Essays on Learning Theory

Introduction

“Ethical Leadership is defined as "the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement and decision-making" [and] the evidence suggests that ethical leader behavior can have important positive effects on both individual and organizational effectiveness”

Background

Ethical leaders encourage their followers to model their behaviours by communicating their standards and use rewards as well as discipline to promote suitable and unsuitable behaviours. Brown et al. (2005), who first quoted the above definition for ethical leadership, had implied implicitly that, the leader’s intent is never ...

Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper

Article Summary

In this article, Maura Sellars examines the role of the teacher as a change agent through reflective practice. The author argues that it is the teachers and not education authorities, curriculum developers, or policy makers who are the most effective, durable, and powerful agents of educational change. She also contends that the reliability and proficiency of change in education practice depend largely on the capacity of teachers to develop self-knowledge and reflective practice. According to the Sellars (2012), historically, these aspects of teacher development have not been emphasized in the process of preparing and promoting effective teachers. ...

Perception and Consumer Behavior

Perception is the process of knowing features of stimuli with the use of vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch (Scott, 1994). The visual perception i.e. size/shape in the L’Oreal Men Expert Vita Lift 5 ad is rectangle with the focus on more than one dimension to enable consumers to downsize their order by enlarging the product along all dimensions. On the other hand, the shape of the Aveeno Absolutely Ageless ad is portrait. The size of the ad is adjusted through focus on multiple dimensions to perceive the product easily. Lettering is another factor affects the perception of ...

Introduction

The desire to conform to the norms is what makes the foundation of a civilized society. Social order, for instance, is a desired attribute that is founded on established written and unwritten rules that are being observed by most people within a society. Deviation from these established rules is considered as undesirable and people who deviate are considered as having abnormal qualities or malfunctioning (Merton, 2002, p. 672). There are instances, however, wherein some people are observed to deviate from the standard pattern of human behavior. This deviation has captured the interest of many social scientists and have been ...

INTRODUCTION

Throughout human history there has always been crime, from the most petty of crimes to the most heinous of criminal injury, abuses and murder. The most gruesome of crimes are those involving murder, whether premeditated or “heat of the moment,” which carry heavy criminal consequences. These cases are tragic, but no murders are more disturbing and shocking than those committed by serial murderers. These are killers who torture, dismember and murder victims in very specific and very ugly ways that are an extension of the killer’s needs. There have been many serial killers who have become famous for ...

Background

Domestic violence has occurred for as long as their has been a written record. This is evidenced by laws, usually permitting it, throughout antiquity. It has most likely existed since humanity began, as it is observed in our closest genetic relatives, and seems to be stimulated by very primal parts of the brain. The Journal of the American Medical association began to describe battered child syndrome in the 1960’s, and between the beginning of humanity and when domestic abuse began to be described as a societal problem, little if anything was done. Since then, the United States has ...

In the 1970s, domestic violence came into view when feminist groups revealed the complicity in women to be compliant, even with men lifting their hand against them. Women who were maltreated were given refuge under the women’s movement, while health and social workers were being trained on how to handle women who were maltreated. By the 1980s, international organizations had declarations defining violence against women and children as “an unacceptable violation of human rights [and] a source of tragic consequences” (Romito, 2008, p.1). This, however, may have proven to be fragile, especially in certain parts of Europe wherein ...

A man's identity is an outcome of the interaction between sociological, psychological, historical, and biological impacts. It springs from the person's endeavors to keep up a feeling of congruity as well as personal uniqueness in the midst of shifting developmental tasks and unexpected events in life and acquire a sense of oneness with the group. Another approach to hypothesize identity is by depicting the characteristics of people who have obtained a strong sense of individual identity. The interest of developmental psychology in the development of identity arises from the seminal work of Erikson titled Identity: Youth and Crisis. In ...

