Essays on Hash

Discovery

The pigeonhole principle is a simple but powerful concept that is used in tackling combinatorial mathematics problems in a systematic manner. In simple terms, the principle states that if some objects need to be placed in boxes that are lesser in number than the objects, then at least one box will have two objects. The concept was formulated in 1834 by a German mathematician named Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. In his original publication, Dirichlet used a German word that meant drawer in English (Brualdi, 2008). The word soon changed to pigeonhole that is an open space on a wall ...

It’s a principle that provides the basic and the essential part in the mathematics of sorting and even counting. This principle was introduced by Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet in 1834. He called it the shelf principle or drawer principle. However, many people appreciate his insight and call it the Dirichlet drawer principle. The name pigeonhole was introduced in 1940 by Raphael Robinson. In the literal sense, pigeonholes refer to shelves or holes used to place pigeons. Thus, the principle roughly states that if one has a given number of boxes and a given number of items to ...

Kamal Hussein’s Thartharah fawqa al-Nil (Adrift on the Nile, 1971) is the film adaptation of the 1966 novel by Naguib Mahfouz. The film was released in 1971, four years after the Six-day War and a year after the death of Gamel Abdel Nasser, the second president of Egypt and the man behind the Revolution of 1952. The movie stars some of the most iconic actors of the time including Emad Hamdy, Ahmed Ramz and Adel Adham. The film focusses primarily on the protagonist Anis, a civil servant, and his experiences with a group of men who have created ...

Nowadays cryptography is critical to all organizations. Cryptography is usually used by passwords, SSL, smart cards. Cryptographic systems can provide following services: 1) authentication, 2) non-repudiation 3) confidentiality 4) integrity. For user authentication the password should be used. The politics for password selection must be applied: the password should contain at least 8 symbols, have characters, symbols and numbers, so that it would be difficult to guess it. It is more secure to use two-factor authentication, rather relying entirely on password authentication. Non-repudiation tools are needed to prove that definite user made transaction (for example, queried statement). Only appropriate ...

Part 1

Sony Corporation has invested in their security policies and procedures. In the last few years, they have set up an Information and Security and Privacy Organization that handles all aspects of global standards and policies. Sony Corporation security aspects include approved modes of operation, identification and authentication policies, access and control policies and physical security policies. The policies provide guidance for the employee (Hash et al, 2005). Sony also has a policy that provides guidance on mitigation of attacks. As an organization, Sony has put in place security standards and policies that cover almost all areas. However, from an ...

Thesis: Social media is increasingly becoming a fundamental tool for fostering political awareness and action in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Saudi Arabia has one of the most repressive media regulations in the world with a score of 83/100 in the most recent survey by the Freedom House, where 0 represents the best score while 100 represents the worst score. The authorities mugged the freedom of the media, further, in 2014 with the passage of the antiterrorism legislation and a series of arrests that silenced some of the most vocal critics (Freedom House). The fragile environment from which journalist operate from has led to a high level of suspicion on the mainstream media which is controlled by powerful government ...

A branch of forensic science that includes recovering and investigating materials of the digital devices especially when there is a crime committed using computers. Analyzing a crime is the most important factor in digital forensics before arriving at a conclusion. During the analysis process, the most critical function is to validate the evidence. Analysis of forensics and digital evidence depends on the type of investigation involved, the amount of data that will be processed during investigation, court orders, company policies and search warrants. Digital forensic analysis involves locating and recovering particular materials that eases the investigation process at a ...

[Subject/Course] [Submission Date]

In the present era influenced by ideological and social revolutions, the rapid growth of technology has enabled social media to interconnect the minds of individuals with no need of their physical presence. This kind of innovative communication method is gradually changing the way we interact with others thus nurturing a new form of community called virtual community. Currently, Sina Weibo is an extremely popular social media website in China. By the third quarter of 2015, this micro-blogging site had 222 million registered users and 100 million daily active users. Sina Weibo gathers a lot of posted ...

The advertising of the Texas Roadhouse needs to increase, by coming up with a communication theme that relates with the community from a cultural perspective, and this will be the key in creating an emotional connect with the target consumer. The advertising communication needs to be done by focusing on the headline and sub headline that needs to focus on the taste and image and a call to action, i.e. having a visit to Texas Roadhouse. It is imperative to make use of prominent influencers, in the communication, having local and international appeal, stars such as Jay Chou, Jackie ...

What constitutes an “incident”?

