Essays on Currency

An essay exploring the effect of the macroeconomic environment in Italy and Russia as it relates to Proctor and Gamble’s international economic activity. Procter and Gamble [P&G] is the world’s top producer of household products. P&G manufactures a wide range of products from toilet paper and sanitary products to food and cleaners. It can be said that the company produces everything a consumer could need to stock their homes comfortably. June 2014, P&G reported over eighty-three million dollars in revenues during that fiscal year (MarketLine, 2015). P&G’s headquarters are located in Cincinnati, Ohio but the massive ...

China has been playing an important role in the global economy and in the short term future the country is going to continue to build up its international presence. However, keeping up the economic growth may become a serious problem for the Chinese government in the short term. The rates of economic growth have declined in the past years and this is a very big risk for the developing economy that China has. So now China is looking for the ways how to improve the current situation. Stimulation of exports by means of the weaker national currency is one ...

Executive Summary

The purpose of the paper was to assess Canadian market for the ability of CBT, the UK-based supermarket chain, to enter it. Environmental analysis was made taking into account political situation in the country, economic overview, legal aspect and socio-cultural perspective. It was found that CBT is going to have more opportunities than threats. Competitive analysis showed that supermarket industry in Canada is monopolistically competitive. The characteristics of such market were properly described. In general, there are three main CBT’s competitors and numerous small, therefore, the company should enter Canadian market with some competitive advantages. In order to ...

Human resource management is a function that is present in many organisations and is designed to optimise the performance of employees towards the delivery of products and services that are instrumental for the company’s achievement of its objectives. Human resource is basically managing people within an organisation by primarily emphasizing on systems and policies. There have been a variety of events associated with human resource management. Many of these events have been reported by the media, both the electronic and online media. This article will focus on one key human resource management event reported by the Society for ...

The PPP theory has been deemed to have a reservation for the exchange rates depreciation or appreciation as well as the rate of inflation change. It is in this reservation that PPP is found to be in favor of long- term exchange rates model as opposed to the short term due to the volatility of the inflation rate that influences the exchange rate both significantly and insignificantly. A perfect example is the PPP relationship between the American dollar and Canadian dollar between the period spanning 1950 to 1986. This study came to a major conclusion that the deviations that ...

The Philippines is famous for its emerald rice fields, smoldering volcanoes, wildlife, and mega cities. Located on a land distant from the mainland Southeast Asia, it holds great historical features and rich in cultural and spiritual. Catholicism is the main religion of the area, and resulted from the Spanish rulership. The Spanish culture remains in the country as evident in the festivals, architecture, and churches. The country’s economy is steadily growing as well as the tourism and agriculture. It gains a lot of revenue from tourism due to its beaches and islands, which act as the main tourist ...

The Chinese government should regulate the Chinese currency. The Chinese government’s desire to remain competitive in Asia and the global market is very dangerous to its neighbors and the emerging economies. Indeed, it is the concern of Chinese government to regulate the currency, but its negative impacts are short term. It is the role of the Chinese government to maintain the stability of the currency since it benefits the Chinese economy more. It is the responsibility of the government to regulate the currency based on the domestic demands but not on external pressure from strong economies. Chinese exchange ...

Currency and Interest Rate Swaps and the Strong Dollar

Currency and Interest Rate Swaps and the Strong Dollar The strong dollar is an advantage for the importer of the United States of America because due to the conversion rates, the overall payment of the bills remain at the same or lower levels. Moreover, when the position of US dollar is strong in the open markets, then the companies in United States can rely on the market position and save money in terms of hedging and forward contract. Similarly, from the exporter’s point of view, the strong dollar will collect US dollars at much favorable rates. Therefore, overall ...

The European Union is one of the most successful regional integration bodies in the world. The European Union, formed in 1993, draws its roles from past organizations formed after the Second World War to ensure peace existed in Europe. Since itss formation, the EU has experienced increased membership, as there are now twenty six countries involved in the organization. The establishment of the EU has allowed the creation of a free market around Europe; therefore allowing economic development among member states. Other than economic integration, the EU has also promoted peace among its member states. By discussing the events ...

