Essays on Transfusion

During the second week, the CRP analysis was performed in the class. Blood testing for C-reactive protein aids in the rapid identification and verification of the progress and effectiveness of the treatment of infections, injuries and inflammation. The analysis was conducted to determine the acute infectious diseases, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis), monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (pneumonia, septicemia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, etc.) (Arinzon Z. et al., 2011, p.365). In addition, it helps to define the determination of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes but also on chronic hemodialysis ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

Mark’s case is one among the many that healthcare providers face on numerous occasions. In this case, Mark presents at the clinic or within the ER having sustained serious injuries following a car accident. He is assessed to have significant internal bleeding and therefore in need of immediate blood transfusion to arrest the progression of the situation to a severity point. The doctor determined that three units of blood would be necessary for Mark’s situation and therefore placed the order for an immediate transfusion. At the time the transfusion was to occur, Mark was still conscious and ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Q1. Prevention of Errors and Patient Management

Blood products are considered medications and thus should require the same level of precautionary measures as when a nurse administers a drug to a patient. Errors in blood product administration can be prevented by learning and adhering to applicable guidelines. According to the Australian and New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion (ANZSBT, 2011), a checking procedure should be undertaken for blood products prior to transfusion. The nurse must check that the blood group as indicated on the product is compatible with the patient’s blood group as indicated on the laboratory compatibility label (ANZSBT, 2011). In case there are ...

Artificial blood

Artificial blood is a derived product that acts as a substitute for the red blood cells present in the body (Sódar, et al. 2016). In comparison to true blood, the purpose of artificial blood is to transport carbon dioxide and oxygen to all parts of the body. Based on current evidence, artificial blood can be developed or prepared by recombinant biotechnology, chemical isolation, or through synthetic production (Sódar, et al. 2016). The concept of plasma in artificial blood was first introduced in the early 1600s (was also known as blood substitutes). The search for true blood substitutes ...

NAMEUNIVERSITY

Emerging infections are defined by Friis and Sellers (2014) as infectious diseases which were just lately identified and classified taxonomically. The majority of them can cause strong and dangerous epidemics. The term is opposed to the term reemerging infections, which denotes “. . . some ‘old’ diseases, for example, tuberculosis or syphilis, that were renewed because of changed conditions in the chain host-agent-environment (Friis and Sellers, 2014). Beltz (2011) describes such emerging diseases as HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, Lyme disease, Respiratory distress syndrome, Lassa fever, Cholera and others. In most cases emerging infections are not caused by mutations in a pathogen (Beltz, 2011). Lashley ( ...

Definition:

Ebola virus, well known for its hemorrhagic effects produced inside as well as outside of body. This virus progresses with bleeding, which leads to organ failure and if not treated properly can also cause death. ("Ebola virus and Marburg virus - Mayo Clinic", 2016). Ebola is also termed as Ebola Hemorrhagic fever because of its hemorrhagic property and it is also known to cause the death of 90% effected people ("Ebola Virus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention", 2016). There are 5 strains of this virus and four of them are known to cause deadly symptoms like hemorrhage. Ebola have its ...

Patient Blood Management (PBM) refers to an evidence-based and multidisciplinary approach of adjusting and optimizing the type of care that patients receive, especially those who might need a certain type of blood transfusion. There are numerous types of blood transfusion procedures that can be done today; and there are many medical conditions that may require one to be executed. Each condition and blood transfusion process has its own set of indications and contraindications (plus precautions) and this is what highlights the need for a standardized and high quality PBM approach. Previously discussed topics such as cross-matching, electronic release, and ...

Introduction and Overview

The Rhesus factor (Rh) refers to the red blood cell’s(RBC) surface antigen;the name Rhesus comes from the small Indian monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility,sometimes referred to as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with the Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh- positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. This condition can have fatal outcomes including haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). These conditions have, in the past, raised a lot of concerns, and some ...

