Essays on Energy

Chapter 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

For centuries, many have tried to learn about the smallest particle. As far as 2500 years ago, Democritus and Leucippus created an idea for the atom and called it ‘atmos’ meaning indivisible. Various philosophers and scientists have proposed models for what and how the atom should be. The initial theory proposed by Dalton in 1803 states that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of a particular material are identical. He also stated that atoms of different materials join to form compounds. J.J. Thompson proposed the initial model of the atom. It is called the plum pudding model. He

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Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1.
- Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size.
- Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue).
- Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring instrument (digital)

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Abstract

The seawater forms 97% of water of the world, and the icecaps account for 2%. The portion of water available for human consumption is barely 0.5% and that also in aquifers. The widening gap between availability and requirement of potable water especially in the Gulf countries has necessitated newer methods and technologies for production of water suitable for human consumption. This situation in the Gulf region has developed due to non- availability of surface water, high growth of population and urbanization, and water depletion. The present paper takes account of the desalinization of seawater plant established in Abu Dhabi

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Power quality involving voltage occurs in two main ways. These include under voltage and overvoltage. Under voltage occurs when the power in transmission falls below 90% of the total power transmitted for a period of more than one minute. When the power is totally out, the situation is described as a blackout. When the power is fully present, it is simply said to be full power. There is a transition between full power and blackout that is described as brownout. Brownout is identified by dimming of lights, blackout by no lights at all, and full power by all domestic

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Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions.

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1. Introduction: The current environment especially in Western societies promotes increasing consumption of calories along with a relatively sedentary lifestyle thus fueling the global obesity epidemic. Body weight is regulated by complex interaction of genes that promote energy storage along with environmental factors that promote enhanced energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. This obesity promoting environment makes it difficult for many people to sustain weight loss for long periods of time and adequately maintain healthy lifestyle habits. Obesity can overall have many devastating effects on human health such as increased tendency to develop high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems and

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The Theme of Captain America

Captain America revolves around the events of World War II and the emergence of a super-hero who is later assigned with the heavy responsibility of saving the world. Steve Rogers, the super hero, does not, however, gain his superiority and abilities under normal circumstances, but rather he is the subject of a scientific experiment to create super soldiers. Across Europe, the Nazi forces are anxiously seeking to enhance its power through the discovery of better weapons and energy believed to be hidden within a castle in Norway in the form of Tesseract. The extreme enmity and fear between the

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Introduction

The name of economics is not new for a country because, it is something very important from their own viewpoint in particular. Economics is not a new subject; it starts with the birth of a child and in the world it starts with the commencement of the Universe. The main theme of Economics is all about to earn the money and its consumption, as well.
Alfred Marshal and Adam Smith are known as the key players in the market of economics who identified the most basic definitions of this particular term and then the numbers of authors have identified

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Degrowth is the deliberate act of shifting economies away from the perpetual pursuit of growth at the expense of environmental degradation. The global economic growth has continued to escalate over the years, and as a result of this, industrialization has also been on the rise. In some countries, the rate of economic growth has been so enormous for the extent that the many industrial processes end up impacting negatively on the environment. For instance, China is among the nations that have experienced an increase in motor vehicle activities which call for more use of fossil fuel. Fossil fuel has

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Executive Summary

This paper describes what is meant by a wireless sensor network is, the things that makes up this device and how in the coming years the use of this device will be applied globally. The paper also discusses the major products that are offered by the G-M global companies and how these services are used by various industries. The trends in sales and employment in the wireless sensor network are also described in this paper.IN this paper, the soft ware’s that are prevalent in the industry are also described. In this paper, some of the promising applications in

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Introduction

Energy is one of the most fundamental concepts in the 20th century and one of the most important concepts in our daily life. Fossil fuels and other traditional forms of energy have been the major source of energy for a long time. Combustion of fossil fuels produces harmful gases like carbon dioxide that causes greenhouse effect, which results to global warming. Global warming is a serious pollution problem caused by continued use of fossil fuels. Environmental pollution because of these traditional forms of energy is one of the major touching issues in the 21st century . It is also important

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Introduction

The purpose of this experiment was to observe collisions between two carts, measure energy changes and classify the collisions. It was hypothesized the momentum would be conserved during the collisions.