1. Olympus introduced new product “Compact Cameras” that was manufactured by the use of advanced technologies. The uses f the product were larger than existing product especially SLR cameras. The new product was quite compact with multiple uses, and it was expected to derive potential profits to the organization. However, the company got into trouble because of declining sales of SLR cameras. The company through sales of SLR cameras generated the substantial revenue. The automatic exposures of features and autofocus zoom advantage of compact cameras dropped the sales of SLR cameras. Olympus Optical Company, Ltd. suffered big loss due ...

Global Capital and Foreign Exchange Markets in International Management Context

International economic, political and cultural relations cause monetary demands and commitments of juridical entities and citizens of different countries. Specifics of international exchange markets is that as the currency of payment and price are usually used foreign currencies, as there are yet no globally accepted credit money that may be used in all countries. Meanwhile, every sovereign state as a legitimate means of payment has its national currency. Therefore, a necessary condition for the settlement of foreign trade, services, loans, investments, interstate payments is the exchange of one currency to another in the form of purchase or sale of ...

Introduction

Electronic currency or digital currency is a common way through which people conduct transactions online. There are many forms of these online currencies that have existed in the past. This includes Liberty Reserve, Perfect Money and Bitcoin. These form standards of measure that is used to create a basis for transactions online. However, it can be identified that there are some online payment outlets like PayPal, Skrill and others that are based on standard currency transactions which are facilitated through these online systems. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the concept of Electronic currency and how ...

Currency Strength and Exchange Rates

On the international market, currency values are set by central banks according to estimates of supply and demand. Changes in the value of currency have a direct effect on international trade. When people in country A demand goods from firms in country B, they must purchase the country B's currency in order to buy the goods. Just as supply and demand for goods and products can move and shift the the product prices, constant movements in supply and demand for foreign exchange currencies issue price changes in currencies. The effect of this is that the price of money changes ...

INTRODUCTION

There are several advantages of doing an analysis of a business before taking the business online. The first and foremost is to verify that the business is one that is suitable for online sales. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis will give a good indication of the fit for the products in that market environment.

Advantages versus disadvantages

A SWOT analysis takes time and money to perform. Some entrepreneurs are not capable of doing the analysis on their own so they have to pay for a consultant. If the owner is familiar and does not have the time to dedicate the ...

9-2) Beer and marijuana are substitute goods, i.e. when the demand for one goes up, it is expected that the demand for the other is likely to go down, as most people would consume either of the two products. When marijuana gets legalized, the distributors would fear that their sales would decline. So beer distributors are likely to oppose the legislation regarding legalizing marijuana. On the other hand, snack food and marijuana are generally considered to be complementary products, i.e. the demand for one of them increases the demand for the other. This way, when marijuana gets legalized, snack ...

Globalization as a subject matter has effected numerous point of views that are positive, negative and neutral, the globalization trend has influenced and also challenged the norms and regulation of every sector and also from a political and economic perspective of the globalized world. In an article contributed by Mike Collins in Forbes (2015), The Pros and Cons of Globalization, discussed the issues that have impacted the world since its inception as the buzz word in terms of the strategic way forward. However as stated by the author globalization hasn’t been good to blue or white collar people, ...

The economy is still recovering from a major recession but the recovery is fragile. Economic policy can be influenced by what is expected to happen with the economy in the near-term (six months) future. What two macroecconomic indicators would you recommend watching to assess the economy's condition over the next six months? Please indicate why you selected them. One can use the GDP and the rate of unemployment to measure economic recovery in a six-month period. The GPD is the measures of the overall economic production for a particular country the total goods and services the country produces within ...

Introduction

Essential changes have occurred in the previous decade in the disabled people’s position within the society and the community. A multitude of factors has led towards the formation of newer legislations, regulations and standards in various countries to focus on removing present discrimination against disabled individuals and allow them to take part completely in the domains of education, employment and other services in the community (Bowles, 2011). Such factors are inclusive of increasing the awareness regarding advantage to the society on the whole when involvement and disable person's independence are increased as well as increasing the assertion and ...

