Essays on Criminal Justice

Introduction to Law Enforcement

Introduction
Law enforcement is the legal process of ensuring that laws and legislations of a state or a country are protected and persons who go against the constitutional requirements are charged and if found guilty are punished. The current world situations in respect to uprising push for human rights and humanity has resulted in law enforcement drawing several meanings just beyond punishing the culprits. On a legal argument, law enforcement includes protecting the legislations of an institution or state and as well protecting the rights of accused. This to some extent of legal argument means persons accused of white-washing

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Does An Employer Have The Right To Test Its Employees For Drug Use?

OUTLINE

Introduction

An employer should have the rights to test its employees for drug use.
This is informed by the fact that the market is a free enterprise which entails a willing employee-willing employee concept, otherwise, called the laissez faire.

Body

It is instructive to appreciate the two ethical theories that inform the argument in this paper.
These are the Deontological and the Virtue Ethics theories.
According to the theories, employers have the right to demand certain conditions of their employees.
Conclusion
A conducive environment for working remains a prerequisite for competitive performance.
Drug use remains a hindrance to this environment

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Educational Institution Name

PLEA BRAGAINING IN THE COURT SYSTEM 2
Abstract
Plea bargaining is used very often in the criminal courts to assist the court system in addressing the problems associated with long trials. In a plea bargain, the prosecutor and the defendant agree to a lesser charge or a reduction of charges in exchange for a guilty plea. Both sides must agree and must be approved by the judge before the plea bargain will be entered. Plea bargains are viewed as beneficial in that they reduce the lengthy time, expense, and uncertainty of going to trial for both the defendant and

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The Background and the legal process

Brazos manufacturing company is an internationally acclaimed company that deals in spare parts of reputable automobiles. The company has a large organizational structure that deals involve several employees. It has many Vice presidents, an Executive vice president and a president. The executive vice president is in charge of the operations of the company. The vice presidents of the companies were requested to cut their costs. The Executive vice president continued with his flashy lifestyle. He attended the most expensive Italian restaurant in Los Angeles.
The company controller, Jack noticed the executive vice president fraudulently used the company’s resources.

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Question 1

Given some of Dunn and Powell-William’s conclusions about the current, prioritizing of women leaving abusive relationships by advocates, how does the conversation of Intimacy Abuse Circles in McPhail et al. provide further insight to strategies for dealing with domestic partner violence?

Response 1

The conversation provides several alternatives that cope with the domestic violence . Mainly, the idea that women leave abusive relationships through some advocates is not being considered as an optimal choice. The Interior Alaska Center or IAC has its advocacy and support through exploring options, safety planning, crisis intervention, providing referrals, and accompaniment to appointments. In addition, IAC

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Introduction

Guardian ad litem is appointed by the court in cases where inn the process of dissolution of marriage there is a question as to who, between the two parents, is entitled to the custody of the child. In my role as a guardian ad litem in the case of Cathy, a 12 year old girl whose parents are terminating their marriage, there are several issues that I need to put into consideration. The information I have so far is that her mother, though a chain drunkard loves her a lot and is always ready for her assistance whenever she

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Introduction

Recidivism occurs when an individual repeats a bad behavior they have suffered negative consequences before, even after undergoing counseling and training to leave the bad behavior. This behavior is experienced most in former prisoners who get rearrested for the same offence. One suggestion about the possible cause of behavior is failure of the corrective measures to prepare the offenders on how to handle difficulties when they re-enter society.

Restorative justice and recidivism

Restorative justice is the way of approaching justice, which emphasizes on the basic needs of the offenders (Tyler, 2006). It is an approach to justice with an aim of correcting harm

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The debate concerning whether or not marijuana should be sold for medicinal purposes continues to rage with a vengeance. It is hard to imagine an argument that is more heated until one brings up the topic of selling marijuana for recreational purposes. Many argue that doing so is to break all of the boundaries set for the drug, making an illegal and supposedly dangerous substance available to the public at large. At least medicinal marijuana would serve a purpose for those who are suffering; why would selling marijuana for recreational purposes be a good idea? Despite popular opinion there

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Increasing Trafficking of Men and Boys to USA

Introduction
This paper is an analysis of facts and statistics that present evidence of the increasing numbers of male trafficking victims of all ages into the United States for laboring purposes through fraudulent means or against their will (HHS 1). According to the Department of Health and Human Services the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 defines a victim of trafficking as either involved in;
“A Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained the age of 18 years

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One of the drawbacks of free college education is that it is not free in reality. Free education is funded through taxpayer dollars. This shortcoming is a matter of labeling; that is while a person may not be given an invoice for or their child's "free" education, they will pay for it over the course of their life by a small chunk of every paycheck they receive. Thus, one can visualize free education as something that they pay for (Sam 1).
Free college education means that each person pays higher taxes so as to enable the government to make

