Essays on Hypersensitivity

What is the possible disease process according to the client’s history?

Based on the client’s history, the patient has been experiencing frequent colds, especially in the springs and falls. This is an indication of a type of hypersensitivity to the allergens being propagated by colds and chilly conditions. On exposure to these allergens, the patient’s the body reacts with the various manifestations such as itchy eyes, nasal congestion with watery nasal discharge and a tickling cough at night which however do disappear with the elimination of the allergen,. However, upon subsequent exposure, these symptoms reoccur.

What assessment questions would be useful to ask about her medical and family history?

The nurse has to focus on an assessment of Donna’s family history ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Gastro esophageal reflux disease is a digestive disorder that has effects on the lower esophageal sphincter, which is the ring that is found between the stomach and esophagus (Mayo Clinic, 2016). The contents of the stomach get backed up in the esophagus. This condition is experienced especially when the lower esophagus sphincter becomes weak hence allowing the contents of the stomach to flow back into the esophagus (Doig & Huether, 2014). This disorder is known to cause heartburn to pregnant women. GERD has proved to be the most common outpatient gastroenterological diagnosis witnessed in the United States. The prevalence rate ...

Aim: To identify the differential risk of peanut allergies among Chinese children in the U.S and China. Introduction: Peanut allergy is a very common allergy among American children. Though the exact number of people affected by this condition is not known, millions of people in U.S suffer from peanut allergies, and the number is increasing. The reason for the high prevalence of this condition is not known. While in most children, the condition persists throughout life, in a few, it will subside and eventually disappears with growth and age. Unlike almonds, cashews and walnuts that grow on trees, peanuts ...

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Abstract

Asthma and allergic reactions result in inflamed and swollen lung airways. Asthma is of two types, atopic and non-atopic. The asthma symptoms include excessive production of mucus, coughing, tightness in chest, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. The triggers for atopic asthma are allergens and the hyper-responsiveness of IgE immunoglobulin. Genetic factors are involved in non-atopic asthma that relies on the propensity of developing asthma and hypersensitivity of airways. Epithelial cytokines, macrophage, eosinophils, and T cells collectively influence the fibroblast production resulting in muscle mutagenesis and bronchial ...

Kathyann

Abstract Dental care substances with stannous fluoride as an active ingredient may be helpful in allowing re-hardening or in increasing the resistance of teeth surfaces to further acidic or mechanical impacts. However, stannous fluorides are applied together with brushing and depending on how and when tooth-brushing occurs. This research focuses on the potential harmful and helpful effects associated with the use of stannous concerning erosive wear. Active ingredients like fluorides or agents that have unique anti-erosive properties were shown to offer protection against erosion and combined erosion and abrasion to some extent. The abrasive effects of dentifrices may ...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to the atopic individual, ...

Pain is one of the common health problems that prompt immediate medical attention. Pain, a normal bodily response to negative stimuli, can negatively affect one’s quality of life if treatment is not readily administered or applied (Baliki, Geha, Apkarian, and Chialvo, 2008). Pain, as described by The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), is considered as