Essays on Bone

Essay

Needs Assessment and Rationale Falls are a serious public health issue in the United States because it is the main cause of trauma-related incidents and injury-related emergency cases, and the leading cause of unexpected deaths among the elderly. People aged 65 and above comprise the majority of casualties from falls (Al-Faisal, 2006). The prevalence of falls rises continuously with age irrespective of gender and racial/ethnic affiliation. As reported by Stevens and colleagues (2010), “each year, about one-third of all older adults fall. In 2007, an estimated 1.9 million fall injuries among persons aged 65 years and older were treated ...

[Class Title]

Introduction It is a common knowledge that exercise is good for the health. However, only a people few exercises regularly. The National Center for Health Statistics in the United States, for instance, reports that barely half or only 49% of the adult population meets the standard guidelines for aerobic exercise while only 20.9% are meeting the guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening exercise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). With almost 80% of adults not getting the recommended exercise, health experts are becoming increasingly worried about its impact to the health and well-being of individuals and society ...

Inquiry

This paper provides a response to the inquiry: "How does the structure/specific property/shape of ceramic biomaterials influence their performance in hip implants?" The principal objective of coming up with the script is to analyze the existing literature on the use of ceramics as biomaterials. A lot of research is underway to optimize the use of ceramics in hip implants. The following subsections cover the literature on the effect of the shape, specific structure, and structure of ceramics as hip implants.

Introduction

Biomaterials are now an active area of research in Material Science Engineering globally. The term ‘biomaterials’ describes a wide ...

Multiple myeloma is malignancy of the blood plasma cells which are responsible for the production of antibodies. As a result, these cells infiltrate the bone marrow and also lead to massive secretion of immunoglobulins which occur in serum and urine. The infiltration of the bone marrow by plasma cells explains the characteristic bone pain. This condition was first described in 1848.It mostly tends to affect individuals over sixty years of age, though it can occur at a younger age. Men are more affected than women. It is more prevalent in blacks as compared to whites. It accounts for 1-2% ...

Minerals are natural inorganic substances that are found in rocks and soil and are considered essential components for human survival. Minerals compose an estimate 4% of the body and are necessary for normal functioning of the body. Humans are incapable of producing minerals which is why it is necessary to obtain minerals from plant and meat sources. Soil contains nearly 45% of minerals, wherein plants absorb all natural minerals which is absorbed in the human body upon consumption (Ward 2014). 18 minerals are considered essential out of the total 103 known minerals. Some of the major function so minerals ...

The number of victims directly perceivable from the crime scene is two victims – apparent from the presence of two skulls in the crime scene. Based on the clue left on the scene, it is clear that one of the victims was male. This is evidenced by the presence of male garments in the crime scene. However, it is not always true that the natural sex of a victim is in exact consistency with the gender of the victim – this is due to issues related to transgender transformations and suchlike. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the clothes recovered ...

HW How does the mechanical property of human bone compare to properties of cattle, horse, and pig? (Compare Modulus of Elasticity, Ultimate tensile strength, Ultimate compressive strength for Tibia and femoral bone) The modulus of elasticity of the human femur bone is 17.6 GPa, which is higher than that of the pig-14.9 but lower than that of the cattle-25.0, and horses-25.5 (Pal 30). Similarly, the modulus elasticity of the human tibia bone is 18.4 GPa, which is higher than that of the pig-17.2, but lower than that of the horses-23.8 and cattle-24.5. Explain how many structural layers exist in ...

Introduction

Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy is a physical disability that results from damage to the brain during development that negatively impacts the functional development of children14. Characteristics of cerebral palsy include an inability to control the body’s motor functioning with a potential to affect speech, learning, environmental exploration, and the skills required for independent living. In addition, these patients have delays in reaching milestones for gross motor development with problems moving such as weakness, spasticity, and impaired selective motor control27. Children born with the disability have varying levels of impairment, and while it usually develops by age three, it ...

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder, which is based on the formation of insulin deficiency and an increase in blood glucose levels. Among metabolic disorders the diabetes occupies a second place after obesity. In the world about 10% of the population suffer from diabetes, however, when one considers hidden form of the disease, this figure can be 3-4 times higher. Diabetes develops due to chronic deficiency of insulin and it is accompanied by disorders of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. By interfacing with other diseases endocrinology highlights symptomatic (secondary) and true diabetes. Symptomatic diabetes accompanies diseases of the endocrine ...