Smoking, drinking, overeating and accumulating stressors are behaviors that become pronounced in adulthood though they trace their origins to a much younger age probably around the teenage years. These behaviors do not just crop up out of the blues. They start and develop over a period. The various theories and theorists in this context are keen on pointing out the psychosocial nature of an individual. They show how the actions and expectations of a person conflict with those of society and how that could therefore lead to various behaviors in adulthood. The theories in contexts have their different ways ...

The world is rapidly changing and advancing in terms of science and technology. It has become extremely difficult to escape the presence of technology, either at the individual or organizational level. Some of the key technological changes include the internet, smart phones, and the use of computers. Many people and organization are now finding themselves in a situation where they cannot exist without technology, and the health organizations are not left behind, as they are rapidly adopting health care informatics into their systems. The essay, therefore, focuses on a case where a larger medical center is rapidly introducing computer ...

Application of Juvenile Delinquency Concepts

Introduction The juvenile is a person who has not reached his or her eighteenth years of age and delinquency is the violation of law. Hence, the term “juvenile delinquency” refers to the violation of the law done by a minor that would be considered a crime if would have been done by an adult who have reached the age of eighteen or passed this age (Office of the United States of Attorney, n.d).

Summary of key aspects

The story of Barry Dale Loukaitis has been selected for examination. The key aspects of the story are that it shows the impact of wrong beliefs ...

Introduction

A very controversial issue among video game players is how playing violent video games contribute to aggressive behavior and problems in school for the youths. Video games provide a unique way for adolescents to entertain themselves. Non-violent games are found to be cognitively stimulating and help in increasing and improving learning, problem solving skills, and perceptual motor skills. These games allow the youth to become part of the story behind the online games they play as they embody the attributes of characters they choose. Unlike the old video games, contemporary video games are more refined and sophisticated that it ...

(Course/Major)

Independent Variables.7

Research Questions..8 Hypothesis....8 Conclusion..11

Introduction: Domestic violence: profile of an offender

In the past, an act of domestic violence was not considered as a matter that merits the engagement of the law. Though men have pummeled, maltreated, and molested their intimate partners for years, the common comprehension of society was that abuse and maltreatment of women was as a part of the marriage. It was only to the end of the 1970s that domestic violence was understood as a criminal offense that warranted the involvement of the criminal justice system. However, there has been much contention as to the establishment of a general, universally accepted ...

Critical Analysis of the Three Main Theories of Learning and Their Relevance to Adults in Higher Education

Over the years of teaching practice, scholars and researchers from different areas of pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy have revealed the most effective theories and methods of teaching. Behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist theories are considered to be the most efficient and productive learning approaches. The use of these theories in education helps teaching experience to gain the important ideas that fully meet the objectives of education of an active and mature personality. Hence, the selection of the optimal theory, or their mixing, aims at improving the learning process, making it more effective. This efficiency is due to the received result, ...

Introduction

Employers have a duty of ensuring that they are able to adequately determine the various ways that they may use in order to be able to teach them new skills about improving their production in the company. Various theories have been formulated in order to explain the various ways that individuals may learn. This essay will stipulate the various theories that have theories that have been developed to explain the various methods of learning and further how these principles may be used by the managers to help their employees to learn.

Learning Theories and their Principles

Behaviorism Behaviorism may be defined as the process ...

The theories of adult learning provide educators a clear insight into how an adult learns, thus helping trainers to be more effective in training adults through being more responsive to their learning needs. The theory of self-directed learning states that majority of adult learners take the decision to learn without the intervention of others. They also plan, execute and evaluate their learning experience and align their new knowledge with the job roles. The main advantage of self-directed learning is that the learner can readily incorporate what he learns through the training program into everyday workplace requirement. The limitation of ...

One of the most easily observable psychological phenomenon is human motivation. It is that desire to move from one point in life to another, especially through various accomplishments that tend to satisfy unmet human needs. Whenever one need is satisfied, we tend to want to achieve the next, often bigger one. For instance, when individuals finish school and are job hunting, all they are looking for is to satisfy their basic needs - food, clothing and shelter. After satisfying the basics, one does not stop there. An individual who was previously keen on acquiring basic needs starts looking for ...