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How it Works

The parole system enables some prisoners to be released early under controlled conditions. The first stage in the parole system is eligibility. According to the US Department of Justice (1), eligibility conditions are outlined by the laws of a region and the courts hand down the sentence. If the prisoner is eligible, he or she then applies for parole and brings forth a case to the parole board. In its consideration to allow a prisoner into parole, the parole board examines a number of issues that are related to the case. These include the nature of the committed crime,

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Abstract

The correlation between criminal activity and genetic composition is one of the polarizing issues in criminal justice today. This paper investigates the relevance of using genetic testing in courtrooms for defense and the causation relationships between the genetic composition and criminal behavior. The study conducted a survey on a random sample of 100 participants. The results indicated that most people do not support using genetic testing as defense in criminal procedures. Similarly, many people do not see the causation relationship between the two phenomena. Nevertheless, this research concluded that, following the implications of criminal behavior, and that, most criminal

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Marijuana is harmful drug consumed in various ways; it can be smoked as a pipe or a cigarette, it is also consumed in cookies or cakes. This paper is aimed at determining profoundly reasons why it should not be legalized.
- Sources
(Caulkins 77), according to Caulkins, the effects of marijuana are dreadful; to start with, it affects the user by causing ‘impartment of short-term memory, hallucinations, logical thinking, energy loss, impaired immune system, and damage of the brain nerve cells.
(Caulkins 23), according to Caulkins, Cannabis causes abnormal cell division. A pregnant woman who is a regular smoker

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Introduction

Islamic criminal justice system is unique compared to other criminal justice systems of the world, for example, the British criminal justice system or even the American criminal justice systems. Whereas the essence of penology in an American justice system would be aimed at imposing stiff punishment to heavy or complex crimes, Islamic criminal justice system is aimed at imposing the stiffest penalty to simple crimes so that more complex crimes are not committed in future. The penalty is thus deterrent in a special way. Furthermore, this justice system practiced by Muslims is ordained by God, implemented by the Prophet

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Life accords everyone an opportunity of living once; in this case, one ought to be careful of the choices taken. Many teenagers make wrong decision by leading a life of crime without the knowledge that every misdeed has a consequence. In some instances when the young commit serious crimes, they are subject to the Adult court and get the available punishment. This paper critically argues in favor of the adult court by exposing juveniles to life imprisonment or even prison without parole. Mccabe (2007) argue that in the current society, the crime rates continue to skyrocket and the minors

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IRAC: Sei Fujii v State of California

Issue
Whether or not, the UN Charter has the effect of invalidating the California Alien Land Law, which prohibited aliens not eligible for citizenship from owning lands.

Rule

The signatories to the UN Charter commit themselves to foster world peace by promoting tolerance, respect for treaties and other international laws and universal freedoms, which they will do jointly and on their own to achieve those ends.

Application

The UN Charter does not have the effect of invalidating the Alien Land Law because they are not self-executing. This is evident by the absence of mandatory nature of the language used. Rather, the

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Scenario One

Sebastian commits this offense when he dishonestly buys business class tickets with the intention to sell them. Evidence of further dishonesty is illustrated by his travelling in economy class while the company records indicate that he travelled in the business class. Though no harm results to the company, the case of Attorney General’s Reference (No.3 of 2003) held that the key determinant in the offense is the conduct, not the results. Accordingly, Sebastian has committed the offense regardless of the outcome of his conduct.
However, it may be difficult to prosecute Sebastian; because his official capacity at the

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The company under the discussion of my legal research problem is Apple. In this study, this paper analyzes the Apple Company from its background information, legal analysis, ethical analysis, market analysis, alternative solutions and implementation of the proposed solutions.
In the background information, Apple Company is defined in terms of where it is location and operationalization structure (Marcia). The services that it engages in are also outlined in the background information. The legal issue under discussion is also introduced.
In legal analysis, the matter under crisis is brought out clearly. Facts are illustrated, and the contention between apple and

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Criminal justice research project

Overview
The respect and application of the rule of law is the integral function of the criminal justice system. Criminal justice system can be termed as collective institutions of implementing justice through upholding the constitution. Such institutions aid in mitigating and preventing crime, in the line of maintaining integrity, transparency and coexistence of the society. What is more, criminal justice institutions incorporate powerful structures, which propagate quality implementation of criminal justice. Similarly, criminal justice system is a process that entails arresting, investigating, prosecuting and imprisonment of criminals who violate the rule of law. AS a result, criminal justice system

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Many causes and effects of drug addiction are both related as to why a person is using illegal drugs and the outcome of becoming a drug addict. Being a drug addict creates a negative cycle, which undeniably precipitates some anomalies in the human brain. The process will result in strong cravings as well as involuntary inclination that prompt to use drugs.
Drug addiction is a very serious threat to public safety and public health, not only in the United States, but also all over the world. Drug addiction develops in many ways. To better understand the causes of addiction,