An incident is described as a danger to policies relating to PC security. What is Incident Response (IR)? It is a constructed path that finds the problem through to the conclusion of the problem. The IR may involve situations that:

Decide if a situation is present

Offers fast acknowledgment and quarantine of the problem Finds and discusses the issue Discards a non-unified explanation Comes up with real facts regarding the problem Decreases issues with organizational networks Decreases harm to the business or company Fixes regular performance Control society’s views on the issue Offers permission to proceed against criminals Teaches higher administration Ensures the ...

Abstract— This paper tries to explain the concept of hash tags and how the trending hash tags are determined by Twitter. To explain the working we have tried to analyze and algorithm from a source and on the basis of that we are trying to understand the steps taken in computing the trending topics on twitter. We are also presenting with some methods for users to find the trending topics on twitter.

Keywords—hastags; Twitter; trending;

Introduction It’s the age of Internet. Twitter is the new singing birdie. Twitter allows us to know not only what’s hot in our area but ...

Question One

The most ideal access control for accommodating these permissions in the ACME Inc Human Resource department is the role based access control. The Role Based Access Control approach to securing access to the Human Resource management system bases access control decisions on the functions that a particular user is allowed to perform. The approach is widely used for non military enterprises with several employees with different roles and functions (Ferraiolo, Sandhu, Gavrila, Kuhn, & Chandramouli, 2001). Role Based Access Control method of access control is ideal for these permissions since the users are categorized and assigned different roles in the ...

Summary of the Case Against Mr. Didid

This report is for the evidentiary file of Mr. Isure Didit. The five contraband images previously discovered on Mr. Didit’s laptop were matched by using hash values by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) to those of known child pornographic images (previously tied to known underage victims) Because of this discovery, Mr. Didit’s company exercised its right to monitor employee activity at all times and to take company property back into its possession. Thus, we instigated an investigation into the contents of Mr. Didit’s office. In the office, the digital evidence was : ...

Drug addiction is a major public health issue in the United States, which affects the lives of several individuals across all races and ethnic groups. The abuse of drugs in various forms takes a tremendous toll on the society, which includes health care expenditures, lost earnings and costs associated with crime and accidents. With the virtually available unlimited sources, illegal drugs are readily available to the people. The United States is the biggest market of illegal drugs in the world, which makes huge profits through organized criminal groups, gangs and terrorists. Criminal investigations through conventional investigative techniques play a major role in ...

Artifacts are an important representation of culture and show the dynamics and growth in it. The popularity of an artifact is subject to different criteria. First, the artifact has to represent a culture that can be identified by a number of people. For the popularity of an artifact, everybody must be appreciative of the fact that it represents a part of their culture. In another context, the artifact could represent a culture that is widely accepted or recognized through a vast population. Many people have to recognize the culture for it to be popular, not only in one place or in a group it represents, ...

Introduction

Over the past decade, drug crimes and drug abuse have garnered a lot of attention. It is estimated that every year about $110 billion is cost to the country through drug related accidental injuries and deaths, health care, criminal behaviors, dependency treatment and so on. Both the state and federal laws prohibit the manufacturing, possession, and the sale of certain controlled substances such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and ecstasy. Drug's relation to crimes is through the effects drugs make on the user's behavior by influencing him to commit violence and other illegal action connected to drug trafficking. In 2004, ...

Information Technology Security

Information Technology Security

Q1: Describe in your own words the differences between steganography, digital watermarking, and digital rights management.

Advances in the field of technology have helped a lot in the drastic shift from traditional media to digital media while ensuring information security. These digital media include Digital Rights Management (DRM) methods Steganography and like Digital Watermarking. DRM helps in ensuring data security and has a varied array of systems. While DRM includes several methods like Encryption, Public/Private keys, Digital Certificates and Hashing, Steganography and Digital Watermarking are just one of the methods under DRM – Watermarking . Watermarking is a type of information hiding in order to protect intellectual property and insert a copyright indication within a material. Digital Watermarking ensure ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction 3

About Amazon.com 3 E-Commerce Solution Key Elements of Amazon.com 4 Technology Infrastructure 4 Datawarehouse and DataMining 6 Datamining to operational efficiency and acheiving sales goals 6 Network Security Threats in E-Commerce Applications 7 Controlling Network Security Threats in E-Commerce Applications 8 Payment Gateway 9 Conclusion 9

Reference 11

Introduction E-Commerce is a present day business methodology addressing various needs of organizations. It enables consumers and merchants to reduce costs and simultaneously improving on the quality of products and services. It ...

