Essays on Operant Conditioning

1) Explain three approaches within psychology: The biological approach to psychology attempts to understand mental processes in relation to the physical factors that make up the human body. Physiological, chemical, and genetic information can help to establish a better understanding of how the biological makeup of an individual has an effect on their cognition. Surgery, electrical stimulation, and neuroimaging grant biological psychologists the ability to analyze these processes on a more fundamental level. This approach to psychology is much more concerned with the impact that nature has on the human mind than nurture (Aos, 2013: 119). Behavioral approaches to ...

Learning is an experience, and as a teacher, I am entitled to create this experience for the learner. While a teacher can only provide the experience, it is up to the learner to utilize this experience for enhancing his performance or knowledge. For example, I will try to teach the students English spellings. Behaviorism theories can be used to explain a learning process that will lead to an observable and measurable changes in the student’s behavior, which in this case is his ability to spell English words, correctly. Pavlov Classical conditioning and Skinners Operant conditioning are examples of ...

It is appropriate to regard Leonard’s behavior as challenging. This conclusion is indicated by many behavioral characteristics from the evaluation of Ms. Alison and the special education consultant. There is evidence that Leonard’s behavior impedes his learning. Firstly, Leonard cannot concentrate during the presentations to benefit from the teacher’s lecture. Secondly, when he is prompted to do some problems, he does them hurriedly. The result is a messy and incomplete work. Ms. Alison also noted that mathematics and writing are Leonard’s least favorite periods (Chandler& Dahlquist, 2014). The behavior is also challenging because it interrupts ...

There are many different types of ethnic and racial groups in our country. The number of different races are more prominent than what there was a century ago. The way we react to other people has changed as well. People often react towards other people’s racial backgrounds because of reason that may have occurred personally, or due to worldwide situations. Reactions have a huge impact on prior experiences, situations, and events that can change how we perceived people of different races. These experiences can be negative or positive, but can change the way we react to others due ...

Introduction

There have been incidents of employee fights and incidents at Acme Manufacturing which is a Fortune 1,000 company. The General Manager (GM) informed the Human Resource manager about an occurrence that occurred in the last week that requires immediate attention. The company's manufacturing operations are carried out in three shifts thus the plant operates for 24 hours every week. In the last six months, there have been hostilities between the employees that work the third shift and those that work on the first shift. The hostilities started with criticism and jeering by the workers on the first shift ...

Personal and Population Stress Management Plan

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Personal and Population Stress Management Plan Stress is defined as the mental tension that results from factors that alter an existing status quo or equilibrium. Stress is also defined as the body’s response that is nonspecific when any demand made upon it. Stress can help since it is a natural defense mechanism but it can also hinder because it causes fatigue when it is something that one has to cope up daily. Stressors are triggers that ...

The behavioral approach to psychology holds that human development is chiefly behavior learned through observation and the interaction with the environment around a person. The theories associated with behaviorism state that human development does not necessarily occur in stages; instead, it is a continuous process. In this regard, two main theories linked to the behavioral approach exist - B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. These two theories establish the perspective of the behavioral approach in explaining human development. Accordingly, the various concepts and terms of the two theories apply in explaining my choice ...

Psychology

Psychology In psychology there are three main types of parenting. They include Authoritative, Authoritarian, and the permissive parenting styles. The Authoritarian parenting style involves the parent feeling the need to control the actions of the child. The parent values highly obedience and respect and usually feels superior to the child. The child develops fear due to the harsh punishments given. Children of Authoritarian parent develop poor social skills and competences. In extreme cases the children may develop insecurities and have ant-social tendencies.

The Permissive parent has no control over the child. The parent avoids confrontation and does ...

