Essays on Osteoporosis

Introduction: Eating disorders are associated with numerous comorbid medical conditions that include cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal complications, osteoporosis and complications of the endocrine system. Early detection is vital in the prevention of the negative health outcomes which are associated with disordered eating habits. On the scientific level, screening the high school students is important because it gives a basis upon which the criteria for the diagnosis of the eating disorders can be evaluated Method: This paper looks at the screening of students in high school for various eating disorders. This is informed by the important of early detection to the ...

The American College of Sports Medicine’s “The Female Athlete Triad” (2007) examines a well documented medical condition observed in physically active girls. The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) involves three interrelated components: eating disorders which result in low energy availability; amenorrhoea (loss of menstrual fuction); and decreased bone mineral density, which can lead to osteoporosis. The paper outlines the current state of knowledge of the disorder, examines the three components, identifies risk factors and health consequences, and offers clinical recommendations for the prevention, recognition and treatment for those who work with athletically active females.

Risk factors for Triad include ...

The term genetic enhancement, when used in scientific circles, means the use of genetic engineering skills to modify the characteristics of an individual that are non-pathological in nature. It has come to the fore in the last few decades, thanks to tremendous technological advancements that have been made as far as the human genome is concerned. Of particular importance is the completion of the human genome project which has, now than ever, made it very easy for the scientists to accurately describe the specific gene responsible for certain characteristics in an individual, be it ...

Introduction

Information or data regarding any subject plays an effective role in daily routine. Similarly, for the purpose of treatment and medication in the parameters of healthcare, there is certain clinical information use to be collected in order to encourage the treatment known as Secondary Healthcare Data (Health & Social Care Information Centre). According to Price Waterhouse Coopers, by the appropriate use of data in terms of secondary purposes, would be the most effective method regarding improving healthcare costs and outcomes (Coopers). The efficiency of secondary data can be observed in different dimensions such as in keeping ...

1. As we know bone is a hard tissue so in comparison to other tissues the vascularization and how it gets nutrients in general is unique and different from any other part of human body. A bone is blood supplied by three different systems, these are: Nutrient artery, Periosteal vessel, and epiphyseal vessels. The first layer covering any bone tissue is periosteum. Periosteum is a thin membrane, covering the outer surfaces of all bones. It contains an extensive network of blood vessels, and it’s small branches penetrate into the bone through minute channels, these branches supply the outer ⅓ of cortex. ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

I will first explain to them the basics of nutrition including the definition of the term, the classes of nutrients, concepts related to intake such as DRI, RDA, UI, AL and EAR. This will be followed by an introduction to macro and micro nutrients. Nutrients are regarded as part of treatment in health care settings. For example, postsurgical and burn patients are recommended diets high in protein to aid anabolic processes in wound healing and tissue regeneration. Oral or parenteral iron is given to patients in severe anemia. Therefore, their use is regulated by clinical guidelines to reduce the ...

Nutrition is the act of providing the body cells and the whole human body with the necessary nutrients to support life. The nutrients include carbohydrate, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water. Taking these nutrients in the right amount will eventually dictate an individual's state of health. If taken in the right amount commonly referred to as a balanced diet, the individual remains healthy, vibrant, strong and highly productive. A poor diet is deleterious to health. Diseases and illnesses such as Kwashiorkor, Scurvy, Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Metabolic syndrome X result. Also, other common chronic and vicious systemic diseases such as cardiovascular ...

IN POST- MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship between vitamin D intake in the post menopausal women in the age group of 55-60 years and osteoporosis. The elderly women have higher chances of losing vitamin D and thus suffer from multiple fractures and falls. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that is stored in the fat cells of the body. It helps in the absorption of calcium by the body. Calcium and other minerals like phosphates are required for maintaining bone health. Deficiency of Vitamin D leads to rickets in the young age and ...

Likened to oxygen, the human body requires a balanced diet in order to purpose appropriately. A balanced diet, therefore, is comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. However, it is worth noting that proteins remain the most essential food nutrient in the human body explaining why it constitutes 75 percent of the body excluding water. The roles of proteins are diverse and they handle the normal healthy living conditions. It is from that rationale that this paper will be endeavoring at elucidating and giving further details on the components of protein in bodybuilding. Equally, the paper will elaborate the various ...