[Institution Title]

Introduction

In 1818 Dr. James Blundell made a successful attempt to transfer blood from a human source to another human being using an instrument he personally developed to save another person’s life . Following Dr. Blundell’s successful medical procedure, there had been numerous study initiated to improve the process and quality of blood transfusion. Nevertheless, this procedure cannot be initiated unless there is an available source of blood that can be transferred to a patient. Relatives were among the very first subjects tested for blood matching in the event that a patient needs the procedure. However, in ...

Introduction

HIV is one of the most deadly viruses affecting the human immune system. Scientists across the globe work day and night to search for the cure of the HIV bit to date no solution has ever worked. Despite there no cure for HIV, scientists have developed various treatments to assist the victim live longer and fight opportunistic infections. The paper discusses the case of a young female who had other symptoms diagnosed with HIV.

Common modes of HIV transmission in the developed countries and the populations at a greater risk of acquiring HIV

The HIV infection is transmitted through open cuts and breaks in the skin. It is also transmitted through mucous membranes, such as the ones inside ...

Patient information

The patient under review is a 42 year old female Indian who is admitted into the emergency room presenting with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Prior patient diagnosis reveals the patient had suffered from dental abscess and also a fractured tooth, which was subsequently treated with antibiotics. However, a tooth extraction procedure was carried out for the extraction of the tooth. Ensuing dental ache was treated with drugs purchased over the counter (OTC) including ibuprofen and acetaminophen before the medical prescription of Vicoprofen. The patient complains of nausea and headache in addition to vomiting copious amounts of a dark brown liquid ...

Mechanisms by which Incompatible Red Cells may be Cleared from Circulation

Introduction One of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality is related to haemolytic transfusion reactions.1 Many factors that account for haemolytic transfusion, and complement activation is the most widely studied and documented feature linked with such reactions and fatalities, and many researchers have focused on the role of complement initiation, activation and regulation with respect to these reactions. Others have focused on the underlying strategies involved in mitigating the complement modulation, in the event of an incompatible red blood cell transfusion.1 Many reports have stated that incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are the leading cause of death in ...

Hepatitis- A Review of Viral Disease

Abstract The liver is one of the key and principal organs of the body and virus of hepatitis potentially develops an inflammation of the liver due to an increase in particular enzymes. There are many types of hepatitis, but the commonly known virus is hepatitis A, B and C. Hepatitis has a long history since the time immemorial due to inadequate sanitary conditions. The infection of hepatitis A is related to picornavirus, and major symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and anorexia. Moreover, the visitors traveling to endemic countries are at higher risk. Hepatitis B is related to ‘serum ...

Healthcare professionals are often faced with ethical dilemmas as well as questions and if they are inadequately solved, they could jeopardize the quality of health care, professional action or user autonomy (Purtilo & Doherty, 2015). As such, bioethical concerns should be effectively addressed to foster quality healthcare, professional action as well as user autonomy. The refusal of blood transfusions among individuals who practice the Jehovah witness faith is one of the major ethical dilemmas witnessed in healthcare. Inherently, members of the Jehovah witness do not accept blood transfusions based on their religious doctrines (Pozgar, 2014). Essentially, the beliefs of the ...

In the nursing profession, ethical dilemmas arise when certain factors prevent nurses from doing what they consider the right thing. One of these dilemmas is the battle of beliefs. This dilemma arises when empirical knowledge in the medical and nursing profession is contrasted with cultural values and religious beliefs. Certain cultures and religions forbid modern medical practices such as blood transfusion, organ transplant, surgery and even medicines. For example, blood transfusion is strongly abhorred by members of the Jehovah Witness sect. Cases have been reported where patients in intensive care unit reject lifesaving procedures merely because of religious believes. ...

