Essays on Encryption

Introduction

Throughout human history, there is an array of revolutionary technological innovations. One such innovation is cryptography that brought about a revolution in the society by facilitating privately encrypted messages. I got very much interested in this technology after learning that all the secured data transaction is encrypted. There are majorly two basic types of encryption used asymmetric and symmetric key encryption.

What is RSA encryption?

Symmetric key encryption has one weakness that its integrity is dependent on the exclusive sharing of its private keys. Here, different encryption scheme is needed that is asymmetric or public key encryption. Public key cryptography is a mathematical

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Telnet is a network protocol used in LAN or via the web to provide bi-directional interactive text-oriented communication framework using virtual terminal connection. Data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information, usually in an 8-byte oriented data communication over TCP. Telnet program runs on a computer and connects you PC to a server on the network. Commands are entered into Telnet program and can execute them as if they were entering them directly on the server console. This implies that you can control the server and communicate with other servers on the network.
Telnet traffic refers to a user

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Security and hacking

We had the privilege of hosting a guest speaker who gave us a lecture on “security and hacking” on the 20th day of November. The scope of the lecture was security on the internet and privacy. For IT enthusiast the speaker was very interesting as he linked theory with the real world experiences. He first introduced Robert Schifreen who is a self-proclaimed hacker. The captivating Robert reaffirmed the fact that with the internet revolution, we are all connected in one way or another; it is now easier than ever to talk to anybody irrespective of their geographical positioning. Also

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General definition

Public-key algorithm of cryptography, sometimes names as asymmetric cryptography. It is a class of cryptographic algorithms which uses two separate keys, one of which is known only by one side (secret or private) another one is available for publicity (public).
These 2 keys are different, but they are connected with some mathematical operations. The public key is usually used to encrypt(code) data or to verify and confirm a digital signature. The private key is used to decode (decrypt) data or to create a digital signature.
The term asymmetric describes this algorithm because different keys are used to run

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Apple Inc. is a well-known giant in the computer technology world. It is one of the leaders in the industry. Continuous implementation of innovations enables this company to acquire the sympathy of millions of customers all over the world. The release of a new product is always accompanied by an enormous interest of both consumers and media. That is why it is of a great importance for such huge company to keep the information provided by their customers in safety and security.
During two years Apple has faced severe security problems with the iOS 7. Anyone who had technical

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Introduction

Cryptography is a mathematical technique for encrypting and decrypting data. Cryptography enables one to store and transmit sensitive information across public insecure networks so that no one else can access the information apart from the authorized persons, i.e., the sender and the intended recipient (Martin, 2012). Cryptography uses a cryptographic algorithm. A cryptographic algorithm is a mathematical function used during the encryption and decryption process. The algorithm works together with a key to transform plaintext into encrypted text. The security of encrypted information depends on two things: the secrecy of the key used and the strength of the cryptographic

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The symmetric and asymmetric key encryptions are different operations,which functions in different circumstances, for different applications and different attack models. Therefore, it is not sensible enough to say that either symmetric or asymmetric is better than the other in terms of computer system and data security. If some measurable security could be available, then it could have been easy to tell which key is better. However, this measure is not simple to describe ( Sudha, 2012).
The encryption key length or size defines the number of bits of the given security key that is employed in the algorithm of

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Introduction

In the current age, both individuals and organisations find themselves depending so much on digital information. Most of this information is critical in the day to day operations of the parties involved. Such sensitive information can be abused if it lands in the wrong hands. That is the reason cryptography or the science of encryption is designed to help protect vital information.

Best Practice in Applying Cryptography

Policy and Technology
The primary goal of policy and technology is to enable a framework in which to provide the much required information. To achieve this, the application of good policies in combination with the best technology

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A security risk within the context of data communication is described as any action of inaction that poses a threat to the integrity and security of data communicated between a sender and a receiver. Security threats in communication are all too real and pervasive and mischief makers always try to exploit the vulnerabilities of system design and architecture in order to perpetrate illegal activities. As the waves of the threats increase, different methods and techniques are also deployed in order to guarantee the security and integrity of data exchange. Some of the techniques involve the protection of networks from

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Abstract

Finding the correct balance between security, cost effectiveness and ease of use presents a major headache for the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). This is because maintaining a large workforce and clerical staff for the purposes of managing database and internal systems can be a costly practice. MPS staff also require different log in details for the different accounts they hold in different job roles. This paper examines different approaches such as Enterprise Identity Mapping (EIM), Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and RSA encryption and how they may be utilized in the MPS context.

