Essays on Brain

Basic Facts:

According to Dr. William C. Shiel Jr., “Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain.” As Dr. Shiel pointed out, the patients of AD often suffer memory loss as well as problems with reasoning, planning, language, and perception but all these impairments usually happen gradually.

Older people especially those over the age of 70 are more at risk of having Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, studies show that 50% of people who are 85 and above are affected with this illness. However, an ...

1. EDUCATIONAL THEORY

Introduction to Brain Based Learning & Eric P. Jensen

Principals of Brain Based Learning Eric P. Jensen’s home page is entitled Game Changers on other connected pages he offers Principals of Brain Based Learning, some of the principals he views as most important and other tools that might be important to someone looking into his theories on brain based learning. Jensen also has several pages devoted to his workshops books, and other presentation materials. It is primarily addressed to the general public, instructors and policy makers.

Teaching with the Brain in Mind, Revised 2nd Edition

Eric P. Jensen was considered a pioneer in brain based learning when he released the First Edition of ...

The human brain is a complex and wonderful thing, however, with slight changes in structure, there can be marked differences between “normal” and “abnormal” behavior. Worldwide, it is estimated that over 24 million people have dementia (Ballard et al., 2011).

One of the pathological changes that occur in the brain that is associated with a form of dementia is known as Alzheimer’s Disease. According to Marieb and Hoehn (2010), Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common and progressive diseases that affect the brain. It can occur in one of two forms: early and late onset.

The prevalence of ...

Revealing both the best and worst aspects of humanity, the Renaissance was characterized by extraordinary human achievements, a heightened interest in human potential and, paradoxically, by superstition, witch-hunting, exorcism and torture. The humanism of Renaissance had four main themes: the belief in the individual’s potential, a tendency to view religion as being more personal rather than institutionalized, an increased interest in the classics, a rejection of Aristotelian philosophy in order to develop a more scientific attitude. As the ecclesiastical power started to deteriorate, the pressure of having to fit scientific inquiry with Christian dogma decreased, making inquiry steadily ...

Introduction

Define memory, and describe how it is measured? Memory refers to the ability of human beings to recall or remember the experiences and information. Memory results after learning have taken place. Memory may be in the form of skills or facts. The neurons can describe memory. Memory can be measured through the recall method where the materials learned after some time is reproduced. The repetition of learning materials is used to assess the retention ability or memory. The recognition method is also used to measure memory because it is very sensitive in the detection of retention capacity. The learned ...

Introduction

Helping people with amnesia to live a normal life can be a daunting task. It requires patience and lots of observation of behavior. In The Last Hippie, Dr Sack presents the case of Greg F. Greg was a patient who had severe anterograde amnesia caused by damage to his temporal lobe systems and the diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories. The afflicted individual is unable to place new information into long-term memory but the long-term memories present before the tumor or injury remain undamaged. This may occur after an injury or brain tumor. In Greg’ ...

- The reading was very informative due to a few reasons. First, the reading tried to expose the connection between the human brain and the spoken language. It showed that content words in a language are stored in different compartments where they are processed. Different neural mechanisms are also involved in the processing. Second, the reading showed numerous research findings stating that the language is entailed in the left part of the brain. Third, the reading also emphasized that it is through human brain that people acquire knowledge and wisdom, so people should devote more time in understanding it so ...

Undeniably, major depression is one of the major illnesses affecting many people in the United States. It is a feeling of being sad, miserable and unhappy. Most people become hopeless and even find it difficult to work, study or even sleep. It is also referred to as clinical depression and its medication includes medication, therapy and sometimes talks. Brain stimulation therapy incorporates activation or touching of the brain directly with electricity, magnetic gadgets or even implants in the treatment of depression and other disorders. In this case we shall focus on the treatment of depression as the electroconvulsive therapy ...