The selected Public Service Announcement (PSA) on blood donation would be applicable under conditions of man-made or natural ‘time-limited’ emergency or disaster, but it’s effectiveness in inciting a positive response would be limited. On one hand, the PSA uses a subtle language that incites the reader to respond positively to the ad. The line, ‘every 2 seconds somewhere in the world there is a need for blood transfusion’ helps the reader to grasp quickly why blood donation is necessary to save human lives. However, the PSA does not stress on the urgency of blood donation in time-limited disasters ...

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) is a blood-related disorder that occurs in a fetus or a newborn infant. This problem usually arises, when a mother has different blood type than her unborn baby, i.e. a condition known as “incompatibility”. Most common form of this incompatibility is ABO incompatibility, which is not very severe condition, and the least common form of the incompatibility is Rh incompatibility. Due to these differences in blood types, antibodies in the blood of mother attack the red blood cells of the developing baby resulting in the destruction of blood cells of the baby causing ...

Specific purpose

Thesis Statement Introduction Body Conclusion Specific Purpose: To encourage the audience to donate blood to the blood bank donors. Thesis Statement: The blood need is increasingly growing among the population; therefore, it is significant to donate blood as it goes into helping thousands of needy people.

I. INTRODUCTION A. Material for attention: How does it feel when someone is in need of something? How can the longing be if it is something that one cannot live without for a long time? Okay, that is exactly what happens when someone is in need of ...

1. What is Normal hematocrit ranges?

The normal hematocrit ranges are dependent on two things which are the age and sex of the individual. However, it is only dependent on sex after adolescence. The normal hematocrit ranges are: 55%- 68% for Newborn babies, 47% - 65% for one week old babies, 37% - 49% for one month old babies, 30% - 36% for three month olds, 29% -41% for one year olds, 36% - 40% for 10 year olds, 42% - 54% for adult males, and 38% - 40% for adult women.

2. What is Occult blood?

An occult blood is defined as a negligible amount of blood present ...

Life is a boon to every living kind. It has been the system of nature that one depends upon others for their survival. The dependency can be in different format. It can be either for the food, support, and different other variables. Humans being the social creature are dependent upon one another for their survival. The dependencies are upon the biological and physical needs of people. One helps other upon their survival fulfilling their needs at various different levels.

Human body is composed of different organs sharing common features with other bodies. Unlike some organs, different biological units are classified ...

Discussion Questions on Clinical Nursing

1. The cephalosporins are a family of bactericidal antibiotics structurally related to penicillin which were first derived from the fungus, Cephalosporum acremonium. 

Cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed class for antibiotics (eMedexpert, 2011). This class’ mode of action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephamycins. Every form of bacteria cell has a certain cell wall for protection. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which makes the bacteria cell walls break down and the bacteria eventually die (eMedexpert, 2011). One intravenous (IV) drug under this class is cefazolin. For adults, dosage for ...

In the recent years, there has been a need to increase advertisements on blood donation. These advertisements have been done through posters, radio stations and even the television stations. The aim is to reach as many people as possible so that the problem of blood shortage in hospitals can be addressed once and for all. Blood shortage has been caused by various factors that will be addressed by this research. In addition, these advertisements have some impacts on society. The aim of this research paper is to evaluate the causes of advertisements encouraging blood donations. The paper will also evaluate ...

Ethics, a moral philosophy or branch of philosophy that determines the course of human action pertaining to the concepts of right and wrong (Longstaff, 1995, Web). Ethics is being observed in the society as a universal benchmark of human behavior. More importantly, it is being practiced in all industry particularly in healthcare. The fact that healthcare is dealing with patients and their welfare, it is detrimental that people in healthcare industry religiously follow the ethical standards of their profession. Health professionals deal with circumstances and situation that has a direct impact to another person's life on a daily basis. Therefore, it is ...

Inventory management system

Introduction Information management systems have been on the rise. With computer use and automation on the rise, the need to have information systems has been seen to be one of the greatest trends in the world. Inventory management is a significant information system that helps to track stock in an organization. Most of the users and people who install inventory management systems want to achieve the need to have an understanding of the flow of stock in their organization. This paper will focus on an inventory system that will be used in a clothing store. The system is to be ...