Effectiveness of Supported Angel Heel Treadmill Rehabilitation on hip fractured patients

Physiotherapist DECLARATION I, the undersigned Fatih Serkan YILDIRIMER (print name), a student of the Faculty of Public Health of Debrecen University, being fully aware of my legal liability, do thereby declare and certify with my signature that my thesis, entitled

EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPORTED ANGEL HEEL TREADMILL REHABILITATION ON HIP FRACTURED PATIENT

is my own original work and that the printed and electronic literature referred to in it was used in accordance with the international rules of copyright. I understand that in the case of a thesis, it is considered plagiarism when: ● quoting word for word without quotation marks and referring to literature without proper citation. ● referring to content without citing ...

Status of the document.

This document is a project proposal for the development of starch-based hemostatic products. Acknowledgement. Much thanks to the project supervisor who offered guidance in every step of the development of this proposal. Developing starch based hemostatic products Project summary. Purpose: This proposal is envisioned to develop a hemostatic agent from purified plant starch. In this case, the product of the reaction should be developed by the formation of microporous hemosphere particles after etherification, esterification and crosslinking of glucose molecules to form ethyl propanetriol (glycerol-ether links (1-3 deoxy propanol)). The second intention of this study is to investigate the properties ...

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An older white woman with osteoporosis had been reported. She was about 52 years old having diffuse bone pain for the past several years after menopause. She also had a history of fractures of wrist and left hip. She reported that increasingly worsening condition of the pain was making it difficult for her to do normal daily activities. She kept her up-to-date about her gynecological exams, and her past mammograms were also normal. She had never smoked or used alcohol. Her family history showed that her mother had a history of osteoporosis, hypertension, and non-insulin dependent ...

Childhood obesity is a huge problem nationally because the number of obese and overweight kids is alarming and there are signs that it is increasing instead of decreasing (CDC, 2016). First, it is paramount to define this problem. Childhood obesity, according to (CDC, 2016), denotes the condition in which children and adolescents have a weight that is higher than the normal weight that is clinically defined as healthy at their age. Consequently, the children develop overweight-associated problems that initially were thought to affect only the adults. It is important to note that childhood obesity has both immediate and long-term ...

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Differences between a causal and a correlation Causation refers to the cause of something to happen. A causal claim shows that the two events are related to each other in such a way that one event is the effect of the other. Suppose there are two events; b and c, then a causal claim can take the form of “b causes c” in which b refers to the cause and c refers to the effect. On the other hand, correlation shows that the two variables (events) are related to each other in such a way that ...

The Problems of Physiotherapy

Abstract Keywords: exercise, nutrition, physiotherapy, obesity, diet. This paper will look at the effects that a lack of adequate exercise and nutrition is having on our population from the point of view of a physiotherapist. While physiotherapy is a normal part of many patients’ rehabilitation and recovery, the general lack of both exercise and healthy diet which has become a feature of many societies in developed countries has led to a situation where a stable loop is formed: people injure themselves due to a lack of exercise putting undue strain on their joints, physiotherapy is prescribed, and healing is ...

Disease pathophysiology

Definition of breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant growth of cells in the breast. This type of cancer arises in the milk-producing glands when cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. The most common neoplasm in breast cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the cells covering the terminal lobular unit (American Cancer Society, 2016; Stephan, 2016).

Prevalence of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in North America, with more than 200,000 new cases each year, and worldwide, counting up more than 1,200,000. It is the second cause of cancer ...