Question 1

- Technologies for managing multiple identities of

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Internet Protocol Security

IPsec is the short abbreviation for Internet Protocol Security which is referred to as the protocol suite used in securing the Internet Protocol (IP) network communications through encrypting and validating each IP packet (data sent over the internet) of a communication session. Internet Protocol security comprises procedures and protocols used in establishing a reciprocated authentication or verification procedure between artificially intelligent agents at the commencement of the interconnection period and the intercession of cryptographic keys to be used by the network user during the given time lease period (Black, 2000).
Internet Protocol security can be used in guarding data

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Attackers are becoming more and more sophisticated and utilize highly sophisticated techniques to compromise critical information infrastructure that supports networks and information flow. In order for attacks to be successful, attackers are devising new mechanisms of promoting anonymity and evading detection.
- Promoting anonymity
Network attacks are classified into interactive attacks where perpetrator is concerned with stealing information from another user of the network or non-interactive where a perpetrator uses malicious software to instill denial of service attacks on other members of the network.

The two most common methods of used by attackers include,

- Stepping stones chains
- IP-spoofing
- Stepping stone chains
Stepping stone chains involves indirect

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Cloud security is a rising issue in the world of cloud computing at this time. In the recent months, many cloud computing service providers have experienced various incidences of breaches and hacks into their cloud platforms, leaving client’s private information and data insecure and prone to theft. In light of this, Transputec can enhance their Cloud Document Management – Intelefile service with features that augment their cloud services portfolio to ensure the safety of their client’s data.

Data Encryption (Transport Layer Security)

Data is the most important part of any organization. In the case of any breach in the organization’s data, the

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Public Key Infrastructure is a system that allows the integration of a number of carrying services that are in one way or the other related to cryptography. PKI ensures integrity, provides confidentiality, access control, a system of authentication and also non-repudiation - in which both parties, the sender and receiver cannot deny either sending the message or receiving it in future. (Srinivasan, 2008)
Basically, PKI is an aggregation of processes, technologies and policy of organizations that facilitate the use of public key cryptography in ways as to enhance the verification of the authenticity of public keys (BCS, 2013)
The

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Proof of Submission in an Electronic Mail System

Proof of submission is the ability of the sender to ascertain to the receiver that the email message has left his control. To achieve these, the sent email is stored in the senders out box and is passed on to the mail server. The mail server has a private, public key pair, calculates a message digest of the body of the email, and its metadata such as the time received and its identity. The mail server then signs the mail by encrypting the digest with its private key and sends the result to the sender of the email.

Non-Repudiation in an Electronic Mail System

This

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Transport Level Security

- This level of security exists below the application layer. It mostly comprises of the secure socket layer and the transport layer security.
- Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
- According to Kizza (2009), the Secure socket layer is a cryptographic system applied in the Explorer and Netscape browsers. It is used to manage the security of message transmission in the Internet (Newman, 2009).
- The SSL uses a public key that can be utilized by anyone and a private key only known by the recipient of the message (Newman, 2009).
- It is designed to offer encrypted end-to-end data

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Technology

With reference to cryptography, block cipher is a mode of operation to provide information services like authenticity and confidentiality. It is meant for cryptographic transformations such as encrypting or decrypting the data/information of groups of fixed length referred to as a block. There is an unvarying transformation specified by a symmetric key. For bits of data that exceeds the size of a block, cipher’s block operation has to be applied repeatedly. Block cipher works on units of fixed block sizes, but messages may come in varying lengths. In that case the final

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Choose two technical controls and discuss how they are used to protect the CIA of information systems: Confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA)
Information security is a practice that aims at defending and protecting the CIA properties or values of information. This is done through avoiding the potential attacks that can be availed on information, either when moving or stored information. Such includes unauthorized access and other active attacks that aim at manipulating the original text hence compromising on integrity. A compromise on the availability of information is made possible by denial of service attacks.
As concerns information security, confidentiality

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Abstract

The document below is an outline essay on the following topics:
Basic concepts in number theory and finite fields, Divisibility and the division algorithm, the euclidena algorithm, modular artithmetic, groups, rings and fields, finite fields of the form, polynomial arithmetic, Finite fields of the form, Advance encryption standard, The origins AES, AES Structure, AES round functions and AES Key expansion.

Essay

Divisibility
Mathematics involves many rules as well as formulae which are followed to derive the exact outcomes. One such mathematic term is ‘divisibility’. When a number is able to divide with another number without any reminder, it is known

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Abstract

The use of encryption and decryption techniques for securing communication is as old as the art of communication. Technically, a code is used instead of data which is a signal for intent to keep data secret. In order to recover the contents from an encrypted signal, accurate decryption key is needed. The key is basically an algorithm that is used to reverse the work of the encryption technique and get original form of data. There is always a potential threat from hackers to decode encrypted signal, to avoid such issues specialized intellectuals have worked hard and defended these threats

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Introduction

Encryption can be defined as a process in which messages or the information are encoded in such a manner that hackers or eavesdroppers will not be able to access it. These encoded messages and information can only be read by the parties who are authorized in this respect. In encryption, the information or message (referred as plaintext) is encrypted by using an algorithm of encryption, turning the text into unreadable cipher text. This is generally done by an encryption key, which enumerates the way of encoding the text. A party, who has been authorized for encoding; however, is capable

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