describe high blood pressure of unknown etiology. According to Messerli, Williamsand Ritz (2007) this condition increases the risks of cerebral damage, renal dysfunction and cardiac disease. In industrialized nations there is a 90% risk of developing hypertension during an individual’s life time. It means blood pressure readings above 120/80 moving towards 140/90(Messerli et.al, 2007).
Approximately, 43 million Americans are hypertensive and using antihypertensive medication. This is 24% of the adult population. There are racial variations with blacks showing an incidence of 32.4%; whites 23.3% Continue reading...

Personal Health Risk Assessment

My family has a history of blindness, as my great grandfather was blind. Apart from blindness, deafness is similarly a condition that poses risk in my family because my sister and I are both deaf. I therefore, face a health risk of blindness in the future. Diabetes has a strong relation with blindness. Meningitis on the other hand, is connected with deafness. In this respect, aging and genetic inheritance are the main risk factors that are likely to determine my state of health in the future. Some others risks that I can manage with positive health choices include high Continue reading...

Introduction

- Identifying and describing a researchable Problem

Identifying 5 questions

Preliminary PICO question and description of each variable
Conclusion
10 key words that can be used in literature review search
Introduction

Identifying and describing a researchable Problem

Essential hypertension is a term used to describe high blood pressure of unknown etiology. According to Messerli, Williams and Ritz (2007) this condition increases the risks of cerebral damage, renal dysfunction and cardiac disease. In industrialized nations there is a 90% risk of developing hypertension during an individual’s life time. It means blood pressure readings above 120/80 moving towards 140/90 (Messerli et.al, 2007).
Approximately, 43 million Americans are hypertensive and Continue reading...

Introduction

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive report on a case study conducted on an individual who is displaying symptoms of hypertension. The paper explicitly explores as a chronic disease and some of the aspects that will be touched on include its epidemiology, Pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, treatment plan, drug analysis and follow up care.
Hypertension, also commonly referred to as high blood pressure is a body condition in which blood vessels, specifically the arteries high and persistent pressure. This high pressure makes it hard for the heart to pump blood to all the other parts of Continue reading...

Her problem of Hypertension was diagnosed almost 6 years ago when her blood pressure remained consistently on the higher side on 4 consecutive visits to the clinic. It was consistently high in the range of 160/90 mmHg.
Almost a year ago, she was also detected with microalbuminuria during her annual screening of urine. At that time, 1,943 mg/dl of microalbumin was detected in her urine sample.

Subjective

She has come to the clinic today for her regular checkup and follows up visit for the diabetes and hypertension. She is a house wife. And has three children.

Objective

She got an Continue reading...

SOC313: Social Implications of Medical Issues

Introduction
Hypertension contributes to a number of diseases. As per studies about 26% people of the world totaling about 1 billion in number are afflicted with hypertension (Kearney et. al). Since a large segment of the world population is expected to grow older by 2025, hypertension is likely to increase in the world within next 15 years. In the US, currently a recorded number of 73 million people are suffering from hypertension. Hypertension is regarded as the silent killer because people suffering from it do not show any external symptoms. Hypertension hardens arteries resulting in the higher risk for Continue reading...

Abstract:

Hypertension is a condition of the arteries dilating out of experiencing high pressure during the pumping of blood by the heart. It is also known as high blood pressure condition. Hypertension leads to the occurrence of other diseases in the body such heart failure, kidney diseases and stroke. These diseases are ranked among the top killers in the United States and the rest of the world. For this reason, a study was conducted with the intention of finding ways to prevent hypertension among the Glasgow Caledonian University students. The research showed the knowledge of the respondents for the causes Continue reading...

Hypertension, or high blood pressure is a measurement of the force of your blood against your arteries as your heart pumps it through your body. It is generally indicated by two numbers; the systolic and the diastolic blood pressures. Normal blood pressure is less than 120 over 80 (120/80 mmHg). Pre-hypertension is when blood pressure falls between 120/80 mmHg but less than 140/90 mmHg. Blood pressure levels of more than 140/90 mmHg is considered Hypertension. . Some contributing factors that increase the risk the risk of developing high blood pressure are age, ethnicity and family history. These factors are not Continue reading...

RTE 1503

Abstract:
Hypertensive pulmonary edema is a frightening disease that occurs occasionally with acute hypertension. This case study analyzes a middle aged woman and her visit to the hospital emergency department when she collapses and has difficulty breathing. It is shown by the x-ray technician that she is suffering from hypertensive pulmonary edema and after proper medical management she quickly gets better. It is important to distinguish this disease from cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which is chronic in nature and has a very different clinical picture.
A 47-year-old woman with a history of hypertension recovering from a recent bout of the Continue reading...

Introduction

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses in America today (Thalacker, 2011). As such, it is important to implement interventions that will allow for the prevention of this disease. In this regard, this paper discusses the use of the Health Belief Model as a framework for developing health educational programs that aim to promote healthier behaviors among the population, particularly in relation to hypertension. This will be in consonance with the objectives of the Healthy People 2020 program, which advocates for the use of an ecological and determinants approach in the promotion of health and the prevention Continue reading...

The Role of Diet in Human Health

The human immune system is highly developed and complex to ensure that it fights with a wide range of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, particles and other foreign objects that may affect the body in any way. The system is made up of various components within the body, and all are in some relation with each other to ensure that there is an effective immunity against any foreign body capable of causing some pathological conditions in the body. The major components of the human immune system include a group of immune cells Continue reading...