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Incidence Stage III and IV pressure ulcers is a serious health issue that is difficult to cure. It requires the constant attention of the health care providers. During the III stage, the patient experiences the loss of tissue, subcutaneous can also be visible. Also, during this stage, the ulcer may involve certain undermining or tunneling. Stage IV is characterized by tissue loss, where a bone or muscle is already exposed. Also, at this stage the wound includes tunneling. The incidence of III and IV stage pressure ulcers vary due to the type of the health care facility, yet it ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Introduction

Nutritional needs changes throughout a person’s life that if not properly assessed may lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition is the state of the body lacking important nutrients or having excess or imbalance of energy. According to studies, 16% of people over 65 years and 2% of people over 85 years are malnourished. Studies also show that approximately two-thirds of people occupying hospital beds are above the age of 65 years (Ahmed & Haboubi, 2010). Malnutrition is associated with a number of health outcomes such as poor wound healing, slow recovery from surgery, higher hospital readmissions, and deaths. Malnutrition is high ...

Introduction

Osteoarthritis of the knee also known as the degenerative arthritis is a major and growing problem for the elder population all over the globe. Approximately, 27 million individuals have been reported to suffer from osteoarthritis by the Arthritis Foundation in United States (US). Women have been more commonly reported to suffer from osteoarthritis as compared to men. The prevalence of developing arthritis has been found to increase after the age of 45 . Although, mostly elderly population are most affected yet there are few evidences of young people suffering from it. Osteoarthritis is also commonly defined as wear- and- tear ...

INTRODUCTION

There are some experiences that many people fear more than others, like burning alive or being trapped in confined spaces. However on experience that can inspire profound fear and panic, for people of all ages, all across the world is not being able to breathe. The inability to breathe is terrifying. Not be able to get air into the lungs is a serious concern; if the body goes too long, as few as three minutes, can result in serious health problems and brain damage that may be difficult to overcome even if their lives are saved. One of the ...

Abstract

Healthcare providers and physical therapist involved in the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders, the inclusion of an imaging modality would enhance and improve medical diagnosis of such conditions. Based on current evidence, the implementation of physical therapy is highly recommend before the inclusion of an imaging modality. In such cases, physical therapist would require a robust, comprehensive, and feasible diagnostic imaging modality. In the US, there is an increase in demand for physical therapist which enables them to practice in over 45 states. The privilege of imaging referral or inclusion of imaging modalities as an adjunct to screening ...

Bone mineral health is critical topic in the general fitness of athletes, more so female athletes. In determining the bone mineral health, experts analyze the mineral density in bones. The bone mineral density is calculated by measuring the mineral content in one cubic centimeter of bone. The higher the bone mineral density, the healthier the bones of the involved individual are and better for an athlete. In this regard, female athletes ought to ensure that they have high bone mineral density so that they are able to able to compete effectively and put their bodies into the strenuous conditions ...

Purpose

The objective was to remove all doubts about the treatment of multiple sclerosis not being able to work for both men and women, whose domiciles are different. Comparisons for the treatment being given in two countries were to be made, with the aim of finding the similarities of drugs used, which work and which ones do not, as well as the differences between those regimens used. Through the differences, similarities, advantages and disadvantages uncovered from drugs obtained from two countries, the project sought to give male patients suffering from multiple sclerosis the ability to make sound and informed decisions ...

Immune System

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Immune System

Introduction

The human immune system is a complex system consisting of a network of numerous cells and cell types, tissues, and organs working together to defend the human body from foreign bodies such as invading microorganisms, infections, and tumors, while ignoring the normal working and healthy parts of the body.

Discussion

Working of the immune system The immune system has different ways of identifying problems, communicating with other cells, and performing their activities. The immune system has the ability to distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy cells as it can recognize a number of different “danger” cues ...

In most healthcare settings primarily in oncology care units, the patients being taken care of here are usually faced with a myriad of treatment and post-treatment problems which compromises their state of wellbeing. The fact that these patients are under intense cancer treatment process makes them experience a lot of pain which in most cases compromises the quality of their life (Ripamonti et al., 2012). Individuals battling this condition are usually affected by the pain which is influenced by different factors like physical, emotional or environmental. These factors have been established to affect the nervous system of the body ...

Once there was a dynasty in China that ruled for a long time. The achievements they made for Chinese culture were many. But then the unthinkable happened the Shang dynasty was forgotten, and to some nothing more than a myth. In 1899 the Oracle Bones were rediscovered when a man went to the pharmacy to fill a prescription for dragon bones. He bought an old bone. He realized that the scratches were not random markings and showed it to his brother in law a notable historian. The two quickly went back to the pharmacy to find out where the ...