According to Brains Basic (n.d), neurons (nuerones) form the fundamental “data processing units” or the 'chips' of the brain. Neurons get “electrical inputs” from nearly one thousand different neurons. These impulses arrive at the same time, and when combined, they become 'nerve impulse'. This impulse then creates a reaction in the next “neuron” in the system. Neurons react to conduct and stimuli because a probable membrane is formed across the membrane in the cell. It can be noted that the neurons are emotional cells that are present within the body’s nervous system. It serves to “process and transmit ...

Introduction

Personality psychology is a diverse field that examines the variation in personality between people. In essence, this theory leads to the formation of a coherent picture of a person, as well as, how it shapes his or her major psychological processes. Personality determines a person’s behaviors, emotions, cognitions and motivations under various circumstances. There are different personality theories, but this paper will focus on social cognitive theories. These theories stress on cognitive processes. Focus will be on the social learning theory. This theory holds that learning is a cognitive process, and it occurs through not only observation, but ...

Chapter One: Understanding Life-Span Human Development

This chapter defines development and explains how people should think about development. It conceptualizes what life-span means and how issues of nature should be framed in order to attach the requisite meaning. To achieve this, the chapter consists of a developmental research, which includes data from behavioral observations, verbal reports, and psychological measurements. Indeed, the chapter sets the pace ready as it provides a comprehensive background about human development to enable one have a sufficient foundation on the subject. The chapter begins with an inspiring story of Ella Miller aged 116 years old. ...

Abstract

Cognitive development focuses on the mental processes that determine how individuals behave and interact with the environment. It involves the use of logical, critical, reflective, metacognitive and creative thinking in solving problems. Life has various questions, dilemmas, uncertainties and unfamiliar problems. It calls for the efficient application of strategies in finding solutions. Creativity is a significant aspect in problem solving. Cognitive creativity helps an individual in carrying out simple applications, discriminations, analysis, and actions based on knowledge of the problem. Arguments arise on whether the concept of cognitive creativity is a skill or a trait. An individual’s ...

1. What is biological psychology?

Biological psychology is the study of psychology of psychology is three different ways. The first way is the comparative method. The comparative method is when a variety of animal species are studied and compared to each other. The second way is physiology. Physiology is how the nervous system and hormones work, how changes in structure affect behavior, and how the brain functions. The third way is investigation of inheritance. Investigation of inheritance is what an animal is going to inherit from their parents.

2. What is the historical development of biological psychology?

Between 1805 ...

How does the human conscious and unconscious mind and the external bio-social forces adapt in the process of development? What then is the role and significance of psychoanalysis? Researchers in the field of neuroscience have made great findings on the effect of the biopsychosocial perspective on child development. They have already accentuated on the fact that the interaction of infants with their neurobiological predisposition and interpersonal social and environmental experiences influences the development of the psyche, a concept earlier on stated by Freud in his ‘Project for Scientific Psychology’ (Sasso 2009). The development of consciousness is evidently ...

Introduction

A primate is essentially a mammal of order primates that contains simians and prosimians. Primates rose from the ancestors that survived in trees of tropical forest. It is important to note that many characteristics of the primates represent the adaptations to life in the tropical forest three dimensional environments. Most species of primate remain at least partially arboreal. For that reason, this paper centers on the characteristics, which define order of primates, specifically contrasting and comparing Homo Sapiens or humans and chimpanzees or Pan troglodytes. These characteristics include locomotion, brain size, tool used, as well as facial expressions and ...

There are different user needs that should be considered while undertaking project design. There are different needs for different users. The needs of the users are the parameters and the dimensions along which the different needs of the users may be found to vary. Different users have varying needs, thus, need considerations along these lines.

Physical characteristics

Physical characteristics are the features that describe the outward features of users. These features include the size of the hands of different users, the eyesight, color of the interface and the ease at which the desktop icons can be manipulated. If the user interface ...

Vascular dementia is the decline in the level of thinking skills as a result of conditions that reduce or block the flow of blood to the brain, thus depriving it of the vital oxygen supply and nutrients. It is mostly associated with a stroke or several strokes. Although the strokes can be small in extent, their damage can accumulate over time. This can lead to confusion, memory loss among other signs. Vascular dementia accounts for up to 40% of all dementia cases in old adults (Paul, 2005).