Introduction

A memorable case written upon the pages of medical history books is Karen Quilain whose parents went to court in order for doctors to remove her ventilator. She lived nine years after this health care intervention, dying from pneumonia (Quinlan, 1977). The health care practice here relates to removing life support. There have been countless research studies showing where blood transfusion practices have been detrimental to patients because either the blood was old or contaminated. Also, organ donation policies regarding the non-heart beating donor often resulted in patients’ relatives opting for donation without prior consent of the unconscious patient ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

HIV & Pregnancy: Discussing and Evaluating HIV among Pregnant Women and Their Infants

Since its discovery in early 1980s, HIV or human immunodeficiency virus has been noted to kill approximately 39 million people worldwide, with another 1.5 million dying of HIV-related causes, making it the number one deadliest infectious agent worldwide (US Dept. of Health & Human Services, 2014). Attacking primarily the immune system of the body, HIV generally makes the body susceptible to a wide array of diseases that normally do not cause life-threatening complications to an uninfected body. HIV affects people regardless of sex, age, race, and socioeconomic status and it is primarily acquired through sexual activities. As a sexual disease, HIV has ...

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) poses a serious threat to the well-being of people in different parts of the world. When the virus infects, body cells of a healthy individual, it weakens the immune system and makes an individual vulnerable to contracting to AIDS. In essence, this paper covers many aspects of the HIV virus including its pathophysiology, genomic factors, prevention, treatment, a comprehensive literature review among others.

Pathophysiology of the Disease Processes

Usually, the HIV causing virus binds itself onto cells often classified as CD4 alongside a co-receptor enclosed by a set of glycoproteins (Hammer & Squires, 2010). Notably, replication of DNA is dependent on an unreliable process, which ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Introduction

Blood consists of erythrocytes and leucocytes suspended in it. Blood is pumped from the heart to the body through the arteries and it enters back in the heart through the veins. Blood without cells is known as plasma while serum is the straw colored liquid obtained after the removal of the clot. Plasma contains different proteins, nutrients and waste materials. There are different cases of blood disorders observed in humans.

Blood cells and platelets

The most abundant cells in the blood are the anucleate, biconcave erythrocytes. They contain a red pigment known as hemoglobin (Hb) that carries dioxygen (O2). Hb contains four subunits each ...

There is a growing area of concern between the rights of patients and the often necessary practical needs of the students in the medical field. The debate has majorly focused on whether patient’s rights are infringed when a case of negligence or misdiagnosis has happened in a medical facility that has been set up to cater for the needs of the patients and to horn the skills of medical students. Cases of medical malpractice have been on the rise which has led to fatalities and other unplanned costs (Lim, pg. 6). There have been a number of cases whereby patients have lost ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

Introduction

The issue with blood donation in Canada, as well as around the world, is that the supply of blood peaks during times of crisis when the need for blood is at the forefront of the public’s attention. This often outpaces the demand and goes to waste due to the small shelf life of blood. There is a steady demand for blood donation year-round and is often under-supplied. Should Canada use a monetary incentive to improve the supply and demand imbalance for blood donation?Blood Donation In Canada Canadian Blood Services (CBS) looks after the blood donation efforts within all Canadian provinces. ...

Orphan Drug

Introduction The main purpose for the enactment of the U.S. Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 is to conduct a research on some of the rare diseases whose medical needs remain to be unresolved. The law has given incentives to various sponsors who have tried to develop therapies for some of the rare medical conditions that can affect at least 200,000 individuals on a yearly basis (Premiere Research 1). For this study, the objective is to create a regulatory strategy or path for Orphan Drug development, particularly on the oral iron chelator, one of the subsets of thalassemia or ...