Abstract

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. Various groups of microorganisms exists and include bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Ideally, infectious diseases can rapidly spread from one person to another, or from one animal to another. The signs and symptoms of these diseases vary from one individual to another, but majorly consists of coughing, fatigue, breathing difficulties. In addition, mild infections may sometimes depict responsiveness to rest and home assistance. The case discussed in this paper involves an individual who seems to have contacted some air bone infections while moving up using the lift. The most likely disease, in relation ...

NASA’s space program has yielded a number of spinoffs. From advances in medicine, engineering, transportation, public safety, consumer goods to other fields, NASA spinoffs have improved the quality of life for astronauts, as well as for ordinary citizens on earth (Inside 2016). One of NASA’s latest spinoff advances has been in the field of osteoporosis research and treatments (Inside 2016). NASA-inspired osteoporosis research will help prevent or minimize bone loss in future astronauts, elderly people, and even cancer patients. Already, scientists have discovered that astronauts require regular exercise and specially-formulated foods to help prevent bone loss. For ...

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Although the United States of America became an independent country not so long ago there was a long history that preceded the mentioned event that happened in 1776. In this paper the history of the pre-independent USA will be explored. It is believed that the indigenous people have been coming to America from Asia for thousands of years in the gap between 15 and 50 thousand years ago, when the modern Bering Strait did not yet exist and the two continents were connected with land. Reliable evidence of their presence in the United States was received throughF the findings ...

I. Introduction The Incredibles is a 2004 Superhero computer animation film produced by Pixar and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film was based on comic books and spy films from the director Brad Bird’s childhood. It tells the story of a superhero family forced to hide within society and try to blend in. Led by an altruistic father, they end up in a battle with the antagonist of the story, Syndrome, who appears at first as Mr. Incredible’s number one fan. The overall theme of the movie revolves around unity and family as being the two ...

Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease characterised by reduced mineral density of the bones as well as the destruction of the tissues of the bones. This damage makes the bone fragile and prone to fractures. The fractures often occur in the spine, wrist, and the hip bone. The disease mostly affects the elderly individuals in the society. This paper examines the causes, diagnosis, prognosis, and osteoporosis-related psychosocial issues. Additionally, the paper is set to explore the accommodations required for an individual suffering from osteoporosis.

Causes of Osteoporosis

Loss of bone density and structure is natural in the process of ageing. However, bone loss ...

Introduction

In recent decades, trends in diets tailored to promote weight loss have resulted in a significant increase in the intake of protein, particular in people with overweight and obesity issues. Accordingly, researchers have questioned the benefits or risks linked to the habitual consumption of “dietary protein in excess of recommended intakes” (Martin et al., 2005). In general, the primary concern has involved the possibility that diets rich in protein may increase hyperfiltration and, hence, exacerbate renal damage. Nevertheless, the potential link between protein-rich diets and renal damage has also been questioned due to an absence of adequate clinical evidence. ...

We need to explore extraterrestrial space to know better about our origin, and presence in the universe as well as our future. However, there are several arguments against space exploration such as high cost expenditure associated with space research, and potential health risk to explorers. 1. For View Point Space exploration is vital as earth’s resources are constantly put under tremendous pressure by the growing population. Further, there is also a need to know if human inhabitable conditions can occur in planets other than earth, in order to ensure sustainability of life. There is an inherent curiosity to ...

Over a period of 400 million years, animals in the vertebrate category have evolved to a diverse array of life adaptations on earth. Vertebrates represent animals that are most familiar with people and are used for food, adopted as pets and deployed for labor. They include fish, reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. The classification system that groups vertebrates according to each of the classes that have been mentioned above utilizes genetics, anatomy, and the evolutionary relationships. Animals are classified starting with the kingdom which is a large body that encompasses animals that have similar characteristics and end up with ...

Stem cell research and therapy are not new and continue to be a controversial topic. The benefits of stem cells, and what most scientists agree are the potential benefits of stem cells, in curing disease and regenerating tissue are seemingly limitless. In the past bone marrow transplants were the primary method used to obtain stem cells for research into cures for contemporary diseases such as cancer, heart disease, Parkinson’s, Alzheimers, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes as well as spinal cord injuries. However, Embryonic Stem Cell Research (ESCR) is much more controversial. There has been a recent shift to use ...