- Consider a head on collision between two billiard balls. One is initially at rest and the other moves towards it. Sketch a position vs. time graph for each ball, starting with the time before the collision and ending a shot time afterward
Before collision, ball 2 moves with a constant velocity towards ball 1. Therefore, its position changes with time while the position of ball 1 does not

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Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What are the two functions of the larynx?
Larynx is a cartilaginous and a muscular structure while holds vocal cords together. It is used by human beings to talk, swallow and breathe. It is lined by the mucous membrane hence forming part of the respiratory system. Larynx protects the airways by closing quickly after mechanical simulation hence stopping respiratory and curbing the entry of foreign substances into the airways. The larynx also produces sound, controls ventilation and acts as a sensory organ.

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs and for it to take place; there is the need for

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Today, one of the global issues people face to is different types of pollution. With human development, pollution is becoming worse, and as a result, other issues appear. Among them are global warming, new diseases, deforestation and many others. But, it was not like this all the time, as at the beginning the level of pollution was not so high. Otherwise, it would have been an apocalypse already. That was the industry development that caused global pollution.
Even in the late 13th century, people knew about air pollution. For instance, King of England Edward I punished every Londoner, who

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Abstract

The experiment is aimed at constructing a step-up transformer. This is due to the type of materials being used and the number of rolls that the wire is rolled on the U-shaped material. This can easily be related to the alternating current that is tapped from one source to the other. This current can easily be measured in respect to the size of the voltage that is alternated in between the primary transformer and that of the secondary transformer. The number of coils in the primary material is two; the other secondary coil has four coils. The material used

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Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with

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Ryan Gleason

Salem Almansoori
Introduction
Ballistic pendulum as illustrated in Figure 1 below is a classical method of measuring the speed of bullets. This technique, which is commonly used in investigation of bullet speeds, relies heavily on the basic laws of conservation in physics.
Figure 1 Ballistic Pendulum Set-up
Figure 2 illustrates how the experiment is executed chronologically from the time the ‘bullet’ is launched to the time it ceases travelling at the maximum angular displacement. In the illustration, the bullet of mass, m and initial velocity, v hits a stationary pendulum cup and it is embedded in it to form

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Abstract

This is a lab report that examines an empirical study of the role of caffeine in the human body and impact and reason for continuous consumption of caffeine. The research involves a study of 1060 respondents who are examined in various elements and aspects of the effects of caffeine on them.
The research identifies that there is an empirical evidence of an increase in energy levels amongst people who consume coffee. However, this change is not so large when compared to consumers of Rooibos tea. Also, the research indicates that energy levels are not significantly increased by people who

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LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser is a powerful source of light with properties that are not found in normal light sources. Laser sensors offer long ranges of detections and high resolutions. They are good at accuracy, speed and reliability. They work at temperatures irrespective of variations. Lasers occur in various mediums such as solid, liquid, gas and semiconductor.
Laser is an electronic diode that converts an energy source into a thin and concentrated beam of light, which is used to detect very small objects or to reach very high distances. The

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A transformer is an electrical piece of equipment used in electrical circuits to alter the voltage of the electricity flowing in a circuit by either increasing the voltage (stepping up) or decreasing the voltage (stepping down) (Pansini, 1999). Alternatively, they may be described as static machines which transform power from one circuit to another while maintaining the electrical frequency constant. Transformers are, therefore, very important devices in the distribution of electricity. There are two main reasons why transformers are important in the process of electricity distribution: “Stepping up” and “stepping-down.”
First, once produced at the power station, the electric

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Introduction

Rising levels of industrialization in Australia has led to increased demand for energy by both the domestic and commercial sectors of the economy. This is due to the fact that energy providing companies are parent firms to numerous firms especially in the manufacturing, processing and motor industries. As a result, it has been stated that energy is the vehicle for driving the economy to heights of economic growth and development. Without energy, rates of economic growth and development would stagnate or even drop in severe circumstances. However, in recent times, there have been intensified calls for energy companies to

