Essays on Neurotransmitter

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Introduction It is a common knowledge that exercise is good for the health. However, only a people few exercises regularly. The National Center for Health Statistics in the United States, for instance, reports that barely half or only 49% of the adult population meets the standard guidelines for aerobic exercise while only 20.9% are meeting the guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening exercise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). With almost 80% of adults not getting the recommended exercise, health experts are becoming increasingly worried about its impact to the health and well-being of individuals and society ...

Parkinson’s disease lacks a cure but certain medicines can help manage the symptoms. These medications function to offer a substitute for dopamine, the signaling neurotransmitter in the brain. Carbidopa-levodopa is hitherto the most effective medicine to manage Parkinson’s disease. This chemical moves to the brain and is converted to dopamine. The chemical levodopa is mixed with carbidopa preventing it from being converted to dopamine prematurely out of the brain hence potential side effects such as nausea are lessened. Potential side effects with this medication however include orthostatic hypotension or feeling light headed and nausea. With continued use ...

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Abstract

Smoking and nicotine addiction is one of the issues that has been widely discussed and blogged globally. There are several divisive issues with regard to the effects smoking and how the problem should be dealt with globally. The public health officials use empirical evidence to prove that smoking causes problems like lung cancer, sexual impairment, and depression. The cigarette manufacturers on the other end oppose the idea that smoking can be directly linked to any of the three mentioned problems. The responses to such issues include various empirical studies trying to prove the health implications of smoking. This paper ...

Influence of Temperature and Neurotransmitters on Heart Rate in crayfish

TA for the Experiment: Introduction The cardiovascular system achieves key physiological functions in animals. Particularly, crayfish (Procambarus clarkia), also known as freshwater lobster, have been used to study physiological processes. This is because it is easier to study them in this species than in any other organism. In Crayfish, the circulatory system is open. Blood moves from the heart through the arteries and goes back through the open sinuses. Their heart is located in the cephalotorax, in front of the first abdominal segment, in the dorsal portion. Basic heart rate beat and rhythm in adult crustaceans depends on a ...

Psychology Summaries

Solomon, Caren G., Murray B. Stein, and Jitender Sareen. "Generalized Anxiety Disorder." The New England journal of medicine 373.21 (2015): 2059-68. ProQuest. 7 Apr. 2016 .Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1735349848?pq-origsite=summon Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a condition that creates excessive worry and concern in a debilitating manner for those afflicted with the condition. “According to representative epidemiologic surveys, the estimated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in the general population of the United States is 3.1% in the previous year and 5.7% over a patient’s lifetime; the prevalence is approximately twice as high among women as among men” (Solomon, Stein, and ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

Eating Disorder is a condition that includes self-basic, cynical musings and emotions about body weight, food and dietary patterns that disturb typical body operations and day by day exercises. Most dietary issues revolve around concentrating a lot on your weight, body shape and food, prompting risky eating practices (Agras & Apple, 2008). These practices can altogether affect your body's capacity to get satisfactory nutrients from the diet you choose. The most well-known dietary problems are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and voraciously consuming food issue. Eating disorders, among other recognized disorders is the most fatal, considering that it is harmful to ...

Abstract

This paper examines what mood disorders are and what individuals with a mood disorder are likely to face. This document encompasses the different types of mood disorders and how they affect an individual in a varied manner. Most importantly, the biological basis of each has been discussed at length. Depression is the most common mood disorder, and that is why -in one way or another- all other odd disorders are likely to revolve around depression. In general, when a person has a mood disorder, they face extreme mood - either too happy, too anxious or too sad. All these ...

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And they lived happily ever after. Several fairy tales that we row up with end up this way. The prince and the princess fall in love with each other as soon as their eyes meet, and soon enough, they find themselves vowing to be together for the rest of their lives. From fairy tales, novels, and movies, we have been exposed to the concept of being attracted and falling in love, and these ideas are almost always believed to be matters of the heart. Often, we think that fate calls our heart and guides as to find ...

There is a lot of focus and puzzles on hypoxic drive in the modern society. What is hypoxic drive and what are the processes that facilitate it? Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is lack of oxygen in a part of the body or the entire body. In this condition, the patient’s body utilizes oxygen chemoreceptors rather than carbon dioxide to regulate the respiratory cycle (Greaves et al. 120). This essay discusses biochemical, physiological, epidemiological, and clinical evidence to support hypoxic drive in the chronic hypercapnia patient (Galvagno 58).