X-ray Reading

X-ray Reading Figure 1 The patient in this x-ray image is centred with both lungs apices. The image has also captured the costophrenic angles but some of the bones are invisible in the picture. The reason some of the bone structures are invisible is because of poor reproduction. Additionally, the medial ends of clavicle are invincible thus it is impossible to assess rotation using this image. Another observation is that the trachea is patent and deviated to the right. The image also shows that the heart is deviated to the right. The heart of the patient has a ...

The main mission of Trinity Community Hospital and all of the members that make up the entire organization is to be able to provide the highest possible quality of medical and health care services to its patients. The hospital aims to do this by employing some of the best management team and medical and health care team members in the field. The hospital believes that hiring the best people in the field is one of the surest ways how it can return the favor to its main partners, the patients. The hospital also invests heavily in key infrastructure improvements ...

Introduction

In the chapter 3 from the book The Basic Concepts of Wellness, the thing is about how to train body and mind very good so that to reach success in any kind of sport, specifically fitness. Training fitness is doing the hard work by stimulating muscles and getting trained heart. This chapter tells about how to do it right not to get the body harmed. It is necessary to choose the boots right, to decide how to organize the day correctly, how to deal with problems that may happen during training. The book may be very useful in order ...

Arthritis

Definition Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in a human being (Breedveld, & Combe, 2011). This results with the stiffness of the joints and constant pain. The condition is known to worsen with the age of the individual. There are two most common types of arthritis and these are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint of the individuals on a normal scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand is an autoimmune disorder. There are also various types of arthritis and these include those caused by uric acid crystals, ...

Article Analysis: Data Collection and Measurement

Article Analysis: Data Collection and Measurement

Question one

The researchers have a sufficient and holistic operational and conceptual definition based on the theory of self-efficacy and the concept of social learning.

Question two

The major variable in this study was increase in knowledge on Osteoporosis. This variable was operationalized using interviews which were conducted in Mandarin to enhance the quality of data and reduce communication challenges. All methods and tools used had been proved effective on Caucasians in the reviewed literature.

Question three

The key instruments such as the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test and self-efficacy questionnaires have been described adequately in the study and supported by relevant ...

Article Analysis: Population and Sample Size

Article Analysis: Population and Sample Size

Qi, B. B., Resnick, B., Smeltzer, S. C., & Bausell, B. (2011). Self-efficacy program to prevent osteoporosis among Chinese immigrants: A randomized controlled trial. Nursing research, 60(6), 393-404.

Questions

- Was the population identified and described? Was the sample described in sufficient detail? The researchers have identified and described the target population adequately. The population targeted in this study is foreign-born, Mandarin speaking Asian adults who were over 45 years old. Describing the target population is important as it allows the people reading the study to appreciate the inclusion criteria and to ...

Introduction

Arthritis, osteoporosis, and chronic back conditions have conjoint effects to the life quality of the patient, the daily activities, and the ability to work. As a way of preserving the life quality of those with these conditions, it is necessary to develop ways in which we will be able to evade the adverse effects acquired upon procuring such conditions. By employing the use of advocacy campaigns strategies that include media advocacy, social marketing, and community organization, it ostensible that we will outdo the adverse effects resultant from the above mentioned conditions. In relation to this, this paper will essentially focus ...

Introduction

Alternative or Manipulative therapy has been used since 400 BC. Modern medicine that using surgery and drug therapy have many disadvantages. These include Post-surgery pain, side-effects and high costs. Over the decades, alternative therapy has been a useful for treating osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal disorders. Of the different alternative interventions for musculoskeletal disorders, osteopathy and chiropractic systems have been widely used around the globe. Since traditional allopathic medications had many drawbacks, physicians recommend patients to undergo alternative or manipulative therapy.

The Decline of Allopathic Medicine

Allopathic medicine was the only intervention for the treatment of ‘bone setting’ in the early 19th century. No alternative or ...