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Executive summary

This paper purports to dig into affordable, sustainable housing through a project in which both the environment and affordability are key factors. In an all-encompassing effort to abridge the environmental impact of building, this paper assays that both affordability and sustainability can complement each other in a project to establish an eco-friendly environment.
Part one of this paper, “Sustainability and affordability in the design” lunges a functioning distinction between affordability and sustainability and proceeds to proffer a fabric of green building objectives. Additionally, it is discovered that the green building program excels in the following areas: durability, indoor environmental

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Figure 1 Schematic representation of hot water solar system in a building 11
Figure 2 Twenty Years Solar Energy Consumption in different regions 12

Benefits of Solar Energy

Abstract
There are various sources of energy in the world and these sources include wind energy, tidal powers, solar energy, thermal power, energy from fossil fuel and so forth. Moreover, this alternative renewable energy source can facilitate in minimizing the greenhouse effect. Solar energy has been in use for a long time; however, immense advancement in the field is only taking place in the recent past. The solar technologies can be outlined into two classes

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A review of Contact Energy Limited: startup history, funding, market growth and failure, operations and globalization of the energy market in New Zealand.

Report

(Revised on 14th April 2014)

CONTACT ENERGY LIMITED

Contact energy limited is an incorporated and a diversified company that generates and sells electricity in New Zealand. The company is one of the biggest electric generators in New Zealand with up to 23% of retail generation as of 2012. Contact started as part of the division of the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand in late 1996 (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2). It became publicly listed in the year

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Reflection Paper : Engineering Osmosis for Desalination, Separations and Power Generation

Engineering Osmosis is a transfer process that uses semi-permeable membranes. It aims to produce good and safe water from various sources. This technology has been devised for various technologies that serve as a potential platform for sustainable water treatment, separation and power generation. It needs to be introduced and adopted by various industries. This engineering technology is expected to produce clean and safe drink from any water source using lower energy. This innovation is still subject for deeper research as industries strive to get the perfect solute customization.
As discussed, there are different types of solute used: recoverable, useable

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1. Cutler 2003 study: The findings of Cutler and others (2003) conclude that obesity is mainly caused by an increase in caloric intake and not mainly by reduced caloric expenditure. The conclusions were drawn from studies performed in the USA on data from obesity levels during the early 1900s to the end of the century. On average in 1965, the average married American woman who did not work outside the house spent 2 hours cooking and cleaning per day. In 1995, the same tasks took half the time to complete due to mass preparations and technological innovations. Urbanization is

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Introduction

A motion detector refers to a device that is used to detect objects on motion, specifically people. This device is sometimes integrated as a system component that performs a task automatically or alerts the user of any motion detected in an area. In addition, motion detectors are very important component of home control, security, energy efficiency, automated lighting control, and other vital systems. There are four different types of detectors/sensors that are used in a motion sensor spectrum, and they include passive infrared (PIR), Ultrasonic, Microwave and Tomographic motion detector.

The earlier designs were very unreliable. For example, the

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Nowadays, almost everyone heard at least something about global warming. But, it is not only the change of the climate, but also, the consequences of it. Usually, the term is used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. However, not every scientist believes the global warming is real. But, the data and facts say the planet is warming.
Interestingly, the humans knew about global warming even in the late 1800s, but did little to prevent it. So,

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1. Abstract
The sodium iodide scintillator detector is a very important type of inorganic scintillators. The main function of this scintillator is to detect gamma rays by interaction of ionizing radiation and the materials of that scintillator. In this experiment, we learned the applications of this detector and how the process of detecting happens.
2. Introduction
This lab experiment is designed to make the student learn about scintillation detectors and how do they detect gamma and beta ray such as the effect of a sodium iodide NaI(Tl) scintillator. This type of detector the scintillation materials interact with ionizing

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Landfill has for quite some time now been an economical and simple way for several countries to dispose of their waste materials. However, many things have changed over recent years and there is increased interest in landfill mining. Landfill sites are overstretched and exceeding their capacity at an alarming rate. Consequently, environmental awareness and safety concerns have taken center stage. Land mining refers to the excavation of old landfill sites and re-processing their contents. There are various explanations for this newly-profound interest that transcend the technological, economic and social dimensions of landfill mining. Landfill sites comprise of materials which