Abstract

Organ transplantation is an important life-saving procedure for those people, who have some problems in their organs. However, the problem of organ transplant rejection is an important issue in this case. In this problem, patient’s immune system starts rejecting the organ as a foreign body. This problem of rejection of the organ can be acute or become chronic. Several diagnostic procedures have also been developed to reduce the problem of rejection of an organ. Scientists have done a lot of research in this regard. Acute rejection needs immediate care. In order to reduce the problem, specialists will check the area ...

Introduction

One of the most complex aspects of human existence in the modern world at present include the need to handle medical operations. The reason for such complexity is the involvement of different human elements into the system. Such human elements include emotion, culture, tradition and at times even religion. The field of medicine has been incurring several developments through the years. And somehow, the most common point of medical development incurred is mostly dedicated on how nurses and other medical practitioners could handle particularly complex situations involving human elements that could intervene with the procedures they want to engage ...

Introduction

There are many kinds of diseases that people can contract in different ways, and it is worth noting that any place a person travels to that is infested with a certain disease should steer clear of that place no matter how appealing it is. Now, there are some diseases that, once a person get it, there is no way to get rid of it and are forced to live with it for the rest of their lives. Ebola is one of those disease, and it has affected a multitude of people. Normally, there are shots to prevent certain diseases from ever surfacing but ...

Buddhism is a religion for more than 250 million around the world. Buddha means awaken; it is more than religion as it is a way of life to the believers (Shengyan & Gildow, 2007). The Buddhists are mostly vegetarian, in Christianity it is recommended mostly to prefer vegetables as they help a lot on health matters. Some prefer one day meal that they take at midday. Christianity prefers proper diet and eating that is better for good health. Helping others out in Buddhism is purely good out of heart behavior that is acceptable and encouraged Buddhist will always take any medicine that may ...

Discussion on AIDS

Introduction AIDS is a disease that is caused by a virus called HIV. The virus lowers the body’s immune system, thus making it susceptible to opportunistic diseases. In essence, the disease has no cure. However, if Aids is diagnosed in its early stages, it can be dealt with, and one can live for an extended period (Aretha, pg. 90).

Immediately the virus enters the body; it alters the body immune system. The following symptoms are experienced; Coughing and breathing difficulties, Fever, Persistent headache and stiff neck, Loss of vision, Weight loss and extreme fatigue which may result as the ...

The health care practice has always been confronted by many ethical challenges owing to the diversity of the values of individuals within a pluralistic society characterized by different cultures. This brings about a moral conflict with respect to what should be done in various situations. It is due to this that guidelines have been formulated to deal with ethical issues in a manner that is universally acceptable. The context of clinical cases is quite complex as there are many variables involved and this makes the applicability of ethical principles situation dependent.

Ethical principles

In healthcare provision, there are four fundamental principles that have been ...

Introduction

The immunological disorders in an individual can occur due to three different reasons. This includes immunological diseases in an immunocompromised individual, or “autoimmune diseases”, or finally an immunological hypersensitivity that can lead to tissue damage.

Immunodeficiency diseases

Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to malfunctioning of the organs or cells in an individual. They are further classified as primary immunodeficiency (PID) and secondary immunodeficiency (SID).

Primary immunodeficiency disease

They occur when there is a direct defect in the immune system. They are further classified into eight groups depending upon the site of the defect. Combined T and B deficiencies. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an excellent ...

Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 Essay

<Tutor> <Department>

Q1. Anaphylaxis identification, management and prevention

Anaphylaxis is referred to as an allergic reaction encompassing anaphylactic shock as a severe manifestation of the said allergic reaction according to Sinclair (2010). The average number of the people believed to be at risk of the aforementioned condition is about 1 to 15% if exposed to certain allergens. Experts believe that the estimated figures vary depending on the definitions of reaction (allergyfacts.org.au, n.d.). During an anaphylactic attack, the patient’s body reacts badly to allergens causing by food, venom, medication, and or insect bite. The body has a natural defense mechanism that fights the allergic ...

AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

The target audience is the groups of patients and their guardian with complicated ailments that require operation at the clinic. They want a surgical procedure that is safe, less painful, and takes less time to heal with minimal scarring. This population ranges in age from approximately 20 for college going teens to 80 for retired and semi-retired elderly members. The gender ratio is approximately 50% male and 50% female. All the audience is knowledgeable of normal surgical procedures and posses at least a high school diploma, though many adults have a college degree. The group comprise of many different ethnicities: approximately 40% ...

Introduction

Although scientists have made tremendous breakthrough in the field of medicine over the last few centuries, infections caused by protozoa, bacteria and virus continue to affect human population (Leonhard, Anabel, Florin-Christensen, and Morrison, 2012). One of such infection caused by protozoa is babesiosis, a disease that affects both human and animals. Protozoa exists in soil and aqueous environments, and their sizes range between 10-50µm. They have continued to cause many sickness, mutilation, death, and debilitation than other similar organisms. Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, causes, and health effects of disease in given populations. The science of epidemiology ...

[Institution Affiliation] Various Supreme Courts around the world have tried to make rulings on fundamental rights of Jehovah's Witnesses being involved on evangelism. This incident was witnessed in Canada when the Supreme Court listened to a case whereby a parent prohibited her daughter who was only sixteen to undergo a blood transfusion after losing a lot of blood. Jehovah Witnesses believe that it is against the Laws of God to receive or donate blood to others. This is one of the doctrines they are well characterized with all over the world. They believe God is the giver of life hence the reason ...

Abstract

This is an article about HIV in the state of Missouri. The article focuses on the challenges of the current status of HIV infection in the African American community. Focusing in St. Louis, this essay examines the cultural, social, and political challenges that affect both the providers of healthcare and the patients. A snapshot as the main problem is the obvious devoid in educational training among the healthcare providers on the dangers of HIV and the cultural stigma associated with the disease. The article concludes with an array of recommendations that would be applicable in finding solutions for the ...

Introduction

Direct patient care is a care that is provided to patients by staff members of a hospital. Technology has improved work done and made it more efficient in giving patient’s records. There are several technologies being used in hospitals in order to serve patients efficiently. This paper will look at two forms of technologies used in direct patient care discussing when they are being used, their value, and lastly, strengths and drawbacks of each technology.

Health care information Technology

Health care Information Technology for patients is the use of electronic medical records whereby information for patients are processed and kept. These records include past ...

Thesis Proposal: 1st Draft

How Temperature Effects Platelet Function During Hypothermic and Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass ABSTRACT Background During the process of Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB), the physiology of platelet functions subjected to different temperature conditions largely determines whether a patient will experience increased or reduced postoperative bleeding. This research paper showed that platelets levels in normothermic patients are preserved better than in the hypothermic patients.

Methods

Meta-analysis test was applied in numerous peer-reviewed journals. Among the articles I reviewed, one hundred patients were randomized into the normothermic perfusion (35 to 37Cº, N=50) and the mild hypothermic CPB group (27-32Cº, N=50). They compared temperature ...

The patient was a 24-year-old black male who was brought to the emergency room via an ambulance on June 21 at 03:50 pm. The report indicated that it was a pedestrian versus vehicle accident. The state of the patient reported included acute lung injury, pulmonary contusion, deep road rash extending over right side of axillary region to the abdomen, deep avulsion to the right hip area and exposed muscles. Trauma alert team and the respiratory therapist were called to the bedside. The patient developed respiratory failure and immediately was intubated by the respiratory therapist with an endotracheal tube size 7.5 mm. ...

In clinical transplantation, an observed complication is that previous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions may reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection but increase the risk of bone marrow transplant (BMT) graft failure (Storb and Weiden, 1981). This statement is seemingly a contradiction. It is difficult to understand how RBC transfusions can both reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection and increase the risk of BMT rejection. But this contradiction can be resolved by understanding three considerations. First, the immune system is extremely complex and attempts to control its effects routinely have both positive and negative effects ( ...