(Author)

Introduction

Cannabis belongs to the genus of the flowering plants. Cannabis is one of the most studied plants in the history of biology that is why I selected this plant and studied various features of this plant. There are three known species of cannabis (Ritsner, 2011); Cannabis sativa, Cannabis ruderalis, and Cannabis indica. Cannabis sativa is considered as the most studied species. These species are mostly found in the Central and South Asia. They are also known as marijuana, hemp, hashish, dagga, bhang, grass, and loco weed. Cannabis plant is of different heights, i.e. it can be 1-20 ...

Critiquing Quantitative and Qualitative Studies

Several research techniques are available all with the aim of achieving precise data or information or data about something. Quantitative technique, sometimes referred to as true science, involves the use of mathematical and statistical methods in the analysis and drawing useful information from a specific set of data (Davies, 2009). On the other hand, qualitative is a type of technique used to study behavior and habits portrayed by humans under different environments. The critique is aimed at juxtaposing the two techniques involved in the field of research with critical analysis of the two methods.

Compare and Contrast Information

Hand hygiene especially in health care setting ...

Communication

Sports Event Analysis Paper – The Southwest Airlines Orlando Pro Summer League (Philadelphia 76ers versus Memphis Grizzlies) This analysis begins with a short introduction on the Summer League followed by an examination of how the game fixture was covered on a live television broadcast. It includes a further analysis of its cover on the league website and a final twitter response that was related to the event.

Introduction

The Southwest Airlines Orlando Pro Summer League began on the 5th of July on a Saturday running through the 11th of July, 2014. The seven day, 25 game sporting event featured renowned teams like the Bolton ...

Abstract

Marketing and advertising are two important aspects of managing a business, or to be more specific, of leading a business towards success. A product or a service offering may be good or even of the highest quality when compared to those that the competitions in the industry offer but if the marketing and advertising strategies used are not effective or not suitable to the target market, or in some cases, simply do not work the way how they are supposed to, then the actual sales and profitability or the company’s product or service may not reach the expectations . The objective of ...

In 1991, The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and it was put forward for use in Digital Signature Standards (DSS). It is actually a Federal Information Processing Standard used in digital signatures. It was accepted as FPIS in 1993 and since then it has undergone several improvements with the latest FPIS 186-4 was done in 2013. DSA is used to create a 320 bit signature that contains 512-1024 bit security. Digital Algorithm Signature is advantageous over RSA since it faster and smaller as compared to RSA. It was approved by the government of United ...

Abstract

Operating systems are pieces of software applications that run computer systems. Without operating systems, computer systems would not work effectively, and humans would find no use in them. Simply, operating systems is a collection of software applications that facilitate the management of computer resources and give an interface for computer applications to interact with hardware. In spite the importance of these systems in bridging the relationship between the user and the hardware, most of the commercial OS have buggy code that is susceptible to security threats. Thus, building a trusted OS that can withstand all the security threats in the computing ...

Introduction

Cryptography is a mathematical technique for encrypting and decrypting data. Cryptography enables one to store and transmit sensitive information across public insecure networks so that no one else can access the information apart from the authorized persons, i.e., the sender and the intended recipient (Martin, 2012). Cryptography uses a cryptographic algorithm. A cryptographic algorithm is a mathematical function used during the encryption and decryption process. The algorithm works together with a key to transform plaintext into encrypted text. The security of encrypted information depends on two things: the secrecy of the key used and the strength of the cryptographic algorithm employed (Stallings, 2013).

Question 1

...

Story of the product

Wheretoget.it is a ​​young online project, which helps people to find their favorite clothing items from photographs. It works quite simple. Once registered, users upload pictures of things that want to find and buy, and readers help to identify a brand of clothing, give a link to an online store, where the thing is sold, or at least find similar things. Usually to find a necessary thing takes less than three hours and in 84% of cases the search is successful. The site was launched in 2011, but now it is very popular. Its creators, Nicholas Metske, Gilles Babinet and Romain Moyne ...

Bitcoin is purely peer-peer electronic cash that makes it possible for online money payments to be remitted directly from one party to the other without having to go through financial institutions. With bitcoin, digital signatures are considered part of the solution but the problem arises when the trusted third party is needed to curtail any form of double spending. The solution to this double spending lies in bitcoin; this is because it timestamps transactions by hashing them into a hash-based work proof. This makes it form a network that will not be altered unless the proof-of work is redone. Bitcoin has ...

Introduction

Algorithms form the basis of problem solving for most scientific solutions. This paper will focus on the issues and the problem that is being solved in the case that has been provided in the article. The article describes the approaches that are used in trying to solve the problem that has been presented.