The Demand Side Analysis for the United Kingdom

A. Describe the evolution of C, I, G and net exports and explain if the model of growth is domestic demand led or export led. Explain if it has changed during the period (at least ten years of data). The United Kingdom’s economy is among largest economies in the world when measured by gross domestic income (GDP) and purchasing power parity (PPP). At the same time, it is the fifth most complex economy as reviewed by the Economic Complexity Index in 2013 where it experienced a massive negative balance of payment of $174B. Just like in any economy, ...

Articulate why an export business would prefer a rising or declining exchange rate for their domestic currency.

Exchange rate shows the price of one currency in terms of another one. Modern economies are open to international trading and business, thus the value of the national currency is regularly monitored and interpreted in terms of the foreign currencies. Mostly, a direct exchange rate is used, which defines the price of a unit of the foreign currency in terms of the national one. However, sometimes. An indirect quote is used to express the price of a unit of the domestic currency in terms of the foreign one. Most economies now use floating exchange rates that determine currency rates ...

Money and Payment System

The cashless society means that the normal course of the transaction of the cash is done with the help of electronic methods such as credit cards, PayPal and other electronic wallets available today. The improvements in the technology are increasing the use of electronic cash as compared to the use of actual cash or bank check. The main advantage of using the electronic way of transferring the cash is that it is normally used by the customers who are making transaction for smaller transactions such as buying grocery, paying the online fee and utility bills. These consumers can avail ...

The Ways in Which Customers’ Attitudes towards and Expectations of the Financial Services Sector Have Changed in Recent Years and the Ways in Which Organizations within the Sector Have Responded

Since the beginning of the 80s of 20th century, trade in services has become the most rapidly growing area of ​​world trade. Moreover, technological progress, the emergence of new financial instruments and the liberalization of trade in financial services set the stage for further growth of the sector at both the national and international levels. Since the 90s of 20th century, more than 25% of the global service sector ...

International Business

International managers need to understand variation in unit labor costs (ULC) in various countries so that they can be able to form solid decision during internationalization. Unit labor costs weigh the mean cost of labor per unit output. Managers must understand unit labor costs in operation in the countries they are targeting to start a business (Dustmann et al., 170). United States Bureau of Labor Statistics has documented data that implied ULCs differs in various countries. Understanding variations in ULCs will enable managers to initiate business only to countries with a lower unit labor costs and refrain from countries ...

Q1. Essentially, the opportunity cost is what someone is giving up to get an item. Investopedia (2016) defines it as the “cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action”, alternatively, the benefits the one might enjoy if chosen another option. a) Hence, the opportunity costs of attending a college, assuming this is a full-time education, is not being able to take a job and earn money immediately, again, assuming the inability to take a part-time job. This also means lack of job experience. In addition, the opportunity cost of this option is ...

The age of exploration and colonialism was in fact the first period of globalization starting in the early Modern and going through the modern period. European explorers, traders, merchants and governments were primarily interested with trade with Asia and the Americas. The connection between silver from Spanish America and Asian spices and luxury products was one of the main drivers of the world economy from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. As always economic changes seem to have another, even larger social impacts. Greater interconnectivity between Europe, its American colonies and Asian markets and its connection to the global ...

Company A: Apple Inc.

Overview of the Company Apple is company based in the United States and which deals in a wide variety of products and services including product designs, mobile communication, and manufacture of personal computers, sale of software and accessories, provision of networking solutions and sale of music players, digital content and applications. Some of the products provided by the company include iPad, Apple Watch, iPhone, Mac and operating systems. The company’s headquarters are in Cupertino, California.

Risks the Plan Describes and Covers

Technology Changes With the production technology advancing at a faster rate and speed, Apple faces the risk of its products becoming technologically irrelevant ...