Introduction

In this paper, the pathopyiology of syncope is discussed with emphasis on Mr. Peter’s medical history and factors that could have contributed to his syncope. Further, the paper discusses the colonoscopy and its findings, his right hemi colectomy and the complications arising from his fall.

Pathopysiology of Syncope

Syncope is the transient loss of memory that occurs when cerebral blood flow falls to below half the normal value resulting in a brief period of inadequate oxygen, glucose and other nutrients supply to the brain tissues (Hainsworth, 2004). Syncope occurs rapidly, lasts for a short duration and the patient almost always recovers spontaneously. Syncope ...

Introduction

Nurses are responsible for the delivery of safe, effective, efficient, timely and patient centered health care services. The first step in delivering health care services is identifying the actual health problems a patient has and potential health care complication the patient will likely have based on the patients health history and the current conditions. In this report, nursing problems are stated for the case of a geriatric patient recovering from a TURP operation. Possible interventions to arrest the identified problems and evaluation of their effectiveness in keeping with the clinical reasoning model are evaluated. TURP is commonly used to benign prostatic ...

Introduction

There are controversial issues concerning blood transfusions for members of religions organizations, like Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW). According to McInroy, “Jehovah's Witnesses have a cultural and religious objection to blood donation and transfusion” (270). This apparently stemmed from some biblical passages that allegedly emphasize that blood from other sources should be avoided . However, some practitioners of JW, especially contemporary devotees, were noted to be ambivalent of complete support and was acknowledged that “it must not be assumed that all Jehovah s Witnesses agree with the blood policy and if given privacy, confidentiality and the exclusion of any third party, some ...

The healthcare dilemma arises from the condition of a newborn in intensive care that may require blood transfusion as a lifesaving procedure which the mother cannot approve due to religious beliefs. The blood transfusion would help to save the life of the new born and give it a chance to live and lead a healthy life, its absence could lead to a preventable death. The physician’s dilemma would be to do the greatest good while causing the least harm to the patient. The ethical dilemma is that the patient’s mother has consented verbally to the transfusion but cannot sign a written consent. ...

Epidemiology of Thalassemia among the population of Malta

This discussion is about epidemiology of thalassemia in Malta. Thalassemia is the given name of a category of genetic blood confusions typify by anemia because of augmentation of red blood cell destruction (Barnes, Plotnikoff, Fox, and Pendleton, 2000). Hemoglobin, it is the conducting of oxygen of the red blood cells dwelling by the two diverse proteins which are the alpha and beta. In case that the body doesn’t construct sufficient with these two proteins, the red blood cells is inadequate and cannot bring enough oxygen (Sembulingum K. Et Al, N.D.). It is a severe with a more than few of health ...

Abstract

This study examines how humanity’s insatiable appetite for science and technology transformed western nations to attain the level of success associated with the western world. The study looks back in time (18th to mid-20th century) to piece together scientific and technological advancements that played a significant role in the western culture. Most studies dwell on the modern technology leaving a gap on the past. The information submitted in the study is derived from books and journals that offer an insight into the history of science, technology and western culture. An incisive look into the 18th to mid-20th century proves that ...

Outline 1. The purpose of this speech is to persuade people to donate blood and show why this is important. 2. There are many people in the hospitals who need blood transfusion services:

Post-accident traumatized people

Women with pregnancy complications (Caesarean operation) Baby born with a heart defect Cancer and surgical patients a. People who need organ and bone marrow transferring b. People who have blood diseases such as leukaemia (blood cancer), angiostaxis, anemotrophy. 3. There is expectation that more people will need blood transfusion services

Increased surgeries in the U.S.

Growing of the elderly group Increased procedures during surgery ...