Macro and micro neural circuity involved in respiratoty/ventilator drives and pattern generation

Rhythmic respiratory movements originate from neutral activity. Specialized ...

What The Nootropics Are?

People all over the World are as concerned about their cognitive health and brain performance as they care about their physical well-being. In doing so, they sometimes address nootropics – a class of supplements known for their cognitive enhancing and memory boosting effects. The nootropics are sometimes referred as so-called “smart drugs”, but in fact, smart drugs are mostly prescribed medications with nootropic effects, used mostly to treat definite mental or cognitive disorders. They may enhance concentration and cognitive abilities in patients, but often have tremendousside effects and, when used improperly, can lead to tolerance or addiction. In their turn, nootrpics ...

- Luigi Galvani was the first man to reveal the electric nature of the nervous system. He did this by stimulating the legs of lab animals with electric currents in 1791. In 1914 Henry dale furthered the research of neurotransmitters by demonstrating the physiological action of acetylcholine.

Luigi Galvani was a physician and physicist and is known for his work determining the nature of how electric currents travel through the body. He did so by attaching electrodes to a frog’s nerve endings and observing the movements that occurred when electricity was applied. Sir Henry Dale is a London born expert ...

Human behavior is determined by the interplay of several factors; individual genes and the environment are some of the leading factors in determining personal traits and tendencies. However, although inheritance and the environment play the greater role in determining an individual’s behavior, hormones as well as neurotransmitters also play crucial roles in shaping one’s behavior. Some hormones, for example, are linked with controlling anger and aggression in both men and women, while other sets of hormones are linked with the control of sleep. Hormonal imbalances are also linked with the control of individual temperaments. Hormones exert their ...

Psychology

The retina is one of most important part of the eye and among the most affected part as the person ages. It is apparent that every measure of visual functionality declines as the age increases (Salvi, Akhbar and Currie 2006). Given the increase in socioeconomic relevance of rapid assimilation information particularly the visually communicated information, visual impairment constitutes severe problem to the person in functioning productively in its environment. By definition, the eye retina is the sensitive layer located at the back of the eye, which covers about 65% of the eye’s interior surface (hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, N.D.).

It is ...

Part 1a: Imagine you are being chased through the woods by a hungry bear. Which nervous system would engage? (parasympathetic or sympathetic) Why is this?

Someone being chased through the woods by a hungry bear will have his or her sympathetic nervous system being engaged in the flight. This second type of autonomic nervous system tagged sympathetic will be responsible for the control of many homeostatic mechanisms that will help the person to flit away from the hungry bear. The mechanism is that of the sympatho-adrenal response of the body. The interconnected neurons of the SNS are connected to several organs of the body which enables several organs to be controlled during this period of flight response. In response to the flight, the organs connected ...

LSD has been a popular approach among psychotherapists, as it has presented beneficial effects for patients, in treating anxiety. My query is regarding the efficacy and safety of LSD on patients while treating for psychological perspective. The required effective and suitable dosage of LSD is also a considerable question, that what amount of LSD exerts positive effects (Gasser et al 153; Hofmann 53-60). LSD or Lysergic acid diethylamide is a compound that was considered to play a significant role in serotonin neurotransmitter system. As a potent psychedelic, it has been associated with brain functioning. Various clinical trial based studies have revealed that it ...

Introduction

The neurophysiology of nerve pulses in the cell were the subject of the online laboratory experiment in order to better understand neuron communication from inside a cell to the outside of a cell. One of the incredible characteristics of the nervous system is its capability to communicate due to the existence of neurons. Neurons show a measurable response to their environment by producing an electrical signal. We can smell due to olfactory sensory neurons that can directly react to perfume, food or anything with an odor; these odors are the sensory stimuli. The function of the receptor potential is to trigger an ...

Re-uptake involves the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by any of the neurotransmitter receptors or transporters. The transporters involved are usually of pre-synaptic neurons. Re-uptake occurs after the neurotransmitter has transmitted a neural impulse. Re-uptake is very crucial in order for the normal functioning of synapses to take place. This is because it allows the neurotransmitters to be recycled, thereby regulating their levels in the synapse. This in turn dictates the length of time it takes for a signal - generated by neurotransmitter release - to last. Neurotransmitters are usually large hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the neuronal membranes. For this reason, ...