Foundation Course – Name

Introduction The US-China international relations attract much attention of politicians and economists all over the world as the key influential and transformational factor on the global arena. Ferguson & Schularick (2007) adopted the term “Chimerica” to describe the peculiar relationship between US and China established during the decades. According to ancient Greek mythology, the Chimera was a monster with several heads, legs and arms representing a strong animal able to dominate the world and threaten its stability. Analyzing the world global crisis 2008-2009 and recession phenomenon Ferguson & Schularick (2007) referred the “Chimerica” concept to the emerging monster, which currently regulates ...

The Name of the Class

Economics for business 1. According to the WGC (World Gold Council) the factors affecting the price of gold imply monetary indicators of the US economy, namely the SDR rate to the US dollar, the monetary base, and US interest rates. Macroeconomic indicators and indicators of the monetary sector of the economy of other countries did not show significant correlation with the yield on the gold market. This demonstrates the dependence of the situation on the gold market is the state of the economy and monetary sphere in the United States, which is also due to historical and political reasons. ...

MANAGEMENT-Evaluate Roles, Responsibilities & Impact of Global Institutions on Multinational Enterprises (MNE)

It was during the phase of Second World War that a need for establishing global institutions was highlighted. The economic and political policies of countries were meant only for their protection and progress due to which international trade was suffering to a great degree. Realizing the situation, the officials of several of several countries met in Breton Woods in the year 1944 and agreed upon having a fixed exchange rate among currencies so that international trade can take place in a smoother manner. This led to the establishment of the first global institution with the name of International Monetary ...

Bolman & Deal's frames is a popular model in modern management – that frames can be used at the planning stage of a change initiative to help diagnose organizational needs, to identify institutional challenges and contexts, and to devise appropriate actions (e.g., ‘For this initiative, we need to be sure to address the political aspects because'). The frames also can be used to rethink and reframe unsuccessful change initiatives (e.g., ‘This initiative failed because we didn't appropriately address the human resource frame.') (McLeod). Bolman and Deal’s 4 frame model and their leadership theory consist of four essential frameworks: structural, human ...

[College]

3) Mission, Vision, Statement of Values and Objectives: Suggestions to Improve. 9

Mission: Focus on R&D, Invest & Grow. 9

Strategic Mission, Strategic Posture and Spark NZ Performance 10 Strategic Mission, Organization Structure and Firm Performance of Spark NZ 10 Strategic Mission, Competitive Marketing Tactics, and Firm Performance 10 Vision 11 Hard Skills 11 Soft Skills 11 Statement of Values: Focus on Integrity, Community Citizenship, and Customer Service. 12 Objectives: Focus on Development of 4G, Telecommunication, Cloud Computing, IPTV Protocol and Acquisitions. 12 4) External Environmental Analysis and Internal Capability Evaluation. 14

Strategic Position. 14

a) PESTEL Analysis: Threat-Cost of Mistake; Weakness-Reliance on Technology. 14 b) Five Forces: Differentiation ...

It is truly a judgment to pick a decade describing the warp and woof of the US history, though the 1920s represent a perfect bridgehead for such reflections. The 1920s, to an enormous extent, resemble our contemporary era, with that crucial decade being a precursor of contemporary superfluity (Miller, New World Coming 1). Likewise, much of what is regarded modern in reality took place in the 1920s, such as jazz and psychiatry (Miller, New World Coming 1). The recovery of the US economy in that times contributed heavily to its subsequent participation in the Second World War. Following the ...

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES WITH EFFECTS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

References 13 Analysis of Different Exchange Rate Regimes with effects on International trade Exchange Rate Regime or System It is an economic and financial system in which one country manages its exchange or foreign currency rate against other currencies as well as measurable standards such as gold and silver etc. it is imperative to remember that an exchange rate represents the price of any currency in terms of other foreign currencies. Varieties of Exchange Rate Regimes When different parties, investors and government authorities, trade or deal in Foreign Exchange (FOREX) market, it is quite imperative for all of them ...

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS EXPANSION

International Business Expansion The emergence of China as the world’s manufacturing hub happened in a much shorter span of time compared to the time it took for U.S or U.K to industrialize. China took just over a decade to double its GDP per capita and improve the living standards of its people ever since 2001, when it entered the World Trade Organization and opened up its borders welcoming investors from all over the world. There have been a host of favorable factors that made China the global manufacturing hub. Some of them include the abundant availability of cheap ...