Complications of Removable Implant Supported Prostheses

Introduction The two main complications that result from removable implants are biological and mechanical/technical complications. There is need to assess and interpret data on the incidence of complications, both biological and technical with caution. Berglundh, Persson, and Klinge (2002), found that implant loss was the most common problem, while technical complications were observable in about 60-80% and biological complications – 40-60% of the studies they evaluated. According to Sadowsky (2007), there are no specifications on the length, distribution, and number of implants; however the suggestion for non-palatal coverage designs should be a minimum of 4 implants. In case of risk ...

The first indication of menopause is a broken thermostat. It’s either that or your weight. In any case, if you don’t do something, you could be dead by August.“ - D.B.Frank Discuss health challenges experienced by women in the menopause transition with reference to current aetiological theories, underlying mechanisms, and how it affects women’s lives.

Introduction

Menopause occurs when a woman reaches the age at which she is no longer in her reproductive prime. However, menopause does not have a sudden onset; rather, it occurs gradually over time as hormone balances shift. This period of time, when ...

References List

Carpio, L., Loza, J., Lynch, S., and Genco, R. (2000). Guided bone regeneration around endosseous implants with anorganic bovine bone mineral. A randomized controlled trial comparing bioabsorbable versus non-resorbable barriers. Journal of Periodontology, 71(11), 1743-1749. Chen, S. T., Darby, I. B., and Reynolds, E. C. (2007). A prospective clinical study of non- submerged immediate implants: Clinical outcome and esthetic results. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 18(5), 552-562. Chen, S. T., Darby, I. B., Adams, G. G., and Reynolds E. C. (2005). A prospective clinical study of bone augmentation techniques at immediate implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 16(2), ...

1. There are several components to the physical examination. Initially, the patients will have their vitals accesses (heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) This will give the physician an overall picture of the status of the patient. Next, the doctor will consider the general appearance of the patient, noting any abnormalities. After the general appearance, the physician will assess each organ system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, GI, integument, etc.) individually. To evaluate each system, the physician will first inspect the system for any abnormalities. After the inspection is auscultation where, if applicable, the physician will use a ...

Article 1: Barriers to fitness: Overcoming common challenges

The Mayo Clinic Staff (par. 1) examine the possible excuses that people provide to avoid training and exercises. The various reasons that individuals give include lacking adequate time, finding exercise boring, laziness, tiring, lack of support, self-consciousness, expensive, fear of getting hurt, not being athletic, and past failures in training. For each reason, Mayo Clinic Staff outlines several ways that individuals can utilize to overcome the barriers. It is vital for people to set aside adequate time to exercise by cutting down on other activities such as driving and sleeping. The training should include routines that the individual enjoys ( ...

Osteomyelitis is a serious bone infection, occurring rarely, that metastasizes to the bone through the bloodstream. Additionally, surgery or open fracture can also cause the bone infection. Normally, bones do have enough resistance power to evade the infection, but the introduction of microorganisms hematogenously from surrounding structures or direct immunization concerning a surgery can trigger the disease. The persistence of infection for a long time span is referred to as chronic osteomyelitis. Studies over the years have put forward some important factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. These include immunity level of the host, type and location of ...

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GENERAL INFORMATION ON DENTAL IMPLANT TREATMENT

Objective of dental implants After losing teeth, the supporting bone segment is no longer essential and begins to gradually disappear (Misch, 2008). Once this begins, the missing portions can be replaced with removable dentures or fixed bridges; this process enhances visual appeal, corrects speech impediments and improves mastication. However, complications can occur when replacing living tissues with artificial apparatuses. Dentures have been shown to decrease the efficiency of the chewing process, initiate additional bone loss and often experience inadequate retention (Knowles, 1958). Furthermore, dentures may require additional support, which affects the healthy teeth that are ...