This assignment will involve learning more about methamphetamine,which is drug we hear about very often on the news. In one page, summarize some of the information that you read on this site and include any parts that surprised you or that you found particularly interesting. Submit your summary below via the upload option (5 points). Please go to the following two sites instead for this assignment. The first link provides a brief history of this drug. The second link provides other general, overview information about this drug. http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx, http://www.nmtf.us/methamphetamine/methamphetamine.htm

Methamphetamine, a.k.a., speed, ice, meth, crystal, and crank, is a synthetic ...

Informal Learning Experience

Abstract

In this essay, we investigated classical, operant and social-cognitive conditioning in personal experience of learning a foreign language. A single participant has been interviewed about informal language learning. We have analyzed the responses basing on social-cognitive conditioning theory and clarified the cases where learning a foreign language could occur through classical and operant conditioning. The participant’s results have shown that learning through social-cognitive conditioning can be successful providing the existence of the four factors. Informal learning through classical and operant conditioning is effective as well and is widely used in the modern educational system. However, it is advisable ...

Psychology is simply the study behaviours and the way peoples mind function. Psychology tries to understand the relationship that exists between mental activities, an individual’s behaviour and what motivates a person’s action to behave in a certain way (Westen, Kowalski and Burton 2006). There are several perspectives or rather; approaches to understanding psychology and in this essay two of them will be emphasized as they will try to explain reasons for people to have road rage. Road rage is a behaviour that is very common among people especially drivers and includes behaviour such as people making threats to other drivers ...

Question 1

In teaching, the metaphor ‘widening the lens is widely used. In one way or another, this metaphor seeks to encourage teachers to take into consideration diverse perspectives whenever they are solving problems. A person should think widely before making decisions. Employing diverse perspectives is crucial in that one gets the opportunity to come up with better decisions. This approach is highly encouraged in teaching young students.

Question 2

My experiences as a student in elementary

In elementary school, there were several learning theories that were employed in order to ensure the learning process was effective. Despite this, the reinforcement theory seemed ...

Child Discipline Annotated Bibliography

Ali, R., Iqbal, S., Shahzad, S., Qadeer, M., & Umar Ali, K. (2011). Use of reinforcement practices in the educational institutions and its impacts on student motivation. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(1), 960-963.

This journal article examines the negative and positive reinforcement practices commonly used in education institutions to motivate students. Many countries have laws against corporal punishment. Therefore, education institutions are compelled to use reinforcement. The results of the study showed that the use of reinforcement is widespread, but it is more prevalent in urban schools than rural schools.

Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Isele, D., & ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through different methods. This is what interests many academicians and scholars for centuries. Many scholars would like to know which method would foster learning the fastest and which is the most effective. Thus, learning theories had been developed, improved and constantly evaluated to measure its reliability. This paper would like to distinguish Observational learning from the other learning theories that have often been used interchangeably with the subject of this paper.

Observational Learning

Alfred Bandura, a renowned behaviorist proposed a salient technique of learning that does not require reinforcement or the traditional rudimentary precepts in ...

Introduction

Ever since the concept of operant conditioning presented to the discipline of Psychology, it has been praised, applied and criticized equally in fervor. Currently, both psychologists and economists have interests in its applications. The concepts of operant conditioning are applied in many fields such as education, business organizations, communities, professional bodies, market, international relations and even in robotics. One domain that binds both, economics and operant conditioning is consumer demand (Domjan, M. 2009). In Economics, the consumer demand is a function of price of the good and the quantity purchased. The elasticity of demand or variability of the demand is ...

We have heard the cliché spare the rod, spoil the child perhaps one too many times. This line often associated with the principle of punishment. Many believe that the punishment is an effective way to rectify bad behavior because it imprints the intensity of the punishment within the mindset of the individual. However, critics of the use of punishment argues that it does not address the core of the problem but rather leave a very superficial implication which can eventually fade over time because of the person has grown immune of the punishment. This paper argues that the punishment is ...