Essay

Beijing Geography One of the most populous cities in the world Beijing is famous for its long and rich history. It used to have different names. The name Beijing stands for the ‘northern capital’ as it is located in the northern part of North China Plain. Once a provincial city, Beijing used to be a northern entryway into China. It is surrounded by mountains from the north, west and northwest. Beijing is mostly located on the plains. Chaobai, Yongding, Juma rivers flow through the city. To the north it includes the territory of the former residence of the former ...

<<Name>> <<Professor Name>> <<Subject>> <<Date>>

1. Background For many decades since its independence in 1923, Turkey was a largely agrarian economy, with the majority of its people living in rural areas. Yüksel Görmez and Serkan Yiğit note in The Economic and Financial Stability in Turkey: A Historical Perspective that “77% of the population, about 13 million people, were living in rural areas and largely dependent on agriculture” (3). Agriculture itself depended on good weather conditions. This paper seeks to assess the reasons for the ...

It is known that Greece has constant problems that arise within its economic system, leading to social and political disruptions. In order to understand the core problems lying behind its crises we can use different statistical statements and sources, but one of the best options is the Balance of Payments. It characterizes the general development of foreign trade, the level of production, rate of employment and consumption. Its figures let us realize the ways the country uses to bring the foreign investments and the instruments it employs to cover its foreign debt. Overall, the BOP is the prior source ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Tariff and its Pros and Cons Tariff refers to a government imposed tax on movement of goods across a political or economic boundary (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2015). Tariff is also considered as custom, import fees, or import duty. Tariffs are rarely imposed on exports. Tariff is usually applied as a small percentage of the overall cost of the goods, including insurance and freight charges. On average, it is about 5%, but tariff rates can vary in different countries depending on the product the country want to protect. Tariffs are either completely or partially removed in between countries ...

FIVE YEAR STRATEGIC MARKETING PLAN

Introduction of the Marketing Plan The purpose of the five year strategic marketing is a comprehensive plan developed to evaluate the proposed strategic and marketing alternatives for the M-Connect Shipping. The strategic plan aimed at investigating the surrounding areas of alliances within an industry sector to strengthen the market presence of the M-Connect Shipping within its market and increase its horizontal integration. The Strategic Marketing Plan is a key component of M-Connect Shipping overall Business Plan and serves as a roadmap for improved work plans every year wherein it features the certain strategies intended to research the alliance of ...

Inflation in Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Arabia Economy The Economy of Saudi Arabia has been one of the best in the world over the years. These rates are due to its economic activities such as extraction and selling of petroleum and a firm government control. The government has been encouraging and supporting private sectors in the investment of downstream products like petrochemicals, with the aim of allowing continuous diversification in the economy. The country is the largest petroleum exporter in the world and is ranked second in crude oil extraction. Due to the rapid generation of revenue from this business, the government has ...

Reaction Report - 3

1. Between 1990 and 2010, while the monetary base soared, the money supply did not rise in a similar proportion. Concurrently, there was a decline in the money multiplier, which dropped sharply by 50% during the financial crisis in 2007-08. The reason the monetary base rose beyond the money supply could be attributed to the trends displayed by the Currency to Deposit Ratio (C/D) and the Excess Reserves to Deposit Ratio (ER/D) in the same timeframe. The currency to deposit ratio, while rising in the 90s, fell during the financial crisis of 2007-8 as households preferred to hold checkable ...

Abstract:

Many experts argue that there needs to be high flexibility in the way in which the economic integration policies are set. This means that there will be a space for allowing speed and formulations of geometry, regarding the developing economies. There should not be such an integration which overlaps with the memberships in such organizations and contains varied objectives, keeping up with each one being a tough task to handle. The way in which a developing can choose the right global economic integration for itself is by making comparisons and distinctions between the comparative advantage of the preferences in ...