The aim of the article is to reduce the chances of musculoskeletal conditions among individuals through reduction of impairment, occurrence, and limitation in the social participation and, and functional limitations. This enhances reduction of osteoporosis and fractures that occur because of increased intake of calcium. Chronic back conditions, osteoporosis, and arthritis affect the ability of individuals to work, the quality of life and the daily activities of human beings. There are many types of arthritis, which are accompanied with chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Interventions that treat pain are important in helping the people with ...

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for all body movements. The skeletal component of the muscular system provides a structural framework for the body, which protects the internal organs and provides the shape for the body. It acts as the storage for calcium and phosphorus and plays a part in mineral homeostasis(Davidson, 2002)

Functions of the skeletal system(Haywood, 2008)

The role of the skeletal system can be classified into five categories: protection, structural support, movement, mineral and chemical storage and blood cell production. - Protection: The strong material that makes up bones protect the internal tissues and organs of the body like the brain, ears, eyes, spine, ...

A. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) offers a suitable model for implementing health education for seniors with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones wear out gradually with age and a small fracture develops which limits the physical and physiological functionalities of the affected individual. The illness is common in seniors because of the gradual decrease in the body’s ability to replace the worn out bone tissues. The bone formation process involves a ‘wear and replace’ methodology (Moylan & Binder, 2007). However, at old age, the replacement of the tissues cannot adequately fill in for the worn out material, and the ...

Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bone tissues. This disease causes the bones to become brittle and susceptible to fracturing (Compston & Rosen, 2009, p.47). This program with incorporate both health education and health communication strategies. The program will commence by organizing workshops that will be geared towards sensitizing women about the causes of Osteoporosis and how it can be controlled. This program with include women ages 20 and above. This is because Osteoporosis tends to increase as women approach middle age. At the workshops, women will be able to learn how to maintain healthy dietary plans so as to make ...

<Author’s Name> <Institutional Affiliation> - List five major health issues that can occur at any point in our life and explain how an individual’s lifestyle impacted the onset of the health issue. If scientific research does not implicate lifestyle was a contributing factor, provide other contributing factor/s which contributed to the health issue onset. Poor lifestyle of many individuals, if not changed, can lead to major health concerns. These health issues include diabetes, heart attack, bone loss, obesity and drug addiction. The most common diabetes these days is the type 2 diabetes. Study ...

- Describe the role of the following in protein synthesis - DNA, nucleotides, RNA, ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a double stranded hereditary molecule containing the genetic code from which specific protein molecules are synthesized. First step in protein synthesis is synthesis of single stranded complementary RNA. RNA also contains all the components of DNA except a ribose sugar. Special RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message to ribosomes. Under mRNA’s direction, transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) attaches each amino acid to form the final ...

Overview of the Problem

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two eating disorders with adverse effects on health and wellbeing. Persons with these disorders are preoccupied with their weight, in fact basing their self-esteem mainly on their body image (Suisman et al., 2012). They have an intense fear of weight gain because of a distorted belief that they are fat. For this reason, they refuse to eat and exercise excessively. Alternatively, they engage in binge eating but purge themselves after through self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse increasing the risk of malnutrition that, in severe cases, causes death (Bulik et al., 2005). There is historical ...

- History - Reason for Visit

Annual Well-woman examination

- Present Medical Status JA is a new female patient, 52 years of age, of black American descent. Patient has decided to visit the clinic for her annual well-woman examination procedure. - Family Medical and Health History Patient’s maternal family has had a history of HTN (hypertension) and DM (Diabetes Mellitus, type unspecified and unrecalled); and a paternal family history of CA (Cancer) of the breast and colon. Both maternal and paternal family has no history of Kidney Diseases, Vascular, and Pulmonary Disorders. - Diet and Nutritional Assessment Patient ...

Description of Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a progressive illness due to which the sufferer is not able to breathe easily. In this connection, progressive means that this disease worsens with the passage of time. In COPD, the patient’s coughing produces mucus in large amounts, puffiness, breath shortness, tightness of chest, and similar other symptoms (Currie, 2011). There are two major conditions in COPD i.e. chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Emphysema refers to the condition whereby damage of the walls between several air sacs occurs. Consequently, the air sacs become flaccid due to the shape loss. Such damage also ...