In Gridiron Gang, the character of Willie Weathery had many factors that could explain why he became delinquent. Family disruption, peers, gang membership, peer pressure, strain, community disorganization, social learning, low self-control and labeling are all theories and causes used to explain delinquent behavior and are all reasons why Willie Weathery engage in the delinquent act that landed him in juvenile detention. There is no single cause of delinquency. Many factors that combine to motivate a juvenile to engage in delinquent behavior.

FAMILY DISRUPTION

In the movie, Willie Weathery appears to live with his mother and younger brother. At no time ...

Adult learners are older individuals having different socio-cultural and educational backgrounds along with diverse experiences and family responsibilities. Mostly, adult learners do not continue their education in a regular school after completing their high school; instead, they return to school after acquiring work experience for some years. In other words, their necessity to enroll in a study program is driven by their need to remain competitive and a desire to develop their career. Adult learners usually continue their higher education through part-time programs while continuing to work and take care of their families. More often, adult learners take up ...

Abstract

Profound education is the basis for the successful career development and personal growth of any individual. Many scholars are trying to give an answer to the question of what makes the learning process more effective. Different aspects of learning theory provide answers to some of these questions. Theories of learning can be grouped into following three categories: behaviorist learning theories, cognitivist learning theories, and constructivist learning theories. Many researchers pay much attention to the process of scaffolding that is actively discussed as a significant element of learning process. The researcher Albert Bandura has devoted a number of his scientific ...

Every year millions of children face and experience child abuse. It includes not only physical, but also sexual and emotional abuse, and neglect. Usually child abuse leads to a number of serious consequences including mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. Moreover many such children might have physiological health problems, difficulties with learning and social problems that do not allow them to get along with peers and family members in a normal way. In most of the cases children, who do not receive a proper support and assistance after abuse experience and incidents are more likely ...

My informal learning experience is connected with the death of close relatives form cancer. Given the rise of cancer and the deteriorating environment, the use of carcinogens in the food industry, fear of cancer cannot be considered unreasonable. In my case it went beyond common sense and became a phobia. My cancerophobia is very closely linked with the fear of death. Everyone knows that according to the statistics, cancer takes the third place among the causes of death (after injuries and cardiovascular diseases). So my informal learning experience is a manifestation of psychogenic reaction to the death of loved ...

Introduction

Aggression is defined as a behavior that is violent or hostile in nature towards another person that positions the person in a state of attack or confrontation. Aggression can be verbal or physical once the individual has become angry or hostile. Aggression has been a controversial issue within many areas of research. Some researchers have posited that individuals with a diagnosis of a mental illness have no higher incidences of violence than the general population. Others have suggested that individuals with severe mental illness are more likely than the general population to have higher incidences of violence. There are ...

In any society, there exists an interaction between people of different backgrounds and characters. Hence, it calls for legal checks to ensure a good relationship within the occupants of the region. The wrongdoers in any society are monitored and punished by the law enforcers in that particular locality. While investigating any crime committed, the law enforcers use a stipulated procedure and apply various criminology theories to understand the offense adequately for proper evaluation. In this article, criminological theories will be assessed, and there is a review of their application in crime analysis procedure. Through criminology, criminals, and their behavior ...

Throughout history, Americans have been documented to have abused various drugs starting from precolonial times America as it is well documented that Christopher Columbus, the explorer that discovered America, found other mind-affecting drugs which he brought back to Europe on his first voyage to modern-day (Elaine, n.d.). However, until the late 1880s, prohibitionists and abstentionists had an easy time in addressing the drug abuse among the population, since all the supply point was known and easily identified. Nonetheless, the country failed to have a comprehensive legal framework that was engineered to address the drug abuse problem due to rapid ...