Introduction

Depression is a disease affecting a large part of the population today. Though many people experience sadness from time to time, depression is a much more complex disease. It affects a person’s daily life and often results in physical pain. Unlike the occasional feelings of sadness that fade away, depression lasts longer (NIMH, 2014). Biopsychology involves the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and biology (Green, 2013). In the study of their relationship, biology and behavior mostly interact in the brain and nervous system. It will also apply to the analysis of depression in relation to the biology; this study ...

Abstract

Cocaine has a variety of physiological manifestations. Cocaine is a local anesthetic that was discovered in the sixteenth century. The characteristic of being a local anesthetic is the primary attribute for its application in medicine. There are a number of compounds that have been recently created that are more effective than cocaine for the purposes of anesthesia. Cocaine also has the characteristic of being a potent vascoconstrictant. The applications of vascoconstrictant are effective for the implementation of throat and nose surgery. The application of cocaine in the nose and throat areas has the characteristic of deterring bleeding. Cocaine also has influence over the sympathetic ...

Introduction to Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe mental ailment that affects about one percent of the population worldwide. It is a major mental disorder that inflicts an enormous burden on the victim causing poor quality of life (Jones PB, Barnes TRE, Davies L, et al, 2006). It increases morbidity and mortality (Murray C J and Lopez A D, 1997), disrupts interpersonal connections and upsets family structures and adds substantial economic costs to the society (Freedman R, 2003). Typical symptoms of schizophrenia, include, delusions, disordered thinking, hallucinations, and bizarre speech or behavior. Though it is very rare to observe the onset of this disease ...

Substance Abuse

The biopsychosocial risk factors associated with alcohol dependence. Dependence on alcohol is a worrying concern for many. It not only affects the person addicted to it but people around too. Scientists have always tried to understand what it is that gets one person addicted while others exposed to the same circumstances and environment stay away from addiction. There are biopsychosocial risk factors associated with alcohol dependence and a lot of theories that try to explain addiction. Some of the theories that explain alcohol addiction are Genetic theories, which deal with the genetic predisposition to alcohol addiction, with genes passed on ...

Part 1

Imagine you are being chased through the woods by a hungry bear. Which nervous system would engage? (Parasympathetic or sympathetic) Why is this? The nervous system of a human being is categorized into two major parts, the first one being the peripheral nervous system, which comprises the autonomic nervous system, the somatic nervous system and the cranial and peripheral nervous system. The second major part is the central nervous system which made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays the fundamental role of controlling the spontaneous or involuntary body functions. Such functions ...

Abstract

Sexual addiction is a controversial topic that lacks substantial data. However, a psychosocial and neurotransmitter theories have been postulated in order to shade light on this disorder. Sexual addiction denotes sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors that appear out of an individual’s control or extreme in frequency; extreme addiction to sexuality (Kingston & Firestone, 2008). Addiction, on the other hand, denotes the state of behavior that goes beyond the boundaries of social norms and hinders a person’s ability to develop healthy relationships or function appropriately in life’s general aspects (Kingston & Firestone, 2008). In this paper, I provide theoretical explanations for John’ ...

Section I:Introductory Overview

A. Background and History of PTSD Many research findings found out that anxiety disorder known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a ubiquitous neuropsychological phenomenon. It happens to almost any individuals, no matter what their age, gender, ethnicities, etc. Being associated with serious traumatic events, it has many characteristic symptoms, such as survivor guilt, lack of involvement with reality, recurrent images and thoughts, numbing and reliving the trauma in dreams. People undergo the reliving of traumatic events via recurrent nightmares or similar threatening scenarios (National Institute of Health, 2014). Individuals with the disorder have excessive distressing feelings triggered by ...

Abstract

Obesity is a heritable and genetically influenced disorder. Recent studies have proved that obesity is a biochemically driven neurological disorder. Obesity has a complex and heterogeneous genetic and phenotypic manifestation. Familial obesity is monogenic and common obesity is polygenic. Leptin and its receptor (LEPR), the α-melanocortin-stimulating hormone receptor (MC4R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and prohormone subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) are some of the single genes involved in monogenic obesity. Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 gene (GAD2) gene is thought to be part of a polygene system resulting in common obesity. GAD2 coding sequence is present on chromosome 10p locus and encodes for a protein GAD65. This protein catalyzes ...