Depending on the individual and how severe the stroke(s) are, vascular ...

The brain is divided into two hemispheres that work in a coordinated manner. In that context, the two hemispheres have been named the right and the left parts of the brain. While both sides have specific functions, research confirms that the parts work complementarily and that each plays a supportive role to the other. The brain works best in a coordinated manner with each side displaying dominance for particular functions. It is noteworthy that not any side can work independently and that coordination remains essential for effective learning and operations. On that premise, it is arguable that either side ...

Introduction

In my experiment, I used the sequential design as my experimental design. It guided me to agree with the hypothesis,” that emotionally loaded words like “sex” and “prostitute” must be exposed for a longer time to be perceived than neutral words. I conducted surveys so that I could come up with the findings and the conclusions of the experiment. The dependent variable in the experiment was the threshold in which the loaded words are used. The independent variable is the time taken in the surveys that I conducted.

The sequential experimental design requires the researcher to complete a ...

The debate between Nature and Nurture within psychology is a great concern to a large extent, particularly in regards to the extent to which selected aspects of behavior are a product of either acquired (learned characteristics) or inherited (genetic). All aspects of human behavior are in one way or another affected by both nurture and nature (N & N). To start with, it is coherent to first differentiate the two terms; Nurture is a term that refers to all environmental influences after conception which in this case could be an experience, while Nature basically is that which is generic or ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI refers to a technique of medical imaging that is used in radiology in visualizing in details the structure of the organs in the body. MRI utilizes nuclear magnetic resonance property to image the nuclei of atoms that are in the body. A patient lies within a powerful and large magnet where a strong magnetic field generated by the magnet is used to align atomic nuclei magnetization in the body. Radio frequency magnetic fields are then applied in order to systematically alter the magnetic alignment. This results to the production of a rotating magnetic field ...

Computers have been developed in a manner that they function in a similar manner as human beings. They have been developed in a manner that they support most of the human activities. Like human beings, computers have been extended to exclusive memory. The memory aids the computer to conduct several roles. However, the operations are influenced by excellent programming that a human being extends to these IT systems. Computer devices may be divided into three main sections; input device, storage device or output device. Each of these sections plays a unique role in advancing the overall role of computers. ...

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that aids people to address dysfunctional or unhealthy thinking habits, feelings and behaviors. CBT has been known to be effective in the treatment of psychological and psychiatric disorders. These psychological and psychiatric disorders may range from problems such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, eating disorders to even drug misuse. According to Simone (2013), Cognitive behavioral therapy is well-suited to address the varied and often longstanding problems of patients with psychological disorders such as Personality Disorders for several reasons. Unlike other forms of psychotherapy, CBT only deals with the current ...

Cognitive functioning is an intellectual process in which people become conscious of the things that happens to them. For example, perceiving the changes and effects and comprehending new ideas. The process that concerns symbolic operations of cognitive functioning is a gradual process. For example, memory, thinking, and creation of imagery concern the activities of the mind. It particularly encompasses the essence of being aware and having the capacity to make judgments (Poon, 2006).

Various activities need to be done in order to maintain the cognitive functioning. Since mental dysfunction would occur, a mental illness which causes emotional stress and ...

A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to store information, and perform arithmetic and logical operations. People use computers to simplify their work by using the internet, calculations and word processing capability of these devices. People have innovated ways to improve computers from analogue systems to the modern efficient computers that have larger storage space and are portable. Research continues on various ways to enhance the computer systems and solve the existing challenges on their usage. The type of atoms a material is made of is an essential characteristic of any matter. There are neutral and ...

Structural imaging of the living human brain represents certain measurement techniques that can display anatomical information of the brain. These measurements techniques include X-ray, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT). computed Tomography scanning builds up a picture of the brain based on the differential absorptions of X-rays (Laureys & Tononi, 2011). It takes advantage of the fact that X-rays reflect the relative density of the tissue through which they pass (Laureys & Tononi, 2011). It uses computational techniques to provide visual images of the living human brain through passing of the X-rays at different angles. The major challenge ...