Q1 People, especially children, internalize what they see in the environment and imitate it. In this regard, a child will behave the way adults do in the environment. Moreover, one can learn by the process of association (classical conditioning) or adopts behaviors depending on reinforcement. Q2 The emotional learning system focuses on one’s understanding of the immediate experiences. In this regard, one chooses how to behave based on critical and constructive thinking. Events that may lead to emotional responses may include reaction to stressful environments or happiness. Q3 Emotion determines one’s way of reacting to events. It ...

Theorist: Albert Bandura Observational Learning Theory

Introduction A Theorist Life, Family, Education, and Work He was born on December 4, 1945, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and the youngest and the only boy among the six siblings with a father (a trans-Canada railroad worker) from Poland and a mother (a town’s general store worker) from Ukraine. Albert Bandura has learned three foreign languages, Russian, Polish, and German with the help of his father. The family had no formal education, but they have shown a high importance and value on educational attainment. The entire family had worked hard together, celebrated a happy life, and created a ...

Abstract

Teenage pregnancy is a major problem affecting teenagers around globe. This is serious problem since it forces young girls and boys to drop out of school. Chances of these teenagers getting back to school after giving birth or later in life are minute. Thus, the dreams of these teen advancing to college and securing white collar jobs with sustainable income are shuttered. As such these girls and boys are forced to become young mothers and fathers at tender age while doing two to three jobs to have enough income to take care of the baby. Additionally, this problem does ...

Mary Bell is one of the well-known young killers. She was accused of the death of Brian Howe and Martin Brown. The details of the murders were gruesome, including the strangulation of one of the victims who was a three-year-old boy. Mary's family background is said to be responsible for her delinquent behaviors. Firstly, she thought that Bill Bell was her biological father (Calin, 2011). Billy was a criminal arrested for armed robbery and her biological father was unknown to her. Secondly, Mary claimed that her mother, who was a prostitute, had forced her to engage in sexual acts ...

Analysis of Waldorf

Waldorf Education is a private, developmental curriculum focused on teaching to the holistic needs of children.  Rudolf Steiner developed Waldorf education in the early 20th Century to create a learning environment focused on artistic learning and creative thinking.  Waldorf schools, also referred to as Steiner schools, exist in 91 countries and there are about 1,000 schools in total (Costello-Dougherty, 2009).  Waldorf schools vary in sizes but some have programs from preschool through high school (DeLuca & Hughes, 2014).  As children pass through a series of stages of development, Waldorf curriculum focuses on teaching the right thing at the right ...

Virtual Child

<Institution>

Starting birth, my child, Noah, was quite normal and very much healthy. He was a breastfed child. As a newborn, I allow my partner to be more on hands to him, but I eventually decided to be more proactive in attending to his needs so that he would recognize me as someone he can trust, too. Like most parents, I tried to give him things that will make him more curious about his environment. Starting at 3 months, I supported his interest with his social world. I would take him out to meet new people, and I ...

Chapter 3: Application Component of Career Development

Chapter 3: Application Component in Career Development Understanding as well as finding mechanisms to influence the careers of the employee has become a critical component in contemporary organizations. More than ever before, employees and the modern organizations they work for must adapt to change if they are to experience success as well as competitive advantage. The past decade has witnessed a turbulent environment, and every indication is that the future environment will be no different. The future will witness rapid change, increased competition due to globalization, and continued changes in employment relations. Contemporary organizations need employees who can grow ...

In the study of development and action, development of coordination is an essential and fascinating problem. The ontogeny of coordination is primarily the major problem of the ontogenetic origin of behavior. Coordination in physical activity occurs apparently during infancy as during this time basic patterns of posture and movement occur (Newell, 1986). Basic patterns of coordination are referred to as phylogenic activities as they are seen as fundamental to the survival of human species. The species ontogenetic activities reflect socially driven skills as well as shorter-term demands of individuals that vary with culture. All these developments are directly associated ...