Nutrition is an indispensable component of care. It is from food intake that the body obtains the micro and macro nutrients needed to maintain and improve health. Diet is also an area of regulation for the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Care plans focused on nutrition necessarily must be individualized to take into account unique needs arising from specific medical conditions, the client’s developmental stage, and cultural preferences. Developing a care plan entails evaluating for nutritional risk, defining the goals of nutrition therapy, identifying interventions and expected outcomes, implementing the interventions, providing education, and promoting safety.

Evaluation of Nutritional Risk

The ...

I agree with the notions contained in Alotaibi, Albuthi, and Alalawi presentation on the nutrition education for the elderly population. In the presentation, the authors focus on the premise that nutrition education of the elderly populations should be centred at creating awareness amongst them on the health implications that are likely to occur during old age. Based on a personal thought, nutrition education of the elderly should focus on reducing the rate at which the elderly population depend on others for upkeep. Nonetheless, the current presentation notes that creating awareness amongst the elderly on the nutrition and health related predicaments ...

Teaching Plan to Increase Knowledge about Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis denotes a disease characterized with reduction in bone mass. Bones become fragile, hence increasing the risk of fracture (Harris et al., 2009). There is a type I and type II osteoporosis; however, in this paper type I is of concern following condition of Ms. Young's mother. Type I osteoporosis normally affects females within the age brackets of 51-75 years. It leads to trabecular bone loss as well as cortical bone loss. Wrist and vertebral fractures are common.

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

The risk factors include Age; osteoporosis risk increases with addition f 1,4 to 1,8 age 10 years. Race; Caucasus and Asian ...

Introduction

Athletics and fitness play a comprehensive role in ensuring that individual’s gain adequate health. This is evident by the fact athletes are often found to be healthier than people who seldom engage in any form of exercise. It is also crucial to note that the positive implications of athletics are not limited to assuring robust health alone. Instead, the positive implications of sports extend to the fact that it enhances an individual’s academic performance, not forgetting the fact that it reduces the occurrence of depression. This analysis depicts the manner in which sports play a colossal role in enhancing ...

INTRODUCTION

Soft drink is also popularly known as soda, soda pop and pop. They are usually non-alcoholic but contain carbonated gases. Regular soft drinks contain fructose and diet soft drinks contain aspartame instead of fructose. Aspartame is 160 times sweeter than sugar. Fructose has been associated with high visceral fat accumulation in mice, which ultimately results in obesity. Obesity does not just mean being overweight, but also means the person is at risk of hypertension, heart problems, high blood pressure, fatty liver syndrome and is at risk of developing diabetes. Studies show soda drinks corrode the calcium out of the ...

Affiliate University

Theories in Nursing Abstract Health Belief Model has played a key role in predicting and understanding health behaviour. This paper studies the history and evaluation of the model, its description, applicability and a review of three articles on the appropriateness of the model. The paper cites one case of Osteoporosis healthpromotionprogramswhere the model was put into use in developing and implementing the program. Finally, the recommendation and conclusion of the model’s applicability and its relevance in nursing is provided. Key words: Health Belief Model, nursing, intervention, behaviour change Introduction According to Painter et al, (2008), theleadingcause ...

Introduction

Bone is an important component of our body architecture. It serves several functions ranging from the support, protection, production etc. Bone must always be in the right state for the body to be stable simply because of those functions. Ageing is one major component that usually affects bone in terms of the strength however, there are several other disorders that tend to affects bones without the input of aging. Those disorders come into play by affecting either the structural component or chemical makeup of the bone. The resultant effects are the affectation of the function of the bone. ...

Introduction

Regular exercise is known to be a therapeutic lifestyle factor. It is not a drug, but it possesses many traits of a powerful pharmacologic agent. Routinely performing physical activity (PA) stimulates many beneficial physiologic changes in the body (O’Keefe, 2012). Age is associated with increases in body weight, body fat, and abdominal fat. Besides as age advances, many people tend to spend time in sedentary activities. Fifty-five to sixty years is the age when people retire from their services; and this sets a sedentary lifestyle for most. Sedentary lifestyle, as is widely known, is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, and/or cardiovascular diseases ( ...