Business Opportunity Analysis: Chocolate Import

Exchange rate Sales volume Import duty and related costs Initial Investment Depreciation Working capital requirements Discount rate Seasonal sales fluctuations III. Analysis of the business opportunity. IV. Alternative solution. V. Conclusion. VI. Exhibits.

Executive summary.

A business proposition to import and sell Belgian chocolates in the United States has been offered for analysis. The basic assumptions for this venue are an up-front lump-sum payment for exclusive right in the US for five years and the 35 percent discount on the buy-in price in Belgium. The existing market research shows a 1 500 kg of gourmet chocolates per month market capacity. Taking ...

English literature spanning various centuries reveals idiosyncratic trends and ideals of British history, which allows students and scholars to examine and assess successive literary periods. Indeed, literature can be situated within its historical context because literature cannot be separated from the context in which it as written. Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales underscores societal concerns with regards to corruption. Moreover, it provides a window into the historical ideals with regards to gender and how women were expected to behave and comport themselves according to their class. In a similar fashion, Beowulf, a classic in old English literature, reflects the ...

“Dollar rally” has become probably the top news on foreign exchange markets, which can have serious consequences for the US economy (Graph 1, appendix). Stronger dollar is a kind of head wind for American exporters while import from other countries becomes more competitive. Strong currency can theoretically become a stimulus for the Federal Reserve System provoking increase of interest rates. Many companies all over the world borrowed US dollars for investments or development; therefore, dollar strengthening provokes their debts increase. In current situation Central Banks, foreign exchange traders and exporter all over the world keep a close eye on ...

Cocoa is a crop that mostly thrives in low-tropical regions such as western Africa, Latin America, and Indonesia (Franzen & Mulder, 2007). The harvest is a source of income for many people around the globe. The current rising consumption of cocoa products makes it suitable for farmers to diversify their growing methods. The cocoa bean dates back to more than 1400 hundred years when Incas and Aztecs used the bean as currency (Shafi, Reshi, & Bashir, 2018). The cocoa bean evolved into a large-scale growing and gained huge familiarity across many European nations. The cocoa bean has several uses, mainly because it ...

Part 1

I have selected France as my vacation destination. France is located in Europe and is one of the top destinations for travelers from the United States of America and other parts of the world. The capital city of France, Paris, is the most attractive destination in the country. Many people visit to absorb the vast array of spectacular scenery, with the Eiffel Tower being among the most iconic attractions. I have selected France since it is a tourism hub fit for vacation and is a warm and welcoming country that any traveler would find pleasing to experience.

There are ...

Question 1

Negative population growth rate means that the death rate is higher than the birth rate of the European region. This scenario has many consequences both socially and economically. One of the consequences of this negative growth rate is a decline in the use of fuels. This especially relates to use of fossil fuels and other non-renewables. This is because the decline in the number of people means less usage in terms of heating requirements, fueling of vehicles and other areas that involve the use of fuel by human beings. Such countries will enjoy reduced demand for fuel. ...

International Finance The most significant development in American Fertilizers Inc. as a multinational company since January 2014 is the execution of its strategy plan of going international. Overall exchange rate has decreased causing the company market to be stable enough in recent months. From the exchange rate, data for the last three months has fluctuated with an average rate of about 61.96.

This has caused the rate to have a minor change from the average exchange rate. The exchange rate has become stable on average even with a larger span of time due to the fluctuation. Exchange rate data shows a maximum fluctuation in ...

Inflation is the continuous increase in the general price levels of commodities in the economy over a period. It is identified with the market fall of the value of money in a particular economy. This recurring price increase erodes the purchasing power of money creating economic distortions and uncertainty (Sargent 2002). Inflation may also be described as a sudden increase in supply of money in a given economy. This results to each unit of currency buying fewer commodities thus a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money. It can also be viewed as an increase in the supply of money at a rate ...

Today, the economy of Europe is comprised of more than 733 million people in the 48 nations. The wealth of states in Europe varies like in other continents although the majority of the poorest are well up compared to the poorest states in other continents particularly in regards to living standards and GDP. Across Europe, the difference in wealth can be determined through a nominal GDP. For instance in 2010, Europe had a GDP of $19.890 trillion which was 30.1% of the world’s GDP. Germany has the largest national economy in Europe, which is ...

