Essays on Reaction

Vitamin C Clock Reaction: Kinetics

Vitamin C Clock Reaction: Kinetics

Abstract

Collision theory refers to a theory that was proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis independently. The theory qualitatively offers an explanation on the way chemical reactions take place and the reason behind differences in reaction rates in different reactions. The rate equation for a given chemical reaction refers to the equation that provides a link between the pressure or concentrations of the reactants and the parameters that are constant partial reaction orders and the rate coefficients. This experiment aimed to determine the rate of reaction of reaction between iodide and hydrogen peroxide and determine the order ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Cellobiase is an enzyme that is involved in hydrolyzing the products of the exocellulase (cellobiose) to form individual monosaccharides. The process breaking down cellobiose is a natural process and helps most organisms produce glucose for use as a source of food. This experiment aimed to study the cellobiase by determining its rate of reaction and effects pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate or enzyme on the rate of reaction. The initial rate of a reaction catalyzed by cellobiase enzyme is 11.25nmole/Minute with the optimum temperature being 37OC and the optimum pH was pH5. The activity of the enzyme is also ...

Introduction

The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one substrate in order to produce the ...

Abstract

In this experiment, 5 mL of toluene solution was transferred in a 25 mL round bottom flask and then 0.40 g maleic anhydride and 0.4 g E, E-2, 4-hexadien-1-l added. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent to carry out a TLC analysis on the mixture produced after reaction completion mainly to determine the presence of any starting material in the mixture. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to room temperature. There was crystallization taking place as the reaction cooled, white crystals were formed. The mixture was further cooled in for 10 minutes in a water bath to promote crystallization to ...

Introduction

Aspirin is a commonly used drug. One of the properties of aspirin is that it is an analgesic, meaning that it relieves of pain. Aspirin is also an antipyretic drug meaning that it relieves on of fever. It also has anti-inflammatory properties meaning that if readily relieves swelling from tissues (Ahluwalia, Sunita & Adarsh 231). Salicylic acid has two functional groups. One of the functional groups is the phenolic group while the other functional group is carboxylic acid group. The presence of these two functional groups means that salicylic acid can undergo esterification in two different reactions. In one reaction, ...

Abstract

The Stroop effect involves demonstrating a longer reaction time inherent in performing a more complicated task. The effects of conflict processing on reaction time is thought to be significant; the higher the level of conflict processing, the longer it takes for someone to react to that conflict. The current study measures response times based on four different exercises involving the reading of numbers and row length. The third exercise includes two levels of complexity (counting and number identification), as opposed to a single level of complexity with the remaining exercises. Eight pairs of subjects are tested for reaction time based on these ...

Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions. Since ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs. Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

A basic kinetic study of a chemical reaction often involves conducting the reaction at varying concentrations of reactants. In this way, you can determine the order of the reaction in each species, and determine a rate law expression. Once you select a reaction to examine, you must decide how to follow the reaction by measuring some parameter that changes regularly as time passes, such as temperature, pH, pressure, conductance, or absorbance of light. In this experiment we will use color change to derive the initial rates of the reaction. Before coming to lab you should read in your text the section on ...

Introduction

In this experiment, we are interested to determine the heat change of two different reactions using the ice calorimeter. The heat change values are applied together with the given values of the heat transformation of water (∆H(H2O)) and the application of hess law to establish the heat of formation of MgO (∆H(MgO)) A formation reaction has a defined stoichiometry which makes them ideal constructs to be investigated by the Bunsen ice calorimeter. When the heat is released by the reaction, it causes the ice to melt and the volume of the ice-water mixture to contract. From the ...

Introduction

Biological reactions are those reactions that are involved in various activities, in the body including energy production. Reactions that produce energy are called exergonic reactions while those that use energy are called endergonic reactions. Enzymes enable chemical reactions to take place within a living system most of which are under a homeostatic constraint. In these reactions, enzymes function as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy necessary in a reaction (Cooper, 2000). Enzymes bring the reactants involved in a reaction closer together weakening the chemical bonds and this enable the reactions to occur faster compared to reactions that have no enzyme (Farabee, 2010). ...