Delinquency has persisted as one of the most disturbing social problems (Wollan, 1941). According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) 2007 report, juvenile courts are being challenged by the increasing number of child delinquents coming before them. Juvenile courts in the year 1997, handled more than 180,000 juvenile offenders younger than thirteen years. Snyder (2001) found out that juvenile courts handled an increase by 33% of juveniles aged between 7 and 12.It has been noted that compared to juveniles who first get involved in delinquency in their teens, child delinquents aged younger than thirteen ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

Abstract

The Language Arts lesson intended for Kindergarten and 1st grade was drafted based on the major theories of language acquisition. There are several theories in language development introduced to rationalize the process involved in language learning. This paper will provide a rationale to the lesson presented herewith based on the tenets of major language acquisition theories. In order to clearly stipulate the concept of language development from which the lesson based from, the theories to be discussed will be compared and determine apparent contradictions between their concepts. Nativists and Behaviorists are two different ideas and theoretical foundation that define ...

Abstract

Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors for individuals are modified by their consequences. Different occupations are associated with different behaviors. It is extremely fundamental to understand the difference between various situations and how they may be resolved. Following the uniqueness of various occupations there are solutions that are outlined to solve issues as they arise in different situations. Depending on the problem either Positive or Negative Reinforcement, Positive and Negative Punishment, Shaping, Extinction, Generalization, or Discrimination may be undertaken as a solution.

In most cases, related behaviors will attract similar solutions. Since different problems may be intertwined, they ...

Child development is an area that was largely ignored for a very long time throughout history. Children were not given much thought because they were considered as smaller versions of adults and therefore incorporated in any study that targeted adults. Their cognitive abilities, language and physical growth which normally take place early on in life was not given the necessary attention. As theorists and scientists warmed up to this area of scientific research, so many theories came up in a bid to explain child growth and development and one such theory is B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning. It is a theory ...

Psychology

Abstract Nicotine is an alkaloid existing naturally in tobacco products. It is highly addictive, and intake cessation is often marred by high relapse rates. Multiple sources of literature document the adverse health effects that nicotine dependence has on the body, including cancer, mental illness and coronary diseases. This paper explores the psychological factors behind the prevalence and severity of nicotine addiction. Section one provides an overview of the concept of nicotine addiction and the reason for its pervasiveness. Section two elaborates the psychological development of nicotine dependence, indicating the thought processes and personal motivations behind the use of ...

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is the association of an automatic reaction with a neutral occurrence. For example, a music might develop sadness for the reason that it reminds us of old buddies whom we don't see any longer. In that case, the automatic reaction of sadness is linked to a neutral occurrence. The automatic response is known as an Unconditioned Response because there's no need for us to understand or be informed to feel sad if we don't see buddies whom we want to be with. The Unconditioned Stimulation is getting divided from individuals that we want to be with us, ...

Introduction:

In this paper, the significance of good quality early childhood education has been discussed, along with the teaching strategies which encourage multicultural education. The relationship and interaction between the teacher and parents is shown to be of vital importance, in order to make a child’s learning successful and meaningful in every aspect. Some light is thrown on how a teacher can motivate children in the classroom and ignite their interest in various activities. Various assessment methods have now been developed and implemented which mainly focus on recognizing and nurturing a child’s strengths and strengthening the weaknesses or areas which need ...

Learning is a continuous process that doesn't end after we received our hard-earned diploma. People have the capacity to discover and explore new things, thus constitutes a continuous quest for learning new things. In the psychological point of view, learning has related principles and theories that explains the process in which a person can effectively absorb new information. One example is myself initiative to learn a new language specifically French. It is not easy to just listen to a French conversation and be able to pick-up the details of the conversation's entire context. It takes a lot of practice and practical application of ...

Introduction:

In this paper, the significance of good quality early childhood education has been discussed, along with the teaching strategies which encourage multicultural education. The relationship and interaction between the teacher and parents is shown to be of vital importance, in order to make a child’s learning successful and meaningful in every aspect. Some light is thrown on how a teacher can motivate children in the classroom and ignite their interest in various activities. Various assessment methods have now been developed and implemented which mainly focus on recognizing and nurturing a child’s strengths and strengthening the weaknesses or areas which need ...