International trade is the trade that occurs between a country and its trade partners which are foreign countries. Countries practice international trade for various reasons such as to get foreign exchange, to get goods and services that are not found in the home country and so on. The United States of America carries out international trade with many countries worldwide. This involves exporting and importing goods and services to and from these countries. Foreign exchange rates are the rates at which the ...

Introduction

This paper illustrates in detail on the economy of Saudi Arabia in the ministry of finance and National economy. It shows the current situation of its economy and also details its weaknesses and strengths in the global market. In addition, it illustrates the states GDP state, inflation, unemployment, growth in the international trade, and the composition of their exports and imports (Chai, 2009). It goes to the extent of including recommendations that are entailed to draw a path that can be used to strengthen their current state in the global market. Thus, the recommendations are a guide as to what needs ...

Summary of “What Makes a Great City Great” by H. V. Savitch In “What Makes a Great City Great,” H. V. Savitch argues that city greatness could be assessed by reference to four distinctive sets of criteria. By examining four major American cities (New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago) in terms of currency, cosmopolitanism, concentration and charisma (the 4Cs), he claims that it is the cumulative impact of those attributes that renders a city great. His paper is designed as a response to the ambiguity created by previous scholarly articles on the matter and aims to provide a critical examination of ...

International trade is defined from various sources as the exchange of goods and services between countries. International trade allows countries to expand their markets for both goods and services that may not otherwise be found domestically. In international trade, the goods and services are called imports and exports and it mainly involves foreign exchange. International trade is either visible (exchange of goods) or invisible (for exchange of services like tourism and electricity).

Imports: these are commodities ...

Business environment in Europe

The idea of a unified Europe has been in existed and constantly resurfaced since history. The economic and political stability within the region has been supported by the idea of a unified Europe. The main objective for the European Union has been to ensure peace among all the nations. The rules governing the business environment in Europe ensure that there a freedom of movement for capital, people, goods and services. However, these rules are not sufficient to create a free market business environment. Fee market can be achieved with a restructuring of policies governing the environment for doing business.

So far, the creation of a ...

What is fiat money? Why is fiat money important in the United States today?

Fiat money is a kind of money that has no intrinsic value. It has value of exchange but no value in use. It is used as money because the government decreed it as valid money and the public willingly accept it in exchange of goods. Normally, fiat money bears “legal tender” feature and includes modern paper currency, coins and checkable deposits.

This kind of currency is very important in today’s modern economies like the United States primarily because it is widely used as ...

Introduction

The term public virtual world is used to describe computer-based simulated environments created to enable the user communicate with the interactive virtual environment via use of an avatar which is a representation of his form in the virtual world environment. Using the avatar the user can be able to manipulate objects in the virtual world as they are capable of perceptual stimuli, he can also be able to interact with the objects and also manipulate them to his desire. Virtual public networks also serve as global networks for communication because they posses the ability to allow multiple users regardless of ...

Question 1

The Great Depression which was experienced between 1929 and 1933 was the most severe economic downturn in the modern times. The depression enhanced economic changes such in macroeconomic policy, economic theory, and economic institutions. Millions of workers lost their jobs while businessmen and farmers across the world went bankrupt. The economic slump affected the industrialized nations and those nation producing primary products, such as raw materials and food, in one way or another (Smiley, p.34). For instance, in both United States and Germany, the industrial output fell by approximately 50%, and the unemployment level in the industrial labor force ...

DD Curve is the summarized relationship between Exchange Rate and Ouput Level which shows all the combinations of output and the exchange rate for which the output market is in short run equilibrium i.e (aggregate demand= aggregate output)

The above figure represents upward sloping DD Curve explaining the effect of movement in exchange rate on output level when both Domestic Price Levels(P) and Foreign Price Levels(P*) are fixed. The figure represents the effect of depreciation of domestic currency on domestic output levels and related aggregate demand. Thus, when domestic currency depreciates ...