Coursename Pressure ulcers are damaged areas of the skin, which develop due to the long-term effect of pressure or friction in the areas where the bone is close to the skin, such as heels, sacrum, ischial tuberosity, lateral malleoli and greater trochanters. The epidemiology of pressure ulcers proves that today, despite the profound understanding of them, pressure ulcers are still a serious global health care problem, which affects millions of people worldwide. For example, in the US every year more than 2.5 million people suffer from the pressure ulcers (Cuddigan, Berlowitz, and Ayello 208-215). In 2013 pressure ulcers caused ...

Healthcare

In the current paper, we will discuss the complications in removable implant prosthesis, fabrication, delivery, and function. For the purpose of understanding these topics better, we need to understand the basic concepts of dental implants first. A dental implant can be described as an artificial replacement of a tooth root which is placed in the jaw for the purpose of holding a replaced tooth or a bridge. Dental implants can be used as an option for the patients who had lost a tooth as a result of a periodontal disease, injury or any other reason. Two different types of ...

[Class Title] The human species is believed to have come from hominids, a member of the primate family where the human species is believed to have originated from after a lengthy process of evolution. The Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins present this unique history of human evolution through fossils. The exhibition covers millions of years of human evolution presented through innovative displays. One of its notable exhibits is the famous ‘Lucy’ skeleton, which was unearthed in Ethiopia by a joint American and French paleoanthropologist team sometime in 1974. The museum also showed partial skulls of the ‘ ...

Introduction

Dental implants are increasingly becoming popular because a large section of clinicians believe that natural tooth restoration techniques are inferior to dental implants as implants have a longer life than natural tooth and are less susceptible to biological changes. There are various types of dental implants that support crown, bridges, and dentures, and act as orthodontic anchors and facial prosthesis. The basis of the modern dental implant is a biological process in which titanium forms a bond with bone. Dental fixture is first implanted and then a prosthetic is added. Over the years, various implant impression techniques, such as ...

According to the World Bank , population density is a measure of the numbers of persons permanently settled in a region, divided by the total land area of the region in square kilometres or square miles. This formula excludes refugees who are not permanently settled and who are still considered part of the population of their native country. The formula also excludes from the measurement of land area, any inland water bodies such as rivers and lakes and the area of the continental shelf. This formula can be used to measure the population density of a region, a state, a ...

The thing that I found interesting in the article, Tools for Implementing an Evidence Based Approach in Public Health Practice, was the description of domains that influence evidence based decision making (Jacobs, Jones, Gabella, Spring, & Brownson, 2012). The environment and the organizational contexts in which these domains interact is important and I agree with it. For example, every year, research comes out with better ways to treat neurodegenerative diseases. A particular study found immunoablation and bone marrow transplant, to be particularly beneficial in curing Multiple Sclerosis forever (Radowitz, 2016). The most common drugs that are prescribed to patients with ...

Introduction

Menopause is a condition that women experience when their regular monthly menstrual cycles end. It is a perfectly ordinary condition, occurring in some women earlier than others, and varying in severity. Menopause is characterized by changes in monthly period, hot flashes, and/or loss of vaginal health or bladder control (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Menopause occurs normally in most women, but there are situations in which menopause does not occur naturally, such as surgical menopause, when either one or both ovaries are removed (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.), as in a hysterectomy, or it can, it is believed, be brought  ...

Policy Positions Paper: Use of Medical Marijuana in Georgia

The use of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) can be traced back more than 5000 years ago related to medical, recreational, and spiritual reasons (Bostwick, 2012). The United States Pharmacopeia has included it since 1850’s, and until the 1930’s physicians provided prescriptions for it for a number of physical complaints (Narcanon International, 2016). In 1970, the United States Congress determined it had no valid therapeutic value and categorized it as a Schedule I illegal substance. However, a number of sources have stated that marijuana has no addictive properties (Samsha, 2016). The National Institute on Drug Abuse state this is ...

Abrigo do Lagar Velho is a rock-shelter in the Portuguese valley that is famous for the stratigraphic range of the Upper Paleolithic human occupations within that area.

Absolute dating technique (chronometric dating) refers to the process of revealing the age on a certain time scale.

Acclimatization is the response of an organism to a gradual change in environmental conditions by adjusting and sustaining within these changes. Acheulian (Acheulean) is a tool made of stone that had round cutting edges and was used during the Lower Palaeolithic era.