Introduction

Many people have largely ignored child development that often occurs from birth to when the child reaches adulthood. Many people in history viewed children as small adults and thus paid little attention to the many changes in children including cognitive abilities, learning and physical growth. People started being interested in the field of child development in the early 20th century after theorists began giving their views. It is important to understand child development in order to determine the cognitive, physical, social, emotional and educational growth that children go through from birth to mature adults. Child development theories provide an ...

Abstract

Applied Behavior Analysis has proven to be an excellent method of changing and shaping maladaptive behaviors and developing more appropriate behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Asperger’s Syndrome is considered part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder as described in the DSM V. However, children with Asperger’s Syndrome exhibit higher cognitive levels of functioning and awareness of social situations than many other children with more severe Autism. Is Applied Behavior Analysis and appropriate intervention in introducing social and other behavior skills appropriate for children with Asperger’s Syndrome?

Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disorder that affects approximately ...

There are various methods that a therapist can use to help clients overcome compulsive habits such as smoking. Operant and aversive conditioning are some of the major approaches used. The following shows the steps and actions that a therapist can use. The primary assumption is that the client cooperates throughout the process. B.F. Skinner argued that pairing actions with appropriate reinforces would lead to the change of behavior (McLeod, 2015). The reinforcement can either be positive, neutral or negative. In this case, the therapist can wrap the cigarettes in packages that have explicit images of the effects of smoking to ...

Business Theories of the 21st Century

Business Theories of the 21st Century The paper discusses four major business theories including learning theory that discusses how information is processed and retained by the beholder and how he absorbs the information in the first place. The theory builds on the assumption that employees in an organization learn when motivated by self-gains and eventually deliver better output to the organization. The systems theory builds on the assumption that organizations are like mechanical bodies that when provided with certain required inputs generate and deliver desired output. This theory deals with the functional aspect of management. The Organizational theory ...

Psychology of Criminal Behavior

In the contemporary world, not a day goes by without numerous reports of acts contrary to the law thus obliging the criminal justice system to play its indispensable role in comprehending and rehabilitating offenders into law-abiding citizens. Renowned psychologists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner as well as Edward Thorndike through their theories in fields of behaviorism and operant conditioning exemplify the underlying concept by which the Criminal Justice System is founded. This paper thus seeks to describe the theories of behaviorism and operant conditioning in relation to the criminal justice system. I will succinctly analyze how these theories ...

Psychological, Social, and Moral Development of the Infant and Preschool Child

Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson emphasized that the children develop in the predetermined order. Specifically, the Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial development consists of distinct stages with possible results in every stage. The theory explains the successful completion in every stage that results to a healthy personality and interaction with others. In contrast, the failure to complete successfully leads to a reduced capability to complete the other stages resulting to more unhealthy personality and interaction with others. Additionally, Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development applies the different genders and cultures.

Psychosocial Stages of Infants (0-12 months)

Trust versus Mistrust Preliminary, from birth to 12 months, a ...

Introduction

Language acquisition denotes the procedure by which humans gain the ability to recognize and understand language, along with the ability to create and make use of words and sentences for the purpose of communication. Language acquisition is considered to be one of the exemplary human qualities, Philosophers in early societies were concerned in how humans gained the ability to comprehend and create language well ahead of experimental methods for trying those theories that were developed. However, for the major part they seemed to consider language acquisition as a division of man's ability to gain information and become skilled at ...

Abstract

There is a strong mutual relationship between substance abuse and psychology. This study has found that the problem of substance abuse is caused by psychological contexts in which an individual undergoes and, therefore, psychological interventions are necessary as ways to control it. In the study too, it has been found that substance abuse has accounted to many mental and other psychological problems to addicts. The research has reviewed literatures from various sources: online psychological periodicals, research articles, white papers, books and experts views from psychologists. In this regard, it has defined substance abuse and discussed ways in which psychology is related ...