Cognitive theories are trying to explain why the brain is the main incredible network within the body in information interpretation and processing learning (Fletcher & Fincham, 2013). Cognitive theories are divided into two major categories: the cognitive behavioral theory and the social cognitive theory (Fletcher & Fincham, 2013). The social cognitive theory considers three variables which include environmental factors (extrinsic), behavioral factors and personal factors (intrinsic). On the other hand, the cognitive behavioral theory is describing the role of the knowing in an attempt to predict and determine the behavioral pattern of a person. Jean Piaget looked at his work as ...

Introduction

For years, women have always considered men to be their protectors; particularly those they are engaged or married to. As long as there has been delinquency, there have been women who are fearful of criminal acts and certain crimes that turns them into victims. Some people think that if a person grows up in a rough part of town or even live in a bad neighborhood, they are able to stand up to just about anything or anybody; completely immune to any unlawful misconduct that takes place in that neighborhood. Parenthetically, men and women are susceptible to the same ...

The Strengths and Stressors tracking device indicated an adequate environment (including stability in housing, safety in community, food and nutrition, personal hygiene, transportation). The results indicated that an inadequate attention is paid to the learning environment needs of the child, as indicated by lack of school supplies in the home as well as frequent school absences.(“Strengths and Stressors Tracking Device”, n.d.) The clear area of stress as indicated by Strengths and Stressors test was in the area of Family and Caregivers (“Strengths and Stressors Tracking Device”, n.d.) In this part of the instrument, respondents are asked to rate ...

Problem Overview

A primary concern surrounding diversity at the workplace is the lack of inclusion which leaves employees feeling left out. In human resource management creating an environment that everyone receives respect and dignity and where the skills and talents of different groups of people receive equal value. Through these measures, workforce productivity greatly increases while the service or product customers become happier. Further the workforce is more contented, has high motivation and aware of the benefits that accrue through inclusion. Equality and inclusion issues in any organization usually arise from the protected characteristics as outlined in the Equality Act of ...

Argumentative Essay: Capital Punishment

Introduction Capital punishment is one of the most controversial topics pertaining to criminal punishment. For many years, this issue has been debated, yet until today, no conclusive position has been reached especially in the United States. Discussing the issue of capital punishment is important primarily because people are divided on whether capital punishment should be imposed or abolished. Furthermore, capital punishment raises an ethical dilemma that needs to be resolved since it is crucial in achieving a just justice system. This paper would like to argue that capital punishment is a just form of punishment.

The arguments that support ...

Socio-emotional development is an individual’s, especially children, continuous ability to understand how others feel and to control personal feelings and behavior such that they can get along well with their peers. The foundation on how we feel about ourselves and our relationships and experiences with others is, to a large extent, influenced by socio-emotional development. The quality of relationship given to a child by his primary caregivers is a major determiner of the child’s socio-emotional development. An individual’s feelings of trust, confidence, pride, affection, friendship and humor are all part of their social-emotional development. Social-emotional development ...

Curriculum Strategy

Poor children have been faced with poverty as a risk factor in their success academically. Some children who come from poor backgrounds are affected in their school readiness. The poverty should not be an obstacle to the normal learning of a child from an early age. Children come from diverse backgrounds, with diverse cultures, this makes them unique and hence when performing an assessment to them one should be acknowledged. The adequate assessment and analysis of the activity of the child, the right chosen method for the child’s learning will help to avoid the problems in the future ...

[Class Title]

Introduction Capital punishment is the legal remedy afforded by the state that legitimizes the punishment of death penalty for those criminals who have violated a particular law. Such method of punishment is not new. In fact, in the history of mankind, the capital punishment has been observed. Various forms of capital punishment such as stoning, burning, hanging, beheading, crucifying, etc., can be observed in various societies and cultures of the world that goes back as far as history can tell. Today, the imposition of capital punishment has survived. And though there are modern ways of taking someone’ ...