2. Neurodegenerative disease resulting in mental and intellectual decline (alz.org). 3. Most common cause of dementia and progressively worsens leading to patient’s death. 4. Symptoms a. Memory loss (alz.org). b. Inability to solve daily tasks and problems c.Confusion about place and time d. Depression and social withdrawal - Causes of AD - i. Presence of Amyloid peptide oligomers and neurofibrillary tangles that result in damage and death of neurons.(Gravitz, 2011) ii. Inherent Genetic predisposition. (APOE) allele 4, GSK3 and TREM2 are part of gene clusters associated with AD ( ...

Pituitary

The different functions performed by the anterior and posterior pituitary in terms of sex The anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis, is basically an interior lobe (glandular) which alongside the posterior pituitary, makes up the pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin which stimulates and smooth muscle contraction in the mammary glands and the uterus. The anterior pituitary on the other hand stimulates release of thyroid hormones, FSH and LH to stimulate sex cell production and release of sex hormones; it also stimulates sex cell production as well as secretes prolactin to stimulate milk production. ...

What is nicotine?

Tobacco that basically comes from the plant known as nicotiana tabacum has been utilized for many years. It can be chewed, sniffed, or smoked. The initial depiction of tobacco addiction is contained in a New World report in which Spanish armed forces said that they were unable to quit smoking. Initially, nicotine was being used as an insecticide with its analogs still being used as insecticides currently (Yamamoto & Casida, 1999). When isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves was performed in the year 1828, scientists started researching its impacts on the body as well as brain. This research ultimately demonstrated ...

Introduction

Pain is an essential part of the body’s defense system which is perceived as an unpleasant feeling. Pain produces a quick warning to the central nervous system to start motor response as a minimization of harm. Lack of pain perception is dangerous can cause grave problems such as Auto-amputation, corneal scarring or self-mutilation. Researchers in the medical profession have distinguished between pain and what is known as nociception. Nociception occurs when signals get to the central nervous system as a result of the activation of nociceptors (Svokos & Goldstein, 2009). Nociceptors are special sensory receptors which relay information regarding tissue damage. Pain ...

Introduction

MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is commonly referred to as “ecstasy” or “molly”. In recent years, this substance has gained a lot of popularity; and has become the drug of choice for recreational purposes among the adolescents and the adults. Beneath the widespread popularity of the drug, there is a belief that it is a safe drug with no toxicity, but this is not the case. Individuals who take MDMA often report that it gives them a sense of euphoria, minimal or no inhibitions, or increased sensuality (Hahn, 2013). The drug has various psychoactive properties that can make an individual addictive to its use. The ...

Introduction

The fields of psychology and neurology are awash with researches that seek to establish how behaviors are influenced in human personality and what the motivation for human action is. In this context, determining the cause of drug addiction behavior such as the brain processes involved as well as social interactivity and thought processes has been the objective of many studies. Imaging and scanning technologies like Positron Emission Tomography (PET) that enable further insight have been used in this inquiry (Volkow, Fowler, and Wang, 2003). The insights gained have informed debates and research. This paper reviews this knowledge in seeking ...

Introduction

This research paper compares and contrasts the views of professionals with respect to fibromyalgia; whether it is of psychological or physical nature / origin. Having conducted the following research and studied the views of others, especially those who we would all hope should know – the medical professionals, the view of this researcher is that fibromyalgia is more psychological in nature, even though that opinion is changed considerably from the view that was almost universally held in less enlightened times, when referring to a condition as having psychological causes was interpreted as implying the person was suffering from a mental illness, which ...

Neurotransmitters are biochemical substances that carry the information between the body and the brain. They transmit neuronal signals that are necessary to inform the brain on which functions to carry out through networks of neurons called synapses (Boeree, 2009). The neurotransmitters may be inhibitory or excitatory. The excitatory neurotransmitters are those that cause the brain to perform certain physiological functions while the inhibitory neurotransmitters bring balance to these functions that are designed to suppress or inhibit them (Neurogistics, 2013). The functions of the neurotransmitters in the body are significant as the neuronal signals transmitted by them influence bodily ...

Caffeine is a compound that has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 and is commonly known as methylxanthine [1]. The systemic name of caffeine is either 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine. Other names that are used to refer to caffeine include mateine, theine, coffeine, and guaranine. It is a chiral molecule and has no stereoisomers. The caffeine compound has two groups of amide that predominantly exist as zwitterionic resonance structures. In these structures, the atoms of nitrogen and carbon are bonded through a double bond to one another making the two nitrogen atoms are basically planar. This results in a ...

