Essays on Adenosine

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Introduction

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are vital reactions in living organisms since without the two; there would be no life on earth. Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of living organisms thereby converting nutrients like sugar into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Osterhoudt & Barhydt, 2010). On the other hand, photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by the photoautotroph in the presence of sunlight. Most animals attain their energy requirements through cellular respiration while on the other hand; photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their food. These two reactions ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Social And Physical

UNIVESRITY Introduction Almost 90% of adults in the United States consume caffeine on a daily basis (Tasman, Kay, Lieberman, First, & Maj, 2011). Caffeine is the most popular mood-altering drug in the world (Tasman et al., 2011). Those who regularly consume caffeine typically drink coffee, tea, sodas or energy drinks as part of their routine. Many Americans depend on regular doses of trimethylxanthine(Nikić, Andrić, Stojimirović, Trbojevic-Stanković, & Bukumirić, 2014), the chemical name for a bitter white powder known as caffeine, to remain alert and fight off exhaustion to be productive throughout the day. Whether it's brewed from a K-Cup, sipped ...

Introduction

Stem cell therapy has proved to be a boon for the medical world. It has made treatment of many diseases a lot easier than it could have been ever imagined. Diseases which were earlier considered untreatable can now be treated with the help of this latest development in the field of Medical Science, known as the stem cell transplant. Many medical researchers believe that stem cell transplant have enormous potential to change the face of disease among the humans and relieve them from their sufferings. There already are a good number of stem cell treatments existing in the medical ...

In the process of wound healing, angiogenesis is also known as neovascularization. The process commences in lined with the proliferation of the fibroblast when the endothelial cells mover towards the wound site. Oxygen and other nutrients are required for the formation of epithelial cells and the activity of fibroblasts. In comparison to the fibroblast and epidermal mitigation, angiogenesis is crucial for other stages of wound healing. The process of angiogenesis is complex and occurs in the following stages: Latent period: In this stage, vasodilation and premeabilisation are known to permit leukocyte extravasation during the haemostatic and inflammatory phase. Decontamination ...

Investigating how light intensity will affect the rate of photosynthesis, with the help of DCPIP, in Spinach leaves.

The aim of this experiment is to find out how the rate of change of light intensity affect the photosynthesis in spinach leaves. Successful farming of food crops is very essential for both the nutritional and financial health of a nation. Governments of almost every nation invest land and labour to crop farming, as much as is possible, keeping in mind the other needs of a country. But, however, due to many reasons the maximum crop yield possible is not always achieved. For the production of a healthy crop certain conditions are necessary. The primary among these conditions are ...

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ION CURRENTS IN DETERMINING THE SHAPE AND DURATION OF CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL

Introduction Selective permeability to various ions is an important characteristic of cell membranes, one that determines myriad cellular functions. In animal cells, ion permeability and the electrical potential generated thereof determines the activity of neurons, myocytes and the like. The electrical potential depends on the concentration of the ions inside and outside any given cell, the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions and the ion channels that are present on the surface of the cell. Cardiac cells also possess different ion channels on their surface. These determine the two types of electrical potentials, namely, resting membrane ...

- Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose Enzymes are organic catalysts. In this context, organic denotes the matter in question is generated or is obtained from a living life form. The word Catalyst indicates a matter that has the aptitude to boost a chemical reaction’s rate, and is neither transformed nor damaged by the reaction that it speeds up.

Many chemical reactions occur but a slow rate that their progress would seem to be imperceptible at normally encountered environmental temperature. However, the enzymes are specific to certain functions. Generally, they may speed up a reaction, ...

Introduction

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are very important processes. This paper highlights these two processes by giving an in-depth explanation of how these processes occur, where they occur, their importance, and the equations. The paper starts with the photosynthesis process as it answers the guiding questions, and ends with the cellular respiration process. Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then storing it in sugar bonds. It occurs in plants and algae of the kingdom Protista. Photosynthesis is a process whereby the green plants utilize energy from the sun to convert water, carbon ...