1. Introduction

Pharmaceutical products alleviate suffering in patients by presenting therapeutic benefits to them. There is risk in the use of these products, but by consenting to use the drug, the patient has deemed it fit that the benefits of the drug far outweigh the potential danger they may pose. There are two types of reactions that may be exhibited by the patient; adverse drug reaction and adverse drug event . Adverse drug reaction is the typical way in which the body responds to a drug that is toxic, and whose use was unintended. This usually occurs at normal doses for disease treatment. ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Reactions taking place in a biological system are usually catalyzed by enzymes. One of these enzymes is the cellobiase, which is works to degrade cellobiose into glucose monosaccharides. Just like any other enzyme, cellobiase works under very specific conditions and alteration of these factors may result in a reduction, in its activity. The experiment was done with an aim of studying the cellobiase in terms of its reaction rate and how factors such as temperature, pH concentration of enzyme and the substrate affect the rate of cellobiase activity. It was determined that cellobiase has an initial rate of a reaction ...

Abstract

As the majority of the people are becoming more aware of the adverse effects of petroleum-based products consumption and of the continued diminishing of natural fuel oil reserves all over the world, the search for more environmentally friendly and renewable substitute is becoming the focus of many studies. Such substitute products include the soybean-based adhesives, and soybean-based adhesive bonded wood composites and particle boards. In this study, a “literature review” was conducted in order to identify the many issues associated with the search for a replacement for petroleum-based adhesives. Accordingly, the issues identified are (1) environmental friendliness, such as the biodegradability ...

Introduction

Change management is a make or break situation managers face in their strategic decisions. An organization has a number of stakeholders with varied interests. These interests must be taken care of in any proposed changes. Failure to cater for the interests of stakeholders may lead to resistance and undesirable behaviors thus hindering the success of the firm. CEC International Holdings Limited (CEC) is expanding the business by opening the retail business section, ‘759 STORE.’ The plan is a fundamental change in the company since the company initially dealt with electronics manufacturing. This paper attempts to design a change framework that the management of ...

Lab Report on preparation of Esters by Esterification

Introduction The organic esters are characterized using their pleasant and fruity odors. Some of these odors include lead to fruits such as banana, pear, and orange to have their pleasant smelling. When carboxylic acid is mixed with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid leads to the production of an ester. The strong acid is used as a catalyst and the general reaction is as below. The esterification reaction is a reversible reaction with the forward being referred to as esterification, while the reverse reaction hydrolysis. The general formula of an ester compound is as follows: The experiment aimed ...

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction known as PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. It is a Molecular Diagnostic technology used for amplification of DNA. A single copy of DNA can be amplified to higher magnitudes with a thousand copies of a single DNA sequence. PCR has now been developed as a Molecular Diagnostic tool for Cancer and mainly to detect the early onset of leukemia or lymphomas. It is widely used as a diagnostic tool in the field of microbiology and is also utilized in detection of infectious micro-organisms y detecting specific disease causing genes. In the year 1993, Mulis was awarded the Noble ...

The doctor suspects mitochondrial disease which can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes. To help the doctor determine where the defect might have occurred:

1. Explain what would happen if the interconversions of the Cori cycle occurred and remained within a single cell.

The cori cycle refers to a pathway of carbohydrate metabolism which links the processes of anaerobic glycolysis (glucose breakdown) in skeletal muscle tissue and glucose synthesis that is gluconeogenesis in liver cells. Anaerobic glycolysis is the major source of energy in form of ATP for skeletal muscle cells when they are under intense activity; it generates ...

Abstract

Enzymes are the large biological molecules that play the role of metabolic processes responsible for maintaining the human life. They have the ability of high selectivity, as natural catalysts. They accelerate both the specifity and rate of metabolic processes, from food digestion and DNA synthesis. Most scientific enzymes are proteins in nature, even though some RNA molecules which are catalytic have been studied. The structures of enzymes normally adopt a three dimensional structure, and in order to assists in catalysis, it may employ the organic and inorganic forms. This experiment is meant to describe the properties and characteristics of enzymes ...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as a substrate to produce the ...