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In order to decide this case, we must first look at three separate but interrelated legal issues. First, we must consider whether the police use of the heat sensing device to monitor the defendant’s house was legal. Next we must determine whether the search warrant to search the defendant’s house was valid. Finally, we must decide if the evidence obtained during the search of the defendant’s house was admissible at his trial. Fortunately, none of these issues are new and there is ample Court precedent to help guide use in our decision-making.
In terms of the

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The Oltz v. St. Peter’s Community Hospital
The Oltz v. St. Peter’s Community Hospital
Anti-trust laws or statutes are of fundamental importance to the health sector, as they influence existing health care entities in several ways. Influence is significant in factors such as how the health care entities grow and expand, especially regarding their relations with medical providers and suppliers and in their own individual or group interaction. Anti-trust statutes, as found under the United States anti-trust law, pertain to a collection of both state and federal government laws that are crucial in regulating the overall organization

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Ryan v. Friesenhahn

198 A.D.2d 592, 603 N.Y.S.2d 237
N.Y.A.D.,1993.
198 A.D.2d 592603 N.Y.S.2d 237, 1993 WL 450866
Stephen G. RYAN and Sandra Ryan, Individually and As Natural Parents of Sabrina A. Ryan, a Minor, and Stephen G. Ryan, as Temporary Administrator of the Estate of Sabrina A. Ryan, Deceased, Appellants,
v.

Frederick FRIESENHAHN, Nancy Friesenhahn and Todd Friesenhahn, Appellees.

(October 18, 1993)

CITE TITLE AS: Matter of Ryan v. Friesenhahn

The 225th District Court, Bexar County, Carol R. Haberman, J., granted summary judgment for defendants, and plaintiffs appealed. The Court of Appeals, Rickhoff, J., held

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The Role of a Probation officer
The probation officer has been answerable for overseeing probationers since the former Probation Act of 1925 and for directed discharges since the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. With the passage of the Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992, it is further stipulated that the probation officer could likewise regulate federal offenders restrictively discharged under the procurements of 18 U.S.C. 4243 and 4245. The Federal Criminal Code and Rules sets onward the different duties and obligations of the United States probation officer in 18 U.S.C.§§ 3552 and 3603 and in Rule 32(c), tagging

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This is a memo that is meant to elaborate on the subject matter of the above in relation to the welfare of the society. The country through its legislature has seen it fit to institute such a law owing to the frequency of road accidents in the recent past. This legislation is aimed at deterring the population from committing such an offense and at the same time punishing those who have breached the law. This legislation is not only aimed at punishing offenders but also deterring potential ones from committing such a crime.
The concept of deterrence in legislation

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Tyrone Freeman, the former president of SEIU’s second-largest local in Los Angeles was charged with financial philandering. Freeman had been reported to have transferred the Union money to businesses belonging to his relatives. He has also been spending lavishly in expensive clubs like Beverly Hills cigar club.
The main players in the Monday trial were a U.S attorney, The U.S. District Judge Audrey Collins, the defendant attorney and the defendant. Freeman was sentenced to 33 months to a federal state penitentiary. The judge also ordered him to pay up $ 150,000 to compensate the Union. He was also

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The modern criminal justice system is not perfect – every lawyer can prove that. Indeed, there are cases when judges were too mild to offenders, and sent them on probation. Probation is supervising an offender for quite some time, ordered by the court. Probation is sentenced instead of sending a criminal to a jail. In some cases, probation applies to community sentences. Sometimes, it happens that probation officers should supervise those who came out from a prison on parole. Every offender on probation should follow special rules, set by the court. The most common are: no gun maintenance, live in

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Facts

In this case, the defendant, who is black, was charged with intentional firearm killing of individuals. The prosecution filed a death penalty notice, however the defendant moved to suppress that notice, alleging that he became a victim of a selective prosecution on the grounds of his race. In his defense, the defendant presented the nationwide statistics which clearly shows that the United States charges African Americans with capital crimes twice as often as it charges white people, and that the United States is more willing to enter into plea bargain with whites than with blacks. The defendant also filed

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The Positive Theory is a theory in Criminal Justice has generated a lot of interest in recent years. The theory tries to explain the reasons why criminals engage in criminal activities and how their behavior can be mitigated. For many years, criminal justice experts have tried to deduce the fundamental principles of human psychology and philosophy that contribute to criminal tendencies among some members of the human race. One particular theory has been in existence, and that has been applied widely across the criminal justice fields across the globe is the Classical theory. This theory suggests that criminals possess

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Sexual harassment refers to undesirable sexual advances, sexual favors requests, as well as other physical conduct that are suggestive for sexual requests. Sexual harassment may happen in different platforms. In most cases, it happens when a person seeks to extend favor to another person in exchange for sexual advances. This has been a major problem in many workplaces, where women have been the main victims with minimal cases reported to having affected men. Sexual harassment may extend massive effects to the persons exposed to it as well as the other members of the society within which the individual lives.