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Introduction

“Energy crises, then and now”
Ever since the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, there have always been issues and rumors pertaining to an income energy crisis. Some of the issues that arise are always just rumors while others are real. My stand to these is that energy crises do really exist and the countries should place measures to counter attack this miss-fortune from happening.
Currently, all the major nations of the world are always discussing on how they will evade energy crises by taking control of the leading energy producing areas. Countries have also gone to go to war

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Selecting a career is one of the challenges that students face, especially when they are joining higher learning institutions. The choice of a career usually poses a challenge to the learners. Students are always looking for the careers that will satisfy their professional needs as well as offer them jobs that pay them well. According to parents, one of the reasons for taking their children to school is ensuring that these children give back to the society. Some of the factors to consider when choosing a career include passion for the career, the capacity or ability to cope with

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Abstract

All cells in a living organism require energy to drive various cellular activities such as transport of molecules and movement among others. The rate of cellular respiration may be affected by the substrate concentration, pH level and enzyme concentration among other factors. This experiment aimed to study the rate of cellular respiration in isolated mitochondria under different conditions. It was hypothesized that if the concentration of the substrate is increased then there will be an increase in the rate of cellular respiration. Mitochondrial suspension was used as the source of succinate that was used as the substrate. The level

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Introduction

Coca-Cola is a giant in the soft-drink industry. It is an autonomous company that traces are foundation from 1886. Coca-Cola came to existence after a pharmacist called Dr. John S Pemberton from Atlanta came up with a refreshing drink that was sold at soda fountains. Later, Frank M. Robinson named the refreshing drink ‘Coca-Cola.’ In 1992, Coca-Cola produced PowerAde as the official refreshment drink in the Olympic Games. By 2007, Coca-Cola ventured in the production of energy drink and vitamin water has made the company profile improve significantly. Despite the challenges that are experienced in the industry, Coca-Cola company

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Supporters of the amendment claim that nuclear energy serves an important role in the energy mix because it helps in meeting the future generation’s energy demands. Proponents of the policy’s amendment claim that nuclear power provides clean energy because using nuclear energy does not destroy the ozone layer through emission of greenhouse gasses. Those who support amending the policy claim that nuclear power provides a solution to sustainable energy because producers can achieve continuous production of nuclear energy.
Opponents believe that the nuclear power has dangerous effects on human beings because the process of producing energy involves

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Introduction

A turbulent jet is a source of energy and momentum in a fluid tank. A jet is considered fully turbulent at a jet laminar for Rej below about 100 and Reynolds number Rej above about 1’000 – 2’000. Therefore, the limit between a turbulent jet and laminar is around the Reynolds number of 3’000 and the significant characteristics of the jet are its discharge and momentum flux.

Eq. 2; Qj = vjAj – jet volume flux
Rej = vjdjv = jet Reynolds number
Frj = vj√g'dj = densimetric jet Froude number

Where;

Vj is the jet velocity at entry point
Aj is the

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Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy

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Lab Report 7

Introduction
The electrical motor is the device, which converts electrical energy into the mechanical energy. It is must to analyze the characteristics of electric motor. The electric motor is always considered as the dynamic device, which changes its performance influenced by various factors. It is necessary to analyze the important electrical parameters of the electric motor, in order, to use the electrical motor for the particular applications. The electric motor is used in the applications like pumping, home appliances, lifts, cranes, etc. This report discusses about the construction of the electrical motor, and mainly, it discusses about the motor

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Nuclear power is seen as a potential source of energy to many countries. One of the advantages is that it has less carbon dioxide in the production process. This is an improvement to the environment and has better conservation to the environment. This is an important aspect in energy production. Another advantage is that it has lower costs of operations. This is coupled with the fact that there is large capacity and potential to generate large power that will be used for industrial purposes. There are also the high possibilities of recycling power waste in this power source. There

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Introduction

The rapidly evolving world that we live in requires minds that can innovate and come up with creative solutions to the problems that we face. Businesses in particular are at a time where fast innovation is a key ingredient to survival and growth. The problems faced by modern societies also seek innovative solutions that are cost effective, life changing and efficient. Innovation is defined as the creation of a new product that is set to change the way individuals in business, schools, government and other social structures do things.

Innovation

For this project, I came up with an innovation that

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