Abstract

Kamin blocking is a condition where animals elicit a Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) to a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and fail to associate any other Unconditioned Stimulus (US). This study investigates if the Kamin blocking principle holds true for human subjects. Using food as a conditioned stimulus and Allergic reaction as an unconditioned stimulus, a contingency judgment task experiment was conducted on 683 participants, where they were exposed to a CS in the first stage and a combination of CS, US and a superimposed stimulus in the second stage. In the third stage. Participants asked to predict the probability of the superimposed stimulus eliciting the US and compared ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Abstract

In industrial processes, the generation of waste waters is unavoidable sometimes. It is therefore important to develop process for decontaminating this water. The treatment of toxic effluent that contains pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals cannot be satisfactorily attained through the use of conventional processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been very vital and successful in their application to degrade these toxic compounds found in water. The high generation of extremely powerful oxidizing agent like the hydroxyl radical forms the back bone of the AOPs. This method is capable of destroying organic compounds until ...

Abstract

Introduction: This involves a review of how the brain processes images based on the position of the body. The right cerebral hemisphere has a centre for this function, and there are various processes in such analysis by the brain. The results reflect certain features of an individual.

Hypothesis: There will be a difference between males and females reaction time when mentally rotating an image.

Methods: Males and female persons of various ages who agreed to participate in the study went through the tasks. Their signed consent only became viable if the institution granted as permission to carry out the study. This grant was in hand at this time. The participants went through the Overman Mental Rotation Task with ...

Introduction

An eEnzyme is kind of a protein and, like all proteins, proton is composed of a chain (or chains) made up of the 20 different amino acids found in most living organisms. The sequence of the amino acid chain(s) determines the 3-D shape of the protein, and its shape to a great extent determines its properties. and it has a 3-D shape. Enzymes act in aqueous solutions to facilitate used in biochemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier, but they are not themselves changed or consumed by the reaction. This is referred to as catalysis, and enzymes are biological catalysts. to make ...

Psychology:

APA Citation: Carlozzi, N. S. (2010). “Personality and Reaction Time after Sleep Deprivation”. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY, 29(1), 24

Synopsis:

A series of experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between personality development, personality traits and reaction time for individuals due to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a condition whereby an individual is not able to get enough sleep. The condition can be either chronic or acute and can lead to a number of problems. Problems include fatigue, anger, ineptness and depression. This is mainly because lack of enough sleep affects an individual’s cognitive function. In order to investigate the effects ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

(Chemical Vapor Decomposition)

Introduction

Photovoltaic solar panels are designed for direct conversion of solar energy into electricity. They consist of a plurality of solar cells (cells) which are made of silicon, one of the most abundant elements on earth. Structurally, the photovoltaic solar module is electrically interconnected solar cells having output terminals for connecting the loads. Each cell contains a semiconductor layer 2: positive and negative. On the silicon layer is applied to one particular substance, whereby an excess of electrons. This forms a negatively charged n-layer. On the other layer created deficiency of electrons and becomes positively charged (p-layer). When a photon of ...

Lab Report: Ethanol Determination Experiment

Objective: “To Determine the Ethanol content in several beverages using the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.”

The Chemistry behind this experiment is simple enough to understand. In the reaction carried out in the experiment, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is formed which can be analyzed quantitatively to find the concentration of Ethanol. The reaction involves oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde. This oxidation takes place with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This formation of NADH can be seen in the Δ absorption at 340 nm micro level. At this wavelength, the reduced co enzyme absorbs at a very fast rate than the oxidized one, ...

Introduction

Wrestling is a combat sport in which two opponents with the help of different grappling techniques like throws and takedowns, clinch fighting, pins, and joint locks try to obtain and maintain a superior position (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Wrestling is a form of ancient martial art that was very popular in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. It is believed that the ancient Greeks developed wrestling in order to prepare soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. After the Greeks were defeated by the Romans, wrestling was borrowed by the Romans who modified the sport by eliminating much of the brutality of the Greek way wrestling. ...

Introduction

All cells carry out cellular respiration in order to meet their energy requirements and to form metabolic intermediates that can be used to form secondary products. Amongst those products formed as a consequence of cellular respiration, are ATP and CO2. The formation of ATP in the cells occurs through the use of organic molecules available in the form of food (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). When oxygen is not available, ATP formation goes through a fermentation process, usually, referred to as alcoholic fermentation. The process utilizes a number of different sugars as the starting material. These sugars include fructose, glucose, and sucrose. The ...