Section 1: Proposal

Within the major profession of criminology, one recurring problem is the explanation of criminal behavior patterns and their relationship to crime, involving the subtopics of the sociological legal and psychiatric aspects of crime which contribute to defining and elaborating on criminal behavior.

Section 2: Body Sections

Casey, Sharon. "Elements of Psychological Maturity and Its Influence on Antisocial and Criminal Behavior." The open criminology journal 4.Suppl 1-M1 (2011): 32-39. This article by Casey explores the concept of psychological maturity in adolescents and how it relates to teen violence. The author explores the background information currently existing in the field of developmental ...

Behavioral Psychology is one of the basic topics in psychology that looks into how people or animals behave the way they behave. Although, behavioral psychology is one of the foundations of psychology, teachers have observed that students find the topic a little difficult to understand. The topic tries to find an explanation why people or animals have their corresponding mental and physical reactions in response to certain stimuli. In behavioral psychology, the idea is that the behavior of people and animals can be both conditioned and results of either rewards or punishments applied to them. Further, it is also believed ...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the bell ...

Introduction

Everyday questions about people, how they think and behave take center stage. Understanding behavior and mannerisms are the purposes of psychology. Understanding behavior facilitates the comprehension of self. Further analysis purports the idea of not only predicting behavior, but also manipulating it. The ability to manage and manipulate behavior is a powerful tool and as with any power misuse can occur. If wielded properly, it can help advance human civilization by managing characteristics that are self-destructive and cultivating ones that are beneficial.

Description and Contrast

The manner in which people behave is dependent of the learning processes they undergo. One acquires knowledge, accumulates ...

Learning is one of the areas of human psychology that remains, to this day, hotly contested by researchers. Some claim that learning is one type of process, while others claim that learning takes place through a different process. Two of the leading theories regarding learning are the theories of operant and classical conditioning. Both have been studied extensively throughout the years, and each has supporters and detractors. Choosing a method for learning and teaching behavior is different from learning complex ideas and engagement in a classroom, but principles of operant and classical conditioning can still be used in these situations to encourage ...

In psychology, there is a learning theory that states that as we learn, we adjust the manner in which we perceive our environment and the manner in which we interpret the incoming stimuli. Consequently, all this alters the way we interact, or behave. It is from this theory that one learns about behaviorism. The latter is the study or our behaviors after exposure to given stimuli within the environment. This helps us in understanding the effects given stimuli have on us. In the learning theory, we have classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, one learns to associate one ...

Introduction

Psychology is a vast field. There are many laws, principles, and theories that govern the train of thoughts of psychologists and mental health professionals working in the field. Basically, psychology is a branch of science that is concerned with the academic and applied discipline of studying behaviors and mental functions of animals, which in this case, would be humans. Psychology is not only concerned with studying the behaviors and mental functions of an individual because it may also aim to study the behaviors and mental functions of a group or population. The objective of this paper is to discuss psychology in general, ...

Research suggests that early childhood education is extremely important for the success of children as they age. Without proper early childhood education, children are set up for failure in their lives before they even begin to attend school; children who attend preschool programs, for instance, have a much easier time learning in the kindergarten and first grade classrooms than children who are immediately placed into those same classrooms (Edwards, Cutter-Mackenzie et al., 2014). Perhaps some of the most important skills that children learn in these early childhood educational experiences are not academic skills, but are the skills that they need ...

Introduction

Many thinkers and scientists have proposed models and theories about how people learn; they are called learning theories. The learning theories are classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and design-based. Behaviorism is based on the supposition that learning occurs for an organism through interactions with the environment. Behaviouristic school assumes that an organism always responds to a stimulus and the ‘responses’ are depends on the nature of the stimulus, i.e. rewarding or pain giving. Here, the learner is considered as a system that has the capability to respond to a stimulus and the learner is passive. The definition that emerged from the ...