Introduction and Review of literature:

Modern life styles have made people unaware about their health; eating fast food and long sitting are now the part of our daily life, which results in obesity. Isolated systolic hypertension is a silent killer, which mainly cause due to obesity. This disease happened when due to disorder your systolic blood pressure crosses 140 mark on the scale. In addition to obesity, consider certain other physiological conditions such as stiffness in the arteries, heart disorders are also as the culprits of the disease.
This study is conducted due to the strong correlation among BMI and hypertension has been reported . Continue reading...

Introduction and Review of literature:

Recent lifestyles have made people less active resulting into obesity. Long sittings, lack of exercise and junk eating are a few of the causes of obesity. Isolated systolic hypertension is a silent killer among modern day community usually following obesity. In this disorder once the systolic blood pressure crosses 140 mark on the scale, the disease happens. In addition to obesity certain physiological conditions such as artery stiffness, heart disorders or overactive thyroids may also be considered the culprits of the disease.
Understanding the gradual changes that occur in our life styles which ultimately is reflected in our physical Continue reading...

Blood Pressure, Hypertension and the Nervous System

Cardiovascular activities within the human body are generally facilitated by the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Blood pressure is the relationship between the vascular resistance and the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute (i.e. cardiac output). Cardiac output is affected by the following factors: end-diastolic volume, cardiac muscle contraction, and heart rate. While the sympathetic nervous system controls the blood volume and the tone of venous smooth muscle (determinants of end-diastolic volume) alone, the myocardial contraction and heart rate is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic regions of the autonomic Continue reading...

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease is a common disease that makes it impossible for the cardiovascular system to provide the body with enough nutrients and oxygen during sustained physical activities. The major causes of cardiovascular disease are narrow blood vessels which can not deliver enough blood to the muscles or a weak heart which can not pump enough blood to the muscles. A weak heart is as a result of poor signaling or infections affecting the heart muscles. Healthy blood vessels are strong and flexible. They can with stand the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart. When cholesterol is deposited Continue reading...

Epidemiology, as the name suggests is the study of diseases by analysing their trigger factors and their causes and rate of spreading. Since it is a composite study of diseases and health problems and focuses on solving these problems by research and understanding the various factors. Analysts therefore utilize various methods dependent on the disease or the health issue in question and the desired outcome of the study. The term “disease’ here covers a wide range of health related issues including their causes, controls and outcomes at various stages of the disease such as disability and eventual death. There Continue reading...

Heart failure is mostly described as a chronicle disease where the heart is unable to pump the blood sufficiently to the body, with other terms like congestive cardiac failure often been used interchangeably. Some of the symptoms are leg swelling, excessive tiredness and breath shortness. Breath shortage is mostly the worse since lying down and sleeping at night is difficult. Most of the common causes that lead to heart failure are blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease. These causes lead to failure in functioning of the heart structure mainly due to left ventricular and fain normal ejection Continue reading...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. Continue reading...

Introduction

An optometrist has the technical ability to detect the early signs of potential ocular and systemic diseases. This is because the eyes, because of their rich blood supply, provide opportunities for inspection of the cardiovascular system. The fundus region in the eye can be observed non-invasively and directly, providing vital clues on the systemic status. Retinopathy may be caused by several factors like diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and HIV positive status (Rughani, 2013). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the biggest contributor to mortality in the Western world. It accounts for approximately 80% premature mortality in diabetes. The optometrist plays the important Continue reading...

Medicine

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic disease which is increasing in the United States. On the one hand baby boomers are aging and have become at risk for CHF. People are also living longer. (Ideal, 2009, p. 2) The rate of people under 65 years old entering hospitals for CHF has increased. (Hall, Levant, and DeFrances, 2012, p. 1) In 1900 the number of people over 65 years was approximately 3 million but in 2010 the number is over 34 million; in 2020 the number is predicted to include about 20 percent of the US population. (Quaglietti, Atwood, Continue reading...

BSN4002 - Apr 08 2013 to Jun 14 2013 - Section 04

Part I: Community/State Demographics
With a population of almost six million, Maryland is the 19th most-populated state in the United States. In 2010, the median household income of Maryland residents was $70,647; however, 8.6 percent of Maryland residents live in poverty (Maryland Vital Statistics Administration, Division of Health Statistics, 2010). Maryland’s income statistics are well below the national rate of 15.1 percent – yet the state’s poverty rate has increased by 12.5 percent from 2009 to 2010, the subject period of the annual census report. Maryland was named the wealthiest state by the United States Census Department Continue reading...

Disease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services

As at the year 2010, the estimated population of the United States of America was put at three hundred an eight million, nine hundred and thirty six thousand with 6.9% of the population being between the ages of 0 and 4 years with a figure of twenty one million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand children. the age bracket between 5 and 19 years make up 19.6% of the population with a figure of sixty one million, eight hundred and ten thousand individuals and the age bracket between 20 and 24 years taking up about 32.8% of the population having Continue reading...

Introduction and Review of literature:

Recent lifestyles have made people less active resulting into obesity. Long sittings, lack of exercise and junk eating are a few of the causes of obesity. Isolated systolic hypertension is a silent killer among modern day community usually following obesity. In this disorder once the systolic blood pressure crosses 140 mark on the scale, the disease happens. In addition to obesity, certain physiological conditions such as artery stiffness, heart disorders, or overactive thyroids may also be considered the culprits of the disease.
Understanding the gradual changes that occur in our life styles, which ultimately are reflected in our physical Continue reading...