Enzymes as Catalysts

All known enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes have a number of properties that make them catalysts. To begin with, enzymes accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up them or altered by the reaction (Luciano, 1983).similarly; enzymes accelerate rates of chemical reactions without changing the equilibrium between the products and reactants of the reaction.

Metabolism of Fructose in the Liver

Once fructose is absorbed, it is rapidly taken up by the liver by glucose transporter, GLUT2(Bozzetti,2006).The fructose in the liver is rapidly metabolized by the enzyme fructokinase into fructose -1-phosphate.Aldolase B enzyme acts on the substrate fructose -1-phosphate.The enzyme metabolizes fructose-1-phosphate ...

Abstract

Caffeine is a widely-used drug that modifies the psychological condition of the consumers. At high doses, it causes various caffeine-related symptoms such as agitation, as well as the restless legs syndrome. Since caffeine is a habit forming drug, it allows the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. It also alters sleep patterns in accordance with the consumed daily caffeine dose. Although its arousal of the central nervous system can induce pleasant effects at relatively lower doses, caffeine can impair concentration and attention at increased doses. The present study, therefore, examines the various adverse effects of consuming caffeine at high doses. The ...

Caffeine is the most pervasively used psychoactive and widely used mood-altering drug in the world. The fact that caffeine is not regulated implies, this drug does not have severe effects. It is clear that the coffee, tea and other beverages that contain caffeine result in addictions. Research indicates that the caffeine is extremely addictive, with ability to cause conditions of intoxication, withdrawal, and dependence. The addiction arises from its ability to induce sleep, decrease pain, and fatigue, boost memory, and promote anxiety. Caffeine helps in sustaining duration, maximizes effort, and increases speed during endurance events. It has not been ...

The science of sleep cannot boast of its significant age. In essence, the research of the brainwork by scientists continues only the last hundred years. Have you ever tried to do without sleep for a week or a month? Clearly, it is almost impossible. After some time, our brain is tired. The body starts to ache. People without sleep become irritable, lose the ability to think clearly and cannot concentrate. They need sleep - time to recuperate and stockpile for the next activity. People over 20 years out of 60 spends in a dream, and that is one third of all ...

Influence of Coffee on Exercise

Caffeine is a pharmacologically active substance that is consumed extensively around the world today. Various dietary sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated drinks and energy beverages (Goldstein et al., “International society” 2010). Among these dietary sources, coffee is the most significant and widely consumed source of caffeine around the world in the present times. Statistics from North America and Europe show that around 90% of the adults consider themselves as regular coffee drinkers and their average caffeine intake adds up to approximately 200mg per day (Pesta et al., 2013). Chemically, caffeine is 1, 3, 7,-trimethylxanthine i.e. ...

The discovery of DNA as the genetic material was one of the landmark events in the field of biology. By confirming DNA as the genetic material scientists made a huge leap that has advanced the cause of medical science to a great degree. While discussing the discovery of DNA as the genetic material, we mostly speak of Friedrich Miescher (1871), the man who discovered DNA. After the discovery of DNA a significant number of studies were conducted that proved DNA as the genetic material. Then Griffith, (1928) conducted studies on bacterial transformation and indicated that genetic information can be transferred from one ...

ID Number

Introduction

This experiment is to evaluate the effects of the use of drugs on the human body, particularly, the effects of Salbutamol on asthmatic patients. Specifically, this paper seeks to describe what a drug is and the principles behind the actions of drugs and to detail drug receptor interactions such as specificity, binding, affinity, antagonists, and agonists. In this study, participants performed the Harvard modified step test. The aim of this study of this test is to measure the maximal physical working capacity such as the maximal oxygen intake (Rhyming, 1953). It is hypothesized that maximal working capacity such ...

Mitochondria are important organelles found in all nucleated cells contained in both plants and animals. It is because they are the sites in which organic substrates are oxidized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a substance normally used as a provider of chemical power. This energy produced is used up in most intercellular processes (Pon & Schon, 2011). This discourse will analyze the difference that exists in mitochondrial movement, in plants and animals. Notable differences between plant mitochondria movements and animal mitochondria movements do occur mainly because of the physical and integral distinctions that are found between the two organisms. To execute ...