The paper develops an algorithm that is used to solve the problem of c-approximate nearest neighbor. The problem that has been an issue is that of making approximations with high levels of dimensions. This is a problem that has been under research by many researchers. This problem ...

Apache Hadoop software library is a framework that enables distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of computers. Hadoop can handle a single server and it can handle multiple machines. This means that scalability is not a problem. It is open source software that is reliable scalable and allows distributed computing. It is being used across enterprises in the storage of big data analytics and it also enables top managers in making business decisions.

Background

There has been a great need by the organizations to store and manage large amount of data referred as Big Data. There is a need to have the storage ...

Introduction:

As information technologies evolved and became more important for business and home use, users demanded for ways of directly connecting to systems in different locations. From large internet service providers, operators of bulletin board systems, to businesses getting critical data to road warriors in a timely manner, remote system access and networks became critical services that administrators were required to provide. However, it was necessary to ensure that only authorized users could access the provider’s resources, they could only access the resources they needed, and the administrators could track the users’ activities and access time for purposes of ensuring ...

Internet Protocol Security

IPsec is the short abbreviation for Internet Protocol Security which is referred to as the protocol suite used in securing the Internet Protocol (IP) network communications through encrypting and validating each IP packet (data sent over the internet) of a communication session. Internet Protocol security comprises procedures and protocols used in establishing a reciprocated authentication or verification procedure between artificially intelligent agents at the commencement of the interconnection period and the intercession of cryptographic keys to be used by the network user during the given time lease period (Black, 2000). Internet Protocol security can be used in guarding data and ...

The information at hand does not conclusively determine if a crime has been committed or not. It is thus important to secure the scene of crime. The plan for include developing the infrastructure to determine if an attack really happened and what are the extent. This will ascertain the validity of claims of breach and if confirmed take appropriate steps to retrieve reliable digital evidence that can be used sufficiently to sustain a case at the court of law. Before the start of digital investigation, time on all the servers was synchronized with NTP. Verification of suspected crime will ...

- Introduction Over the centuries, there has been the need to transmit secret information between a sender and a receiver. So many techniques have been developed and used in order to achieve this aim. One popular technique is cryptography; an art that encodes information as a cipher and can only be accessed by the sender or a receiver that knows the decryption code. The mere sight of coded information raises a lot of curiosity and suspicion. Anybody interested in such information may then commence efforts at deciphering the code. In order to eliminate this development, there was the need to transmit covert information ...

When scientific methods are used in the process of preserving, collecting, validation, identification, analysis, interpretation, documentation, and presentation of digital evidence from digital sources, then the process is called digital investigation. The evidence may be used to facilitate the construction of events deemed to be criminal or are in contrast with the laid down procedures. Digital investigations for an organization differ to digital investigation for law enforcement because of the procedure adopted. Different models of operation have been suggested depending on the complexity of the situation. Digital investigations arise as a result of an occurrence suspected, attempted or ...

Public Key Infrastructure is a system that allows the integration of a number of carrying services that are in one way or the other related to cryptography. PKI ensures integrity, provides confidentiality, access control, a system of authentication and also non-repudiation - in which both parties, the sender and receiver cannot deny either sending the message or receiving it in future. (Srinivasan, 2008) Basically, PKI is an aggregation of processes, technologies and policy of organizations that facilitate the use of public key cryptography in ways as to enhance the verification of the authenticity of public keys (BCS, 2013) The primary ...

SOURCES OF EVIDENCE IN DIGITAL FORENSICS INVESTIGATION

ABSTRACT Today’s society is becoming, increasingly, interconnected through the use of networking technologies and the proliferation of internet. As such, computer intrusions and security incidence are on the increase. Organizations and companies find the use of internet unavoidable in order to advance their operations and efficiency. The ability to handle computer security concerns resulting from seamless connectivity proves to be a major challenge. Other insecurity concerns resulting from insider file alteration and malware installations are equally harmful and should be treated with utmost considerations. As a result, the field of digital forensic investigation has risen to help in unearthing ...

A Twitter Literature Review

TWEET FOR MORE THAN JUST GOSSIP Twitter is a widely recognized “microblogging” social networking site developed by Jack Dorsey and founded by him, Evan Williams and Biz Stone in 2006 through the startup company Obvious (Grossman, 2009). Use and interface is very simple with people answering the question “What are you doing?” in 140 characters or less. The site is arranged in such a way that the person can see what his/her friends (i.e. people followed by the person, termed as “following/s”) are also posting. Twitter also popularized the word and use of “hash tag”, which uses the number sign (#) ...