Early research of the biopsychology has proved that cerebral cortex of human being constantly manages lots of information primarily received by our eyes and ears. However, contemporary research supplements the previous findings by stating that other sensory organs are also involved in the visual process of the human brain. According to neuroscientists, visual cortex is not just associated with information received by our eyes. A separate area of the brain is responsible for discrimination of spatial information. In short, the human brain is like a super computer that normally processes a vast ...

Biopsychology – Is a new study that has been developing over the past 50 years. It is close to the fundamental science psychology, but biopsychology directly studies how can we increase the speed of studying by means of stimulating brain nerves. The ones who study this course take a close look at how the behavior of an individual changes due to specific areas of brain being damaged as well as the influence of alcohol and drugs on brain.

Different methods for research are implemented. For example special methods to visualize the living brain: Contrast X-rays, MRI, Magnetoencephalography, Positron Emission Tomography, ...

Behavioral economists examine choices that consumers make that are not economically rational. Economists generally assume that people are rational; that is, they weigh the benefits and costs of an action and decide on an action that brings more benefits. However, behavioral economists, Herbert A. Simon argues that the rationality of individuals is a subject to the information they posses, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the available time they have to make a decision (Sexton 239). Simon also advanced two cognitive styles, satisficers and maximizers. Maximizers often take longer to make decisions because of the need to maximize ...

Our Undivided Brain

The psychological concept of “our divided brain” is based on the structure of the brain. The upper portions of the human brain are divided into two distinct parts namely the left and right hemispheres (Myers 76). The link between the two hemispheres (in a normal person) is referred to as the callosum. It comprises of a bundle of nerves that play a pivotal role in conveying data form one hemisphere to the other. The two hemispheres play different roles as far as the functioning of the body is concerned. In a vast majority of right handed people, the left ...

EMOTIONAL STIMULUS

Nervousness is one of the emotional reactions that happen to people, in most cases, when exposed to an attention-demanding stimulus. One of these stimuli, for example, includes an interview. Interviews are attention-seeking, as well as brain-involving activities, which failing or passing leads to various outcomes (Goldstein, 2010). In this case, therefore, the human mind is designed to responding with nervousness, in case of an interview. At the same time, cognitive memory plays a major role in the same.

For instance, a person who has severally failed in previous interviews is likely to get more nervous compared to those who ...

Multiple sclerosis, which is abbreviated MS, is an inflammatory disease that involves the damage of the fatty myelin sheath surrounding brain axons, as well as the spinal cord. The damage results to the demyelination of the axon scarring including a wide range of symptoms. The disease is also referred to as encephalomyelitis disseminate or disseminated sclerosis (Compston and Coles). The first instance of the disease was reported by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868. The onset of the disease is mainly seen young adults and is mainly common in women. MS has a prevalence of between 2 to 150 people in ...

THE IRRELEVANT SPEECH EFFECT

The Irrelevant Speech Effect, also referred to as the unattended speech or the irrelevant sound effect, is one of the cognitive effects that should be taken into consideration. This is because it is one of the factors that highly affect memory, and consequent performance and recalling. By definition and understanding, working memory has a major cognitive task, since it directly affects active memory (Baldwin, 2012). When working memory is altered, it directly affects cognition. Consequently, it affects the person’s memory coordination. The irrelevant speech effect is therefore, the unattended sound of irrelevant list of ...

- Review of the Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system has about six general functions in the body of an organism. It is indicated that the skeletal system forms a vital section of the body because there are other numerous functions that particular bones perform in the body. These different bones are situated in the various parts of the body according to their functionality. The first function of the skeleton is the provision of support to softer tissues as well as giving points of attachment for most of the skeletal body muscles. The body tissues and muscles ...