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Death Penalty

DEATH PENALTY 2
Abstract
The main aim of this research is to depict history of the death penalty from its evolution and to show the role of it nowadays. A comparison of old and modern methods of execution reveals the movement to human and democratic world. The ancient death penalty can be characterized as one of the most cruel and varvarous methods. The execution in the Middle ages is also inhuman. Today, the society undergones transformation and develops of painless means of execution. Specifically, this paper considers such kinds of execution as burning alive, decapitation, hanging, boiling in oil,

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Introduction

Domestic abuse an issue which has been on the rise in the society; the most affected are women and the girl child. This has not well addressed well because a majority of the women prefer keeping this issues to themselves. They are suffering in silence it is the high time for the state to be responsible and protect women that are victims of violence. As victims, battered women often have a high fear of retaliation from their perpetrators and as much as 50% of all women who are victims say that they fear that they will be subject to

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Business Ethics Antitrust Law

Business Ethics Antitrust Law

Introduction

The antitrust laws aim at ensuring that all businesses in a given market play by the same rules. This is so because businesses in a free market may achieve the near-monopoly status via their own merits such as creating better production processes, offering the best quality service and decreasing costs among others. However, antitrust laws set vivid boundaries for fairness in the business by prohibiting practices that control free trading. It also restrains dominant firms from abusing their market position. The antitrust laws offer regulatory review of business mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures to ensure

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Scenario One

Sebastian commits this offense when he dishonestly buys business class tickets with the intention to sell them. Evidence of further dishonesty is illustrated by his travelling in economy class while the company records indicate that he travelled in the business class. Even though no harm results to the company from his actions, the case of Attorney General’s Reference (No. 3 of 2003) held that the key determinant in the offense is the conduct, not the results. Accordingly, Sebastian has committed the offense regardless of the outcome of his conduct.
It is however imperative to note that it may

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Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act is a law that relates to the treatment of computer information. The changes in technology and increased use of computers in every sector created the importance for the creation of this law. The economic changes and the previous legal rules did not address the issues that related to contracting. This law is only applicable where transactions that involve the use of a computer. It also covers agreements to generate, adjust, transmission of multimedia, electronic data, online information, databases and internet related transactions.
This law creates rules that govern the transactions that use computer information

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The Greek mythology literature focus on the relationship that people has with the gods and their roles in helping them win battles. The need to overturn a particular city and gain control made kings engage into physical battles as they sought the favor of the gods. Dante’s inferno is one literature that not only looks at the fights that different communities had, it also looks at the aftermath of such kings and their ultimate destiny in hell. Despite the physical wars that were fought on earth, it was believed that there would be an eternal reward and punishment

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Prometheus lent humans the gift of fire, and while the move he made had Zeus fuming, Prometheus never regretted his decision. Prometheus was unlike any of his counterparts on who lived on Mount Olympus; a God that cared about the events of the future, about the world the humans lived in, and about the people who lived on that world. He was disinterested in Godly matters, disinterested in the wonderful things that all the other gods seemed to enjoy. For Prometheus, the other gods were merely ignorant of what was happening to their people, and therefore, he wanted to

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Introduction

The juvenile system of justice refers to the laws that govern juveniles, which refers to persons who are under 18 years of age. Consequently, juveniles can be punished for the crimes they commit and even in some cases, they can be tried in the same way as adults. However, there are several instances where parents have been fined or convicted for crimes done by juveniles. Additionally, there are laws that have been established to hold parents accountable for the various crimes committed by children who are minors. The issue of take the parent’s responsibility for their children’s

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Admissions and Confessions

An admission can be defined as a statement made by a person that points towards the guilt of the maker of the statement and more often than not suggests participation in the crime. Admissions are usually made on specific facts in issue. Despite the fact that an admission tends to point towards the guilt of the maker of the statement, admission does not construe acceptance of personal responsibility for an allegedly committed crime.
On the other hand a confession is a fully corroborated statement acknowledging all the essential elements of a crime and as such construes acceptance of personal

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Children bring happiness and laughter to the family, but responsible parenting involves much more than laughing and playing with kids. Parents become the first and main people to influence the early development of their child and form their behavior pattern. Therefore, parents should realize the importance of their successful and responsible parenting.
First of all, providing an offspring with the healthy environment and grant both physical and mental health should be done before the kid is born. A pregnant woman should care about her health and be attentive to her physical and mental needs. Once the kid is born,

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