Consider an application that requires an encryption and MAC algorithm be implemented on a processor with a small amount of non-volatile memory. The only cryptographic algorithm that the processor can compute is Triple-DES. But you have space for one 168-bit key. Describe how it is possible to both encrypt and MAC using only a single key. Justify your answer and state any assumptions you use. Using a small non-volatile memory will require the key to be externally generated so that they can be amassed on the non-volatile memory (Gilardi and Serpanos, 2006). Since the key size is 168bits, the keys will be ...

Plan for Processing a Potential Crime Scene

Identifying the Potential Digital Evidence Processing a crime scene will involve following standard procedures used in assessing a digital crime scene. According to Wile and Reyes (2011), the process of identifying the potential digital evidence will require a series of investigations to be done. Thus, this will involve assessment of the case, asking the affected parties questions, locating the evidence and documenting the results with the goal of identifying where the crime was exactly committed. In this case, the first clue to potential evidence will be to assess the intrusion detection logs. Additionally, it is important to note that network intrusions ...

Abstract

The use of encryption and decryption techniques for securing communication is as old as the art of communication. Technically, a code is used instead of data which is a signal for intent to keep data secret. In order to recover the contents from an encrypted signal, accurate decryption key is needed. The key is basically an algorithm that is used to reverse the work of the encryption technique and get original form of data. There is always a potential threat from hackers to decode encrypted signal, to avoid such issues specialized intellectuals have worked hard and defended these threats by developing more ...

Data Acquisition and Analysis

Part II. What types of forensic image formats does Adepto support? First Computer forensic software is going to be the stress of the note on Computer Forensic Tools which is Adepto, Adepto is an imaging processor that parts on the Helix Live CD and essential to the drive imaging software GUI (Graphical User Interface) that use for DD and DCFL-DD in commanding the imaging software that essentially use to create a forensically media services and sound imaging and so on. As today it fall into the discussion of Computer Forensic the goes to the board of categories the ...

MD5 is a type of algorithm which is used in order to acknowledge the integrity of a given data through creation of 128-bit message digest. A data input in such a case is used in order to interpret a message of any given length using the finger-point of the activity. In case of a data which is a true image and is a bit-to-bit copy of the original, the file numbers can be hashed in order to obtain the details about the files and their extensions. A hexadecimal editor like ‘WinHex’ can be used in order to inspect and edit the images of data and can ...

MCDONALD'S TWITTER CAMPAIGN AND H&M'S POTENTIAL COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

1. Introduction: Rhetoric strategies have evolved and so have rhetorical strategies over the digital media. This paper focuses on two cases which are the McDonald Case and the H$M case. These two cases are analyzed using the various Rhetorical strategies that are commonly used by authors. This includes the description strategy, compare and contract strategy, division strategy, argumentation, process analysis and the exemplification strategy. The content in each case provides a basis for this analysis, the first case is the McDonald campaign that backfired, this article narrates how a campaign by this company resulted into negative feedbacks and ...

Part 1

I would choose to implement a database rather than a file system because a database has more capabilities than a file system. For one, a database allows a search to be performed based on the file’s metadata. On the other hand, the user must know the path of a file’s location when searching for a file in a file system. A database allows for the data to be filtered and sorted in a number of ways, which is not possible with a file system. In addition, a database system comes with data backup and redundancy features. Creating backups and checking for redundancy need to be performed manually in file ...

COMPUTER SECURITY AND CRYPTOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Computer security is very vital in the setting of any organization. The organizations’ information systems need to be protected from both physical and software attacks. The physical attacks can include: theft, fire and natural disasters. Software attacks can include but not limited to: viral attacks, hacking and any other form of intrusion into the organization’s information systems. Computer security should be prioritized in every organization that wants to be successful in its activities. There are several ways of protecting information and data in the computer systems at different levels. One of the most commonly used methods is ...

Introduction

Computer forensic also known as cyber forensic involves the acquisition of legal evidence which is found in computers and digital media storage. It involves using analytical and investigative techniques for the collection and examination of evidence. This technique is commonly used for criminal investigations or civil litigation. (Holley, 2000) There are several computer software which are used for this kind of investigation and analysis of evidence. They include: EnCase, The Sleuth Kit and Autopsy Browser among others. Using a single tool cannot produce substantial evidence to be used for prosecution. There is need to employ at least two of these ...