1. The Development Perception: Sensory learning, Auditory-hearing, Tactile-touching, Sight-seeing, Smell, Taste

- What are the guidelines for nurturing optimal brain growth? How brain maturation is linked sensory development? According to Willis and Riccuiti “Play in developmental experiences is an integral part of the infant's daily experience, occur naturally in interactions with the world” (Stancoe.Org, n.d.). An infant early nurturing and positive guidance creates a bond of love and care between parent and a child which enable a child to develop attachment, active involvement with people, exploring new skills, ability to remember and development of good personality. Brain maturation is ...

The Robert Feldman’s book "Psychology and Your Life” effectively draws the students to the aspect which connects their psychology to their respective professions and personal lives in that context. The Fallen Athlete case study at the end of chapter 2 definitely supports the concept of Neuroscience and Behavior. The questions concern the function of the brain and the and the definite functions of the neural systems. The answer to these questions solely illustrates the concern under which the neural systems are concerned with all the human behavior.

Concerning the athlete case, the question concerning the explanation concerning the ...

REFLECTION PAPER INPSYCHOLOGY

I am reminded of a line in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities that says “A wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other” (GoodReads.com, 2013) when in fact psychology aims to uncover the secrets and mysteries. Yes, I believe it is not possible for anyone, even professional psychologist themselves, to uncover all the secrets and mysteries of a person. However, I believe that psychology helps in understanding behaviors of people.

Upon reflection of some of the topics discussed in class ...

Driving distractions

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration http://www.distraction.gov/

This source acknowledges that distracted driving is an epidemic that is dangerous especially on roads in America. In the year 2010 3,000 people died in accidents that are caused by distracted driving. The U.S Department of Transportation is top at conducting activities that create awareness on the need to stop using mobile phones and stopping texting while on the wheel. The source talks about them holding national summits that ban use of cell phones and texting for those driving commercially, and is encouraging adoption of laws that are tough by states regarding ...

One example of when I experienced cognitive dissonance (McLeod, 2008) was when one of my friends, Dave, told me about his complaints about another friend, Maria. Dave told me these things in confidence. I advised him to tell Maria about how he felt but he refused and asked me not to tell Maria. However, I felt that Maria should know so I told her about Dave’s negative comments about her.

The inconsistent cognitions in this case were my belief about the importance of not breaking someone’s trust and confidence and my other belief that Maria had a ...

1. Why professionals should understand brain development

The early stages of child development play a pivotal role in the development of the cognitive skills of a child, which depends entirely on the development of the brain. The role of the professionals is to ensure that the child has the best environment to ensure that the child remains healthy while enhancing the development of the proper cognitive elements of a child. By understanding the brain, the professionals are able to modify and institutionalize practices as well as teaching methods that enhance healthy development ...

It is conventionally agreed that man is a social creature. That is, man tends to get more comfort and satisfaction from being with others of his kind. It is for this reason that people seek to be members of a certain social group. This is not a recent development, but something that has been in existence for as long as man’s history is. The sense of social belonging is one among the hierarchy of human needs as classified by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. There is the need to understand how these social instincts develop and how an ...

1. Differences between the psychoanalyst and the behaviorist observation

a) The psychoanalyst argument: Psychoanalyst observes that each stage in life development is focused on solving a given conflict. It is due to poor development of trust arising from unreliable care taker of the child, which makes her feel unsecure and not safe to instances, such as darkness. The solution given is that caretakers should always work to create trust in the development of the child.

b) The behaviorist argument: The behavioral theorist would argue that development in the child’s behavior entirely depends on her environmental interactions. Fear or ...

Psychology - Discussion Questions

Part 1

- Why is it helpful for human service professionals to understand how a client views the world using one of the mentioned cognitive processes? It is important for human services professionals to understand different ways of thinking in order for them to offer effective services that address the specific needs of different individuals. For instance, relativists view the world as lacking absolute truths or validities and that all values vary depending on perceptions and as such all values are applicable in limited contexts (Mérő & Mészáros, 1990). In other words, an understanding of how different ...