In the world today, there are people that have the desire to live according to society’s rules so as to keep from being the odd person out, and that desire is even stronger today than it was 25 years ago. People either scramble into groups or are put into them because of how the world views them or how they grew up, and both have a critical impact on how a person views the world or the people around them. There are also other evils in the world or about society that makes people yearn to be loved, ...

Introduction

Obsessive compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder of the brain and behavior which causes severe anxiety and involves both obsessions and compulsions which may interfere with the normal activities of a person. People with OCD fall into different categories. They maybe washers, checkers, doubters and sinners, counters and arrangers and hoarders. According to Robinson et al. (2014), washers are those who are afraid of contamination while checkers are those who repeatedly check things associated with danger like gas stoves. Doubters and sinners are those who think that they will be punished if they do not do things right. Counters and ...

Classical Conditioning

According to Basford and Slevin (2003), classical conditioning relates to the normal-unlearned stimulus-response, which is normally experienced during reflex actions. The result is that a subject exposed to the neutral stimuli will respond in a similar manner as when exposed to the unconditioned stimuli. Examples include having lunch at noon and taking a bath in the morning. Extinction of classical conditioning occurs when the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is stopped.

Components of Classical Conditioning

- Neutral stimulus; this refers to a stimulus, which does not generate any response. - Unconditioned Stimulus: this refers to a stimulus, which can generate response automatically. ...

Abstract

Great deal of children all over the world suffers from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Symptoms of ADHD include hyperactivity, emotionalism and difficulty of staying focused. Children with ADHD usually have the lack of comprehension skills, poor study results and problems with following instructions as a result, they are more likely to conflict with coevals and teachers. There are different types of ADHD treatments, the most common one is academic interventions which include manipulating antecedent conditions, parent tutoring, homework management programs, instructional modifications, self-monitoring. Self- monitoring technique is crucial for children with ADHD, as teaches them not only to regulate ...

There are numerous ways to handle or react to various situations in human life, personal or professional. These ways are termed as behavior. It can be anything; general ways of life, responding to certain stimulus, responding to challenges, responding to social needs etc. These behavior is considered very important for success in any one’s action and reaction. Especially in case of management where there are great theories and defined ways of completion available, it becomes very vital that professionals have the right set of behaviors so that probability of success gets increased. There is a lot of academic resources ...

Learning and training a person or animal to behave a certain way can sometimes be tricky. Depending on the subject, mere instruction is not enough. At times the subject may require added motivation to learn or accept the training. In order to handle situation such as these, psychologists came up with what is known as operant conditioning, a system of rewards and punishments that allow the subject to be trained behaviorally. Operant conditioning is a simple concept to understand. It is a learning technique, occurring through the practice of rewards and punishments for certain behaviors. Operant conditioning allows the subject to associate good ...

Human behaviour is one of the most studied subjects in the world today. The complexity of human behaviour has elicited a colossal amount of research by psychologists seeking to understand some of the behavioral trends exhibited by human beings. Consequently, these psychologists have advanced several theories that explain some of the fundamental aspects of human behaviour. Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable human behaviour. Theories of behaviorism emphasize behavioral changes that result from a stimulus-response association that is made by a learner. The proponents of this theory regard all human behaviour as a sort of response to natural stimuli (Becker, 1963). The immediate ...

Leadership in Health and Social Care: The challenge of promoting effective teamwork on hand hygiene compliance in an inter-disciplinary environment for team leaders in Hong Kong authority hospitals

Part I

Introduction: Hand hygiene is the single most effective and cost efficient method for preventing and reducing the transmission of hospital acquired infections. Adherence to hand hygiene practices is the most important method of reducing infections in healthcare facilities. Because hands of healthcare workers frequently serve as vectors for the transmission of organisms between patients, and are also a major reservoir for pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, the simple act of washing ones ...