Section ____________________

Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab) Figure 3-sulfolene Figure IR spectrum for cis-4-Cyclopentant – 1,2 dicarboxylic acid anhydride Figure from experiment in the text

NMR 1 from lab results endo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride

Figure 2 from lab results the exo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride (less stable) Theoretical from http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/pericyclic/p1_sigma.html

Discussion

Figure 1.The diene (1,3 butadiene) plus the ethane (sulfolene) produce a cyclohexene (either the endo or exo isomer depending on reaction conditions). Figure 2. Under acidic conditions to sulfuric acid the endo isomer plus water form the less stable exo isomer ...

1. ABSRACT

The purpose of this experiment was two-fold. Firstly it was to synthesize shape-controllable Copper Oxide (Cu2O) under alkaline conditions by using hydrothermal methodology. Secondly it was to measure and evaluate its application for photocatalytic degradation of direct blue dye 53 also commonly known as Direct Blue 53 or Evans Blue. Materials used for the first step were Cu2O and the two reactants, CuCl2.2H2O and NaOH. The temperature during the hydrothermal process was raised from 80°C to 140°C. Two products were synthesized: a) the Cu2O nanorod and b) a mixture of Cu2O nanorod and Cu2O nanocubes.

Hydrothermal temperature was found to ...

Abstract

The experiment conducted is a palladium catalyzed coupling of a terminal alkyne to 4-Iodonitrobenzene. 1.25 mL of 95% ethanol was added along with 93mg of 4-Iodonitrobenzene, 80mg piperazine hexahydrate and 4 mg CuI, in a 5mL clean and dry conical vial plus spinvane. 80 µL (density 0.898 g/mL) of tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran was added to the solution through an automatic pipette. To this add 3 mg of Pd(OAc)2, refluxed and stirred under a water cooled condenser for half an hour until it turned dark brown. The reaction mixture was then poured into a clean and dry evaporating dish and heated gently with a ...

Abstract

It is held that women react faster to hearing than men. Evidence also existed that suggested that hearing loss that was related to age differed between women and men. While men are said to be more likely to suffer hearing loss than women. When it comes to environmental factors, women on the other hand are more likely to suffer hearing loss than men as a result of advanced age. Studies have been conducted to show that there exist differences in hearing as far as sound ranges were concerned. This theory was, therefore, attributable to hormonal differences between women and men. ...

Introduction:

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to break down substances living thing need to sustain life. Most chemical reactions are too lengthy to do this on their own; even in the cases of relatively thermodynamically favored reactions like that of the oxidation of a sugar. An example of this is the oxidation of glucose to produce water, carbon dioxide and energy. Glucose on its own can remain exposed to air for years without any appreciable oxidation. Nevertheless, it is one of the substances most quickly broken down and absorbed in the human body due to the digestive system’ ...

Introduction

In a chemical reaction, either the products or reactants tend to have a higher enthalpy than the other. In some cases, the enthalpy of reactants is greater than the enthalpy of products. On the other hand, in other cases, the enthalpy of products tends to be greater than the enthalpy of reactants. A reaction involving the products with higher enthalpy than the reactants is said to be endothermic (Brown, et al, 172). On the other hand, chemical reactions where the enthalpy of reactants is higher than the enthalpy of products are said to be exothermic (Brown, et al, 172). The reaction ...

Abstract

Enzymes are the components that enhance the reaction rate in a biological system by reducing the quantity of activation energy necessary to start a reaction. This experiment worked to determine the effect of pH and concentration of the substrate on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH for enzyme’s best-working condition was determined to be pH 7 while the 4g was the concentration of the substrate that saturated the enzyme.

Introduction

Enzymes are the components that enhance the reaction rate in a biological system. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the quantity of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction. The enzymatic activity ...

Chapter review

Chapter review Matter is anything that has mass and occupy space. The smallest particle of matter is referred to as an atom. An atom is the basic substance of the matter. An atom consists of; tiny subatomic substance. These substances are; proton, electron, and neutron. The protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. The atom is divided into two parts, the center that consists of the neutrons and proton and the outer part which consist of the electrons. An atom has different properties; a physical property can be seen and observed without ...

Introduction

People influence the behaviors of those they come in contact with in many different ways. One of the most important ways is that the presence of others set expectations of others. In fact, people’s behavioral patterns are not random, but they behave in different ways based on the expected response of the society. Within each social situation, there is a given set of expectations regarding the appropriate ways in which people are expected to behave. These expectations often vary from one group to another. One of the ways in which the expectations of the society become clear is through ...

IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST FOR RACE

Abstract The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures human attitudes. Implicit attitudes are considered those judgments or actions of people that are automatic and the person has no idea what causes that judgment or action. The automatic action is a result of influences from societal beliefs. IAT is different from qualitative psychological tests for measuring attitudes because the measurement is of the cognitive processes of memory that cause a person to show a particular attitude automatically. IAT-Race was used to study racial stereotypes in an experiment to determine if the “Obama Effect” was observed. The participants were prompted to go to a web ...

In the healthcare perspective, according to Gennaro et al. (2000), biochemical reactions are the chemical reactions involved in biochemical and cellular processes and particular actions of substances that affect these processes. Understanding biochemical reactions lead to the “understanding of the molecular bases of diseases”. The knowledge of receptor sites and metabolism (among other things) direct healthcare measures in efficient therapy management. Knowing normal cellular communication and metabolic pattern chemical reactions determine conditions that are abnormal in disease states. To Giese (2013), the scope of pharmaceutical reactions involve those of pharmaceutical biomolecules and biomolecule analogues and the chemical reactions involving ...

Abstract

Oxidation is a common problem in olive oil due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acid, this leads to nutritional losses and quality degradation, especially under microwave heating. A number of studies have been done to add natural antioxidants to reduce oxidation. This project examines the possible application of olive leaves to reduce or inhibit olive oil oxidation under microwave heating. Olive leaves were able to increase the total polyphenol content as well as reducing the peroxide value in olive oil. However, the microwave heating caused severe quality degradation (increasing peroxide value and reducing total polyphenol) especially after 10 ...

Hypersensitivity, which is also known as hypersensitivity reaction, refers to excessive and undesirable reactions such as allergies and autoimmunity. The reactions produce discomfort, damaging, and to some extent fatal and are caused by the normal immune system. The hypersensitivity reactions are basically divided into four main types based on the mechanisms involved and the time that is taken for the reaction to manifest. These types are types I, II, III and IV (Ghaffar). The type I hypersensitivity, also known as anaphylactic or immediate hypersensitivity and involve skin, eye, nasopharynx, and bronchopulmonary tissues. This reaction causes a number of symptoms ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below. When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

OUTLINE

Introduction

MHPAEA Act 1 was enforced to guarantee that the people seeking mental and drug abuse disorders receive the same coverage as those seeking medical and surgical care.

Research

The importance of the policy is evident from the fact that drug use and mental health disorders contribute to the development of more than 60 diseases and conditions that are covered by traditional medical plans, including cancer.

Public reaction for Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act 1

The reaction from the public, the media and public service advocates was positive. However, the reaction from employers and medical plan providers was negative, because the change would widen their coverage burden.

The clusters affected by MHPAEA

The groups ...

Abstract

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The factors that affect enzyme activity include enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and the substrate concentration. This experiment aimed to determine the effect of lemon juice, which is acidic on the activity of catechol oxidase enzyme. According to the results, high acidity inactivates the catechol oxidase enzyme. The optimum pH level for catechol oxidase enzyme can, therefore, be said to be pH 6.

Introduction

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the amount of ...

In 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that 1.3 million traffic accidents in the US, which is approximately 23 percent of all accidents, occur while drivers are using cell phones (Lane, 2011). Around 1.2 million crashes occur because drivers use phones for conversations while the other 100,000 occur because a driver is typing text messages (Lane, 2011). A survey was conducted on 912 smartphone users by State Farm, and 19 percent of them reported using their cell phone for surfing the internet (Sarno, 2011). Although their online survey did not report the demographics of the participants, ...

Abstract

Amylase from Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae were studied as representative candidates for bacterial and fungal enzymes, respectively. The activities of these two enzymes were studies comparatively over a period of 10 minutes and at temperatures of 0, 40, 60 and 95°C. The experiment was conducted to find the most effective temperatures for bacterial amylase and fungal amylase to catalyze starch hydrolysis. The data suggest that fungal enzyme was relatively more active, particularly in the first 6 minutes, than the bacterial counterpart at 0°C. On the other hand, the fungal enzyme activity deteriorated more rapidly than that ...