Patient History:

56-year-old Caucasian female PMH: s/p fractures x 3. Right wrist fracture - after falling over a lamp cord in her single-level, carpeted home; 2 months later she fractured her left wrist after tripping and falling. Five years ago she fractured an ankle while making a (bad) landing while sky-diving for the first—and last—time. s/p hysterectomy at age 45 for fibroids; the ovaries were not removed. Menopause onset age 51 without hormone therapy. Medical Work-up: A review of the patient's previous medical records revealed that a spine x-ray had been done for persistent back pain about 4 months ...

The Western Australian Arthritis & Rheumatism Foundation (WAARF) is a non-profit organization based in Australia which was initiated in the year 1972 by Dr. Phyllis Goatcher, Evan Owen and Roger Dawkins. In the year 1991, it changed its name to the current form. Its formation objectives were care, education, research to reduce incidences and effects of arthritis and other musculoskeletal diseases. At first, it lacked a home and operated at a grant home in Murray St. offered by ANZ Bank. In 1994, the organization held a Capital Fundraising Appeal and managed to construct a Resource Center which was named after Mr. Bill Wyllie as a sign ...

Vegetarian diets can be hazardous to health because many beliefs about the diet’s benefits are not supported by scientific evidence (Byrnes 72). According to the American Dietetic Association, vegetarian and vegan diets can be healthy at all stages of the life cycle when planned correctly (Craig and Mangels 1266). In the literature review by Craig and Mangels, the authors attempted to prove that the vegetarian diet includes all of the required nutrients, such as vitamin D or vitamin B-12 (1269). However, most empirical studies failed to correlate vegetarianism with improved health (Key 524S), and plant-based diets were associated ...

Osteoporosis refers to a disease that is characterized by reduced bone mass as well as bone tissue deterioration. The disease results in an increase in the fragility of the bone and increases the chances of bone fracture. The bones that are at risk of breaking include bones of the spine, hips, shoulders and wrist. Osteoporosis is commonly referred to as a silent thief since the loss of bone mass occurs with no symptoms appearing. Incidents of fractures resulting from osteoporosis occur more often than a combination of stroke, heart attack and breast cancer. The disease is also the most common bone disease ( ...

It is a normal occurrence to a person nowadays to see around them people smoking in the streets, restaurants, or even at homes. While many are aware of the health impacts of smoking, people still smoke because it relaxes them and it is a vice that could not be easily removed from a person’s system. As a result of this impassive behavior, the trends of smokers and those who are inflicted of smoking-related illnesses continue to increase each year with deaths recorded due to chronic smoking. However, there have also been cases wherein smoking is seen as a remedy or even cure for several ...

The paper being discussed today, includes the disease Celiac disease and the laboratory department the sample is tested in.

Pathology Department The pathology department is a laboratory where tests are performed on clinical specimen of a person like blood, urine, stools, sputum etc in order to study the health condition of the patient. In other words, it studies the etiology of a disease. The hematology department is a subcategory of pathology that focuses on the study of blood and the disease causing pathogens in the blood.

Hematology testing

The lavender vacuum tubes are used for complete blood counts. The additive for the tube is EDTA. Special requirements for the tubes are 1 ml of pure blood left at room temperature to be tested ...

WHI Trial (Writing Group for the WHI Investigators; JAMA)

What was the main objective of the WHI study? Assesment of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the US for health benefits and risks When and why was the subject enrollmentstopped early (specific statistical reason)? After 5.2 years. This was due to harm from the breast cancer.

What was the design of the trial?

16608 postmenopausal women underwent the study over 8.5 years

Who monitored the “double-blind” data? How often?

Safety monitoring board.Monitored semiannually.

How many women: screened, randomized, assigned to either arm?

373092 – Screened, 16606 – Randomized, 8506 – Estrogen, 8102- Placebo Why was the dose of E 0.625 mg/day and P 2.5 mg/day in a single tablet chosen?

Highest amount without damaging the subjects

Why was an “intact uterus” necessary for entry ...