Adolescent growth spurt refers to the sharp growth in height and weight rates t during adolescence.

Aegyptopithecus refers to the extinct primate of the Oligocene Period, resembling a modern-day lemur, whose fossils were found in Egypt. Afar Triangle is the region that is part of the ...

Introduction

In 2006, an apartment complex that included a playground was built on a piece of land that was the site of a metal processing plant that operated between 1930’s and 1950’s before going out of business. Due the above reason, the land had to be assessed for any carcinogenic heavy metals. There are so many potential heavy metals that could have hazardous effects on people’s health, but the assessment mainly focused on cadmium. This is because cadmium was the most common metal used in the plant while it was operational and the metal has both carcinogenic ...

Black Cohosh

Black cohosh is also known as black snakeroot (as the name appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in the year 1820), bugwort, columbine-leaved leontice, tall bugbane, cordate rattle top, rattleroot, macrotys, papoose root, and battleweed. Its Latin name is Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa. Macrotys actaeoides is also a synonym for the drug (Frostburg State University, frostburg.edu). It belongs to the Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family (Kinghorn A 2). The plant was first described in 1690 in Phytographia by Leonard Plukenet as Christopheriana facie. Later in 1751, it was named as Actaea racemosa by Linnaeus. However, the name was later changed into ...

INTRODUCTION

In the modern era there are a plethora of diseases, conditions and disorders that can affect individual’s health, well-being and quality of life for people all across the world. Whether it is from cancer to infections or from diabetes to HIV there is always the possibility of contracting or developing disease. However, not all diseases are contracted or developed due to an external influence, there are some that originate from the inside; such conditions are generally referred to as an autoimmune disease. This means that the problem involves an individual’s own immune system, perceives their own body ...

Turner’s syndrome is a disease that usually affects females. It occurs when one of the X chromosomes (out of the pair of two XX chromosomes) of a female is either missing completely or partially. It can lead to huge numbers of developmental problems and medical complications. Some of the presenting features are short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, defects in the cardiovascular system, inability to grasp or learn new things and problems with social adjustments. The disease can be diagnosed in the gestational phase of the female or during early years of life. It is a rare occurrence that ...

Nutritional Intake of my Chosen Senior

My chosen senior is a widowed 63 year old woman, living alone in an urban setting, doesn’t have any diet related diseases or illness and isn’t under any prescribed medication. Her Carbohydrate intake is high, she consumes carbohydrates four out of seven days a week, her carbohydrate sources are brown rice, whole wheat pasta and potatoes. She consumes vitamin daily, she takes a glass or two of fresh fruit juice. Her calcium intake throughout the week is recommendable since she takes milk and dairy foods such as cheese, ghee and calcium fortified cereals. Generally, she has been ...

In this episode of “Bones” the victim is a man, who was killed by explosion of the bomb in his car, while he was driving it. Next comes the list of bones, that is mentioned in the episode. 1. Lumbar spine – lower back. Lumbar spine is core support of the human body. It allows us to perform important functions like side bending, turning, rotation. One of main purposes of the spine is to maintain upright walking ("Lumbar Spine Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Natural Variants"). 2. Ischium – sit bone. The main function of the sit bone reveals when we sit. ...

Coursename Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder, which affects the red blood cells. It was first described in the medical literature in 1846. In 1910, Ernest Irons became first to write about the pathologically altered red blood cells of the patient with sickle-cell anemia (Serjeant 425-429). It is caused by the mutation of the gene encoding the synthesis of the hemoglobin. As a result, the hemoglobin of the affected people is defective (hemoglobin S). Glutamic acid in it is substituted with valine in the sixth position of the β-chain. This change greatly reduces the solubility of hemoglobin in ...

The aim of this essay is the presentation of 30 human bones associated with the skull, the vertebral column, the thoracic cage, the pectoral girdle and upper limb, the pelvic girdle and lower limb, and the joints. The review will be conducted in categories and will include a description of the function and their classification. The bones of the skull can be divided into two categories: the cranial bones (the calvarium and the cranial base) and the facial bones. Three bones of the calvarium are the frontal bone, the occipital bone, and the parietal bone. The frontal bone forms ...