Abstract

There have been several instances where a drug has been developed for medicinal purposes but has eventually become more popular as an intoxicant. Ecstasy and Molly are two of the most prominent MDMAs today. While they differ in the manner in which they are consumed as well as the intensity of their reaction, the impact they have on the mind and health of a human being is mostly the same. This paper addresses the characteristics of each and traces its impact. Addiction and intoxication by several substances have been used as a common way to find bliss and pleasure since the ...

Introduction

Human beings experience different biological rhythmic changes when they are sleeping or dreaming due to different experiences during the day. We all have internal biological clocks that are called endogenous pacemakers these are controlled by the environmental factors that are known as the exogenous zetgebers. These factors are responsible for making sure that the period changes are controlled. The rhythms that are connected with sleep and dream are circadian, ultradian, and REM also known as rapid eye movement.

Circadian rhythms

The circadian rhythm the period it takes is a whole day experience. One example that is commonly known is the sleep wake ...

Addiction is a dangerous chronic disease which comes in many forms such as drug use, gambling habits, sexual behaviors, the addiction to food and the desire to have an abundance of money that is obtained by any means. Addiction has created destruction in many families, crumbled prosperous lives and has even ended in the death of the addict, Is there a cure for an addict. The answer is no however it can be managed by empowering the addict with knowledge of the disease, taking actions to control the addiction and treating the disease. 2.The difference between addiction and dependency. ...

Introduction

According to the American Medical Association (AMA), alcohol addiction or alcohol dependence is defined as a primary, chronic disease with psychological, genetic, and environmental factors influencing its manifestations and development.

Description

Alcohol addiction is characterized by: - Lack of ability to control use of alcohol - An extended period of heavy, frequent alcohol use - Physical dependence manifested by withdrawal symptoms when the individual stops using alcohol - A variety of legal and social problems arising from the use of alcohol - The need or tolerance to use more and alcohol to achieve the same effects ...

Latasha Ross

American Public University Modern science has proven that there is a significant connection between body and mind. Mind and cognition are very important for our emotional functioning in everyday activities. Also, they represent the base for psychological health. However, when it comes to physical health, some scientists are not convinced that mind and thoughts can be responsible for development of ailments. This field has waked up curiosity in many researchers and became very popular during the last few decades. Psychological wellbeing is very dependent on cognitive style and emotional interpretation of reality. If someone has pessimistic cognitive style, ...

Introduction

The patient is a 24 year old male who was found laying on the floor of his apartment at 7.30 am by his friend who had come to pick him up to go to work. I was called in and directed to the living room where I found the patient on the floor with his arms tight and curled towards his chest, his head back, back arched, and his eyes rolled back with a fixed gaze. His mouth is open and his facial muscles appear to be pulled back tight. My first impression and thus diagnosis is that the patient is ...

- Some individuals are born with a hole between the two sides of their heart this means that blood can mix between the left and right sides of the heart. Explain why this is a problem and types of symptoms this person might exhibit? The problem with hole between the two sides is the mixing of the blood, which then raises the pressure in the lungs. The result is that there is reduced oxygen in the blood that goes into the body. Symptoms may include difficulty in breathing, short breath and respiratory infections in children. - Cholesterol can build ...

RELATIONSHIP OF THE BRAIN TO VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

Relationship of the Brain to Aggression The brain is responsible for all activities involving the human behavior. They may include aggression, control, violence, love, reasonability and all functions that emotional, or in any way related to the social functioning of an individual. The subject of the human brain affecting ones aggression and violent behavior has been a subject of investigation in the resent years. Psychoanalysts as well as biologists want to find the brain parts that are responsible for this behavior. They also want to seek the differences in the brain structure of a morally controlled human and an aggressive ...

Fill in the following boxes by identifying and describing the location of the 6 neurotransmitters outlined in the textbook. Describe the effect and function of the neurotransmitter and then discuss possible mental health or behavioral or physical issues that can be associated with too much or too little of the neurotransmitter. Save this document and type directly onto the document. The boxes will expand to accommodate what you write. Submit as an attachment to the appropriate drop box.

Identify the Neurotransmitter

Location of Neurotransmitter Effect of Neurotransmitter Function of Neurotransmitter Possible mental health, emotional, behavioral, or physical issues resulting ...