Arguably, older age is one of the unavoidable stages in human life. As a matter of fact, there are various classic aging patters that people undergo in their lifetime. As people grow older various things change, this includes physical, social and psychological changes. Certainly, studies show that older people tend to score lower on performance tasks, but can tremendously maintain their verbal reasoning for some time. These classic aging patters and characteristics are caused by various factors. The decrease of performance in the older age is caused by a decline and changes in non-cognitive functions such as psychomotor skills ...

Question 1

The origins of the definition of cognitive artifacts, comes from the roles they play in human learning, decision making and understanding: artifacts augment, influence or communicate these aspects. The term “artifact” refers to an object that is manmade. As such, cognitive artifacts are physical artificial devices designed by man to serve a specific purpose, by facilitating thinking, evaluation, as well as stimulate consequent actions or responses. The term itself (“Cognitive Artifacts”) was actually coined by Donald Norman, in reference to artificial devices designed to affect human behavior, through displaying, maintaining and operating upon information while serving a representational function. ...

Part (a)

It is the gradual or rather the progressive decline of one’s intellect-steady and gradual decline. The changes, caused by the progression of the disease are only noticeable after months or even years. It is usually evident in one’s behavior as far as social interactions are concerned. According to Dash and Villemerette-Pitman, “appropriate responses in social situations require normal functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain” and Alzheimer’s gradually impairs the functioning of the frontal lobes causing inappropriate social responses. The most vulnerable group in any given population is the elderly.

The signs and symptoms of the disease include (Dash and Villemarette-Pitman, 2005, p. 21)

- Forgetting things more often ...

- How can Piaget's idea that children are naturally curious about their world and actively seek out information inform approaches to education?

This idea can be applied in education of children in the form of development of school curriculums and by teachers in the planning of classroom activities which ensure that this proposition by Piaget is applied fully by providing learning opportunities to children to experiment with physical objects. This will involve evaluating the stages of cognitive development and providing the appropriate physical objects to facilitate their learning. Since there is a possibility that children may misinterpret what they ...

According to the Mayo Clinic (2012), depression is also known as “major depression, major depressive disorder, and clinical depression, and it will affect almost 15 percent of the population at some time in their lives (Turnquist, in Payne, 2011).” It is more than just a sense of being “down;” it is a real, persistent disorder that affects your mood in such a way (i.e. sadness or loss of interest in former activities) that it interferes with your daily life. It is a chronic condition, and it can last for weeks, months, or even years. People who suffer from it ...

Introduction

There are approximately five billion people using cell phones today globally. With the whooping numbers debate has been abound on the dangers of these very important devices to the surroundings and the wellbeing of the users. The most enthusiastic ‘participants’ in the never ending debate have been the scientific community and the players in the wireless industry. The scientific community periodically produces research findings on the imminent dangers of cell phones. In a quick rejoinder, the players in the wireless industry are in haste to interpret the results and findings of these studies to their advantage. Consequently, the general ...

According to Fagan (1974) memory is the ability to encode information, store and retrieve the encoded information. Therefore memory is what determines what we know and it makes us. Because if we can’t retrieve the information stored in our memory we are not going to recall anything. There are three classification of memory depending with the length that the information can be stored. Sensory memory is the first classification, and this is the ability of a person to remember what he/she has looked at with just a second of observation. This memory fades so quickly and it ...

There is quiet a lot that has been going on around us and I would really appreciate it if we would get some time together and catch up a bit. Personally, I have been having some challenges here and there but am still coping with life. By the way did you hear that I lost my car in the wake of Hurricane Sunday? I have been grounded for some time but the insurance company is working on my case. I hope to be back ...

1.0 Paediatric profile for Toddlerhood (age 1-3 years)

Toddlerhood is a stage between infancy and childhood during which the child learns how to walk, talk, solve problems and relate with other people. Toddlers desire to be independent hence they often explore and assert their independence by saying “no” often. Toddlers are often low on skill and high on self will. For this reason, the stage of toddlerhood is often referred to as “ the terrible twos.” The stage lasts between the ages of one and three with each stage marked by physical, social and emotional development. Theories have been developed ...