Caffeine Intake Reduction and Feeling Tired

The series of studies have been taken recently to define the connection between constant consumption of caffeine. They determined high risk factors for organisms’ wellbeing. Caffeine is one of the most used drugs in the planet. The wide range of different drugs contains caffeine even if they are not associated directly with this component, such as OTC stimulants and combination analgesics. Caffeine can also be found in tea or coke. Therefore, it can be seen that this drug plays important role in the life of contemporary society. This issue deserves special attention. The close connection between the constant ...

In Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (2012), Coon and Mitterer write, “The principles of operant conditioning [] are among the most powerful tools in psychology” (pg. 226). The definition of operant conditioning is a form of learning in which reinforcement increases the probability of a response. A response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to reoccur. Operant conditioning is explains much day-to-day behavior. Every individual lives his or her life according to the reinforcement they receive after performing an action. This kind of learning is operant conditioning—“learning based on the consequences of responding” (Coon & Mitterer, ...

A baby and parents are pieces of the one unit called family. From baby’s first yell, the world for two starts to change with the impressive quickness and every single day brings new discoveries not only for a child, but also for happy parents. The interaction between parents and their child is very interesting and productive; often, parents don’t even notice how baby is affecting their word outlook once and forever, positively or negatively, but always irreversibly (Leach, 1989). Children, especially infants, need to feel the endearment and caring; just parents are the first teachers for their babies, ...

Psychotherapy for Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders entail symptoms of extreme nervous conditions causing high levels of distress consequently interfering with a person's normal daily life. People suffering from Anxiety disorders are always in constant fear and worry and later, if left untreated, depression. As the most common of all emotional disorders, Anxiety disorders affect over 25 million Americans according to the American Psychological Association report (2009). In the effort to obtain relief from these symptoms, some patients opt to indulge in drug and alcohol abuse. This indulgence affects their performance both at school and work as well as their social relationships . Most common ...

Psychology

Introduction Art therapy is a well-known mental health profession that primarily uses creativity process of art making in order to enhance physical, emotional well-being, as well as and mental health of people. Art therapy is mainly based on belief that creative process of art-making helps people to resolve problems and conflicts, to develop interpersonal skills, to reduce stress, to manage behavior, and to increase self-esteem. In general, art therapy incorporates the fields of visual arts, human growth, and the creative process with models of psychotherapy and counseling. The introduction of art therapy influenced significant changes on how people ...

PROFESSORINSTITUTION

Operant Conditioning 2 Introduction Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a subject’s behavior is modified through antecedents and consequences. The concept was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was studying the digestive system of dogs. The theory of behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson. Later, B.F. Skinner helped define the mechanics of behaviorism through his work. Over the years behaviorism has grown in popularity and scope. Research has shaped the practice of behaviorism as it has been adapted by many disciplines (education, psychology). The most popular use of Behavioral Therapy today is found in treating ...

The task of this paper on motivation is designed to describe the two scenarios provided from a motivation standpoint. The first chosen scenario is the one involving the person who bought a new Audi car who sees the word ‘FUSE’ lit up on the dashboard, followed by an annoying beeping sound after which the car dies. Several trips to the dealership in an effort to get the car fixed inspires emotional annoyance and creates inconvenience. The second chosen scenario involves Jill who meets Jack on a roller coaster ride and falls madly in love with him. In the beginning of their acquaintance ...

Psychologist believe that all human behavior can be explained in one way or the other. There are theories that explain the origin of behavior and how people come to think of themselves and others. one such theory is the operant conditioning developed by B. F. Skinner (Bruce Tuckman, 2009). Skinner held that behavior that is positively reinforced, even when it is negative tends to continue while the one that is negatively reinforced tends to diminish with time. According to skinner one would behave depending on what one has been conditioned voluntarily or involuntarily. Is this applicable to anyone in ...