The Efficacy of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Post-Menopausal Women

Theoretical Framework: The Efficacy of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Post-Menopausal Women The theoretical model developed by Stadelmann (2008) will be used as the theoretical framework for investigating the efficacy of bisphosponates in the treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, the Neuman Systems model (Walker & Neuman, 1996) will be used as the theoretical framework in determining how advanced practice nurses can promote wellness among post-menopausal osteoporosis patients through the use of bisphosphonate therapy. Stadelmann’s model was developed to address the limitation in the lifespan of total joint replacements. These implants are ...

Literature Review:

The Efficacy of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Post-Menopausal Women

Abstract

This paper discusses some of the literature that explores the efficacy of bisphosphonates in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis among post-menopausal women. This is to determine the ways by which the quality of life of osteoporosis patients can be improved, as advocated by the Healthy People 2020 program. While studies have shown that bisphosphonates are effective in preventing and treating osteoporosis, caution should still be taken with regards to its prolonged use. With this, advanced practice nurses can contribute significantly to the proper administration of ...

Introduction

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a condition whereby one experiences swelling, stiffness, discoloration, and excruciating pain. It can arise due to use of certain drugs or due to certain diseases. A more scientifically acceptable name is complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I). CRPS type-I has an initiating event such as a fracture. With CRPS type-I, the pain is continuous and unrelated to the original injury. Edema, changes of the skin color and sweating in the area of pain characterize CRPS type-I. CRPS type-II, or causalgia, arises due to a peripheral nerve injury while CRPS type-I arises due to the non-existence of a ...

Summary

Osteoporosis is a bone thinning condition that threatens the lives of 44 million Americans (International Osteoporosis Foundation, IOF). Currently, 10 million Americans are suffering from the condition with 68% of them being women (IOF). Against the backdrop of these disturbing statistics, an article in the NaturalNews.com by Sherry Baker, recommends the use of Green Tea in place of prescription drugs to naturally prevent and Treat Osteoporosis.

The article presents statistics relating to the prevalence of osteoporosis by indicating that more than 34 million people have low bone density and are thus at high risk of suffering from osteoporosis. The article ...

Karen was likely to have been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein - Barr virus (Medline, 2012). Her doctor suspected this disease because she displayed the classic symptoms of infectious mononucleosis. The first symptom was constant fatigue, also known as malaise (Medline, 2012). She also complained of a sore throat which indicated pharyngitis (Medline, 2012). When the physician examined her, it was found that she suffered from splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and tender lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) (Medline, 2012) . In addition, Karen was seventeen years old, and infectious mononucleosis recorded high prevalence in her age group. These were all ...

Epileptic drugs and increased risk of fracture in people over 50

Epileptic drugs are used to cure or suppress epilepsy and seizures. Seizures are disruptions in brain activity that leads to behavioral change. It ranges from zoning for some seconds to convulsions, which may last for minutes and might cause injuries in case a person flails about. Most anti-epileptic drugs are said to induce non-traumatic fracture to people over 50 years. They are considered a secondary cause of osteoporosis because epilepsy is high associated with old people, a population already affected by osteoporosis (Cole, 2008). Moreover, these drugs are associated with bone density reduction especially to epileptic post-menopausal women. Population-based studies have ...

HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Hormone replacement therapy is a female medication containing estrogen and synthetic progesterone that replaces hormones that are no longer after menopause. Common symptoms that are likely to occur in menopause include; moods swings, hot rashes, lack of sexual desire, sleep problems and vaginal problems such as dryness and itching. These drugs can be taken in form of tablets or cream. Hormone therapy has a benefit of preventing heart diseases, colorectal cancer, osteoporosis and stroke for those women who take it for a short-period of time (Mayo, 2011). For those women who undergo menopause naturally, it’s important to prescribe estrogen together with ...

Introduction

Good nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining good health as well as in the prevention and management of various diseases. In order to maintain healthy organs and strong bones, and to produce hormones necessary for the proper functioning of organs, the body needs carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fats. In consequence of dietary changes, both first world and third world countries are increasingly being affected by chronic diseases. In reality, diet-related chronic ailments such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and arthritis are the most common cause of death in the world today[ CITATION Pec03 \l 1033 ]. In this paper, ...