- Describe two features that make all enzymes catalysts.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reaction between substances and remain unchanged in the reaction. Enzymes are vital to several bodily functions and make possible such processes like metabolism and catabolism. Two features that make enzymes catalysts is their ability to lower the activation energy and their inherent tendency to combine with coenzymes and cofactors. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to activate the molecules of reactants in order to initiate a chemical reaction. Some substrates have high activation energies that would need very high temperatures to activate ...

Logical thinking is often called critical thinking or left brain thinking. Logical thinking is that type of thinking which allows individual to think based on what we know or knowledge, certainties and what we can prove. Logical thinking is persistent when we think and decide with provable and rationally definite information i.e. information we can be certain about because it has been established methodically. This allows us to make logical deductions. It is the type of thinking that we use in doing things with definite rules like playing chess, and solving puzzles with definite answer.

Out of several pros ...

Introduction

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are very important processes. This paper highlights these two processes by giving an in-depth explanation of how these processes occur, where they occur, their importance, and the equations. The paper starts with the photosynthesis process as it answers the guiding questions, and ends with the cellular respiration process. Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then storing it in sugar bonds. It occurs in plants and algae of the kingdom Protista. Photosynthesis is a process whereby the green plants utilize energy from the sun to convert water, carbon ...

Introduction

Polymerization could be considered to be perhaps the main chemical reaction associated with modern living. It is a reaction that is common in nature for the formation of “biopolymers” such as celluloses and proteins. It can also be thought of as the fundamental reaction type for the formation of DNA, making polymerization essential for life as it exists on this planet. In general terms, polymerization is a reaction process in which the molecules of an appropriate material, termed the 'monomer', become bonded together to form a much larger linear chain or a three-dimensional network. A polymer is thus a material that consists of very ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Film Studies: Understanding the Difference

Introduction Human behavior is such a complex element to explain. It could not be denied that through time, the aspect of defining human behavior has been subjected to several debates especially involving considerations over the process by which humans tend to change according to matters and people that surround them. Considerably, human behavior is highly adaptable. This means that it responds to both internal and external elements that identify strongly with how a person develops as an individual. The manner by which such influences become evidently impacting to a person is shown through the way he begins to react on matters ...

Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 Essay

<Tutor> <Department>

Q1. Anaphylaxis identification, management and prevention

Anaphylaxis is referred to as an allergic reaction encompassing anaphylactic shock as a severe manifestation of the said allergic reaction according to Sinclair (2010). The average number of the people believed to be at risk of the aforementioned condition is about 1 to 15% if exposed to certain allergens. Experts believe that the estimated figures vary depending on the definitions of reaction (allergyfacts.org.au, n.d.). During an anaphylactic attack, the patient’s body reacts badly to allergens causing by food, venom, medication, and or insect bite. The body has a natural defense mechanism that fights the allergic ...

Introduction

An acid that gives two hydrogen ions for every acid molecule is known as diprotic acid. Examples of such acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), chromic acid (H2CrO4) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Dissociation of a diprotic acid in water takes place in two stages. In the first stage, the diprotic acid dissociates to give one hydrogen ion and a monoprotic form of the acid. H2X(aq) H+(aq) + HX-(aq) The second stage involves the dissociation of the monoprotic form of the acid to give the second hydrogen ion and fully dissociated form of ...

The Wall Street Journal versus The Financial Times

The Wall Street Journal versus The Financial Times On October 5, 2011, Steve Jobs, the former CEO of the Apple Corporation, died at age 56. Given Jobs’ persona as a prominent business leader, two business media organizations, The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and The Financial Times (FT) were prime contributors to the media coverage of this event. This paper will compare and contrast the coverage from these two sources of media, one based in the United States, the other based in the United Kingdom. First, the two coverage collections will be analyzed as to the types of articles produced, ...

Physical property of a substance is that property which can only be observed but cannot be changed. They include color, volume and weight. On the other hand, a chemical property is that property of a substance which can only be observed through changing the chemical composition of the substance.

Difference between physical and chemical reactions

A physical reaction does not evolve a new matter. A chemical reaction on the other hand produces a new substance.

How different an element is from a compound

An element is a pure chemical material composed of the same type of atom. A compound on the other hand is entailed of atoms of unlike elements that are chemically combined together. Elements in the ...