Introduction

The patient whose name was Jack had gone to a local restaurant with his friends at night when he began to exhibit the following symptoms: He was restless; he kept pacing around in spite being urged to do stop doing so by his friends and the staff at the restaurant. His movements around the restaurants were ill co-ordinated. He was agitated and disorientated and insisted that he did not want to be touched. In spite being disorientated, he was cognizant of my arrival. He would make utterances regarding the world and how “screwed up it is.” In between talking about ...

An investigation into the cholinergic receptor control of gastric muscle activity through the action of neurotransmitters

Introduction Different types of neurotransmitters have different effects on the activity of the smooth muscle. Neurotransmitters exert their effects on smooth muscle through binding to different types of neurotransmitter receptors present in smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles in the body that do not have the ability of controlling their own movements. Smooth muscles are unstriated because they lack the visible cross striations available in other types of muscles like the skeletal muscles (KCUMB, 2012). Smooth muscles are small in diameter 2-10mm. The muscle fibers that make the single unit muscle are complied together into sheets. ...

Discuss in detail the mechanism of action of named antiepileptic agents with reference to the relative clinical success of a particular mechanism in the treatment of epilepsy Carbamazepine is a Sodium channel Blocker. It is the major first line antiepileptic drug. It is used for the treatment of partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Carbamazepine blocks sodium channels during rapid, sustained neuronal firing. It also prevents post-tetanic potentiation. Phenytoin is also another first-line drug for the treatment of partial and secondary generalized seizures. Its mechanism of action is to block the movement of ions through the sodium channels during ...

Nervous System

1. Neurons communicate with other neurons and stimulate both glands and muscles. 2. Match the following parts of the neuron and their function:

Dendrites input area, receives signals from other neuron conductive region; generates an action potential Soma (cell body) input area; main nutritional and metabolic area input area; receives signals from other neurons Axon conductive region; generates an action potential input area; main nutritional and metabolic area 3. Signals from other neurons are received at junctions called synapses, located primarily on the dendrites and cell bodies, the receptive and integrative regions of the neuron. ...

Abstract

Depression refers to a mental condition that is characterized by several symptoms that include but are not limited to: lethargy, isolation, prolonged periods of sadness, sudden emotional outburst such as crying for no particular reason, bouts of rage, self destructive tendencies such as cutting or biting, anxiety, paranoia, loss of appetite or unusual increase in appetite characterized by binge eating, insomnia and hostility. Recent estimates indicate that 1 out of every 10 individuals in the United States in termed as clinically depressed. The study also found that those likely to e depressed are: persons without any source of income, those ...

Vicent’s case study

Question 1- Discuss in point form The clinical features of the scenario that lead you to administer oxygen. The clinical scenario that lead you to administer oxygen; cyanosis, level of consciousness indicated with GSC 7, respiratory rate of 4 breath per minute which is regular but shallow, lowered pulse rate which is weak and regular are the clinical features that are responsible for the initiation of oxygen administration.

The physiological rationale for administering oxygen.

The physiologic rationale is to manage hypoxia and thus reduce the cyanosis, which is the result of shortage of oxygen and increased concentration ...

a) Explain why the effort of hormonal (Endocrine ) control tends to be slow whereas nervous control is usually very fast.

Endocrine control is normally slower when compared to nervous control majorly because hormones once released by the endocrine gland have to travel via the circulation to reach their target receptors on the effector organ which generally takes more time. Meanwhile, information relayed by nerves is in form of impulses (that is, action potentials generated due to electrical excitation produced by a change in the charge across the surface membrane of the neuron evoked by the stimuli) that simply travel along the ...

Depression is a common disease which causes the patient to suffer from behaviors and thoughts which are negative and also by certain changes in bodily activities. These physical changes are called neurovegetative signs like body aches, crying spells, low libido, insomnia and weight fluctuations. There are different kinds of depressive disorders like manic depression, clinical depression, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression, chronic depression and others. There are no specific causes of depression, it is caused by a combination of factors which are psychological, biochemical, genetic and environmental (Lunbeck Institute 2). It is therefore a complex disorder which has no specific treatment which is ...

Drug abuse has become a worldwide issue, where each and every nation is struggling to control and prevent the ever increasing rate of drugs and substance abuse. As of today, the issue has become part of debate in almost all communities and nations in the world, and the question on who should take charge and how these issues should be solved without major effects on the society at large, has also raised more concern.

Drug and substance abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of frequent use of a certain drug substance, which is not considered dependent (Abadinsky, 2010). While this definition may ...