Introduction

Cognitive disorders are those which often affects elderly people especially those who are above the age of 65. In this kind of a disorder there is a significant change in the manner an individual behaves and functions. The function of the brain is impacted in cognitive disorders and hence this may have severe impact on the physical and mental functioning of an individual affected by such ailment.

Impact of cognitive disorders on the elderly

Elderly people suffering from cognitive disorders like dementia, Alzheimer’s ...

It has been a common notion about the existence of self. You are exactly who you look at yourself to be. The theory of personal identity revolves around the questions ‘What am I?’, ‘When did I begin?’ and‘What will take place after I die?’. The major questions that are posed by or own inner selves are what exactly strive to define who we are. Human Beings are constantly faced with the questions coming from their conscience. They are always trying to ‘figure out who they are’. The subject of personal identity has been of considerable interest to all ...

The hypocrisy paradigm is a trial tactic which involves the development of cognitive discrepancy between a perceived attitude and that which is real. It consists of two factors. One is that which advocates in favor of normal situation and the other is that which makes the subject become aware of the past misbehavior. This is done in order to bring about difference of opinion to the subjects. It was pioneered by self consistency theorists who put it that, self consistency to the theory of cognitive dissonance will occur when the personal principle of an individual is vulnerable. While this ...

Problems at the Ottershaw branch of Zinn’s Burgers and Pizza

The social reengineering of Zinn’s Burgers and Pizza is a capital investment and probably the most important and one that drives the whole business and its outlets all over UK. The problems associated with a change to make the business good using metaphors are extensive and disturbing. It will be negligent to ignore cultural themes while approaching a change initiative. (Blythe, 2005)

A common culture’s metaphor is the Morgan’s metaphors, which compares culture with brain and organisms. The metaphor becomes appealing by the fact that it summons up images of culture as one system having interconnected ...

Cognitive theory is based on the grounds of the ideas that humans are able to feel a stimulus, perceive it and have the ability to reason and hence achieve a logical understanding of the environment around us. The learning encompasses through both learning and the genetic makeup (Plotnik, 2011). Cognitive development is a combination of the ways of information processing, ability to reason, intelligence ability and the ability to develop individuals’ memories’. The theory emphasizes on peoples’ beliefs, thought processes and actions making it an excellent predictor of the group and individual behaviors (Sweller, 2011). The cognitive theory focuses ...

According to Litvak & Lerner (n.d.) of Carnegie Mellon University, “A cognitive bias is any systematic deviation from a normative criterion that affects thinking, often leading to errors in judgment.” That is a generic definition; there are many specific forms of cognitive bias that affect thinking in particular ways. In this instance, the particular form of cognitive bias that may be affecting the mentioned friend is one where one’s judgement relies on bad information. He’s come up with his answer before researching the subject fully, then – because he’s found sufficient information on the web to support that ...

Anxiety can be defined as a normal reaction experienced by human beings and involves the physical being and the brain as well. Anxiety serves as an alert system that is triggered when and individual recognizes peril or risk. It is an imperative fundamental survival function. An individual feels sensations of anxiety when the brain and the body respond to a threat or peril.

Anxiety is characterized by quicker heartbeats and panting, unsettled stomach, tense muscles, shivering legs and hands and sweaty palms. This response is an element of the body that is meant to fight flight. This is the ...

Visiting a carpentry shop, I came across a sand paper which may be the coarsest sand paper I ever touched. It felt like the grains are as course as the grains of the sand. After two minutes, I tried rubbing my fingers again but the sand paper seems to become fewer courses just like rubbing my fingers to a sugar in a cup. After another two minutes, I tried rubbing again my fingers to the sand paper and this time, it was not as coarse as the sugar anymore. The grains seemed to become finer just like the grains ...