Introduction

Genes are the smallest functional units present in the human body, which controls the development and formation of the organism. These genes are present on the chromosomes as pair and are expressed when the body needs a certain protein or compound. However, at times, one or both the genes may be faulty due to mutations. This impaired gene causes the formation of a Genetic disorder. These genetic diseases were studied with the tools of biotechnology and thus developed the Gene Therapy technique (Sheridan 121). Gene therapy is a tool that uses biotechnological techniques to prevent diseases caused by defective genes. It ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...

Caffeine is a compound that has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 and is commonly known as methylxanthine [1]. The systemic name of caffeine is either 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine. Other names that are used to refer to caffeine include mateine, theine, coffeine, and guaranine. It is a chiral molecule and has no stereoisomers. The caffeine compound has two groups of amide that predominantly exist as zwitterionic resonance structures. In these structures, the atoms of nitrogen and carbon are bonded through a double bond to one another making the two nitrogen atoms are basically planar. This results in a ...

Caffeine is the name that is used to commonly refer to the trimethylxanthine and has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 (Helmenstine, 2013). The compound has two major systematic name, which are 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine and 3, 7-dihydro-1, 3, 7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2, 6-Dione. Other common names that are used to refer to caffeine include guaranine, coffeine, mateine, theine, and methyltheobromine. The molecular structure for caffeine is as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Caffeine is usually produced by a number of plants that include guarana, coffee beans, cacao beans, and tea. It usually acts as a natural pesticide in plants where it kills or paralyzes insects ...

Ahmad Al-Obaidly

Abstract—In this experiment, a hand dynamometer was used to measure the grip strength of a subject. The forearm muscles were engaged in an activity, and the grip recorded. The electromyogram (EMG) activity was related to the grip strength by making a graph of the maximum grip strength against area under the EMG activity’s absolute integral during the contraction of muscle. Data was recorded from the dominant and non-dominant forearms of the subject and the electrical activity of each forearm compared to its diameter. Prolonged grip strength was also recordings and forearm EMG activity made to determine fatigue rate in both ...

Introduction

Platelets comprise of a very important component in the blood. They prevent blood loss in the body. This is enhanced by formation of an entangled mesh made of fibrinogen which is activated by calcium ions and the von Willbrand factor. A complex physiology ensues within the first few minutes of exposure of the tissue underlying the epithelial tissue in the skin (Hoffman 2009, p.123). Platelets also play a very important role in ensuring the pathogenic organisms are prevented from entering the body through the exposed tissue on the skin. This paper comprise of various components which are intended to illustrate the ...

The doctor suspects mitochondrial disease which can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes. To help the doctor determine where the defect might have occurred:

1. Explain what would happen if the interconversions of the Cori cycle occurred and remained within a single cell.

The cori cycle refers to a pathway of carbohydrate metabolism which links the processes of anaerobic glycolysis (glucose breakdown) in skeletal muscle tissue and glucose synthesis that is gluconeogenesis in liver cells. Anaerobic glycolysis is the major source of energy in form of ATP for skeletal muscle cells when they are under intense activity; it generates ...

In numerous ways, the human body can be regarded as chemical dispensation plant. In that, chemicals are ingested, processed via a variety of types of reactions, and then dispensed all over the body to be utilized instantaneously or accumulated for later utility. These chemicals utilized by the body can be separated into two wide groups: the macronutrients, those that we require frequently and in great quantities, and micronutrients, those that we require merely in small amounts. Among the macronutrients, there are three major classes necessary to living organisms: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Simple Carbohydrates vs. complex carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are referred to as the major energy ...

Introduction

Biology is broad and therefore embraces various topics in life that concern living organisms. Micro biology for instance deals with the study of very small organisms that are able to reproduce and sustain their generations. This is where the study of prokaryotes comes into the scene. The contrasting organisms to prokaryotes are referred to as eukaryotes. Contrary to prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms have complex cell structures. Biology tends to full describe the complete nature of these organisms, their feeding habits, how they reproduce and where they thrive best, that is, their habitats.

Prokaryotes are single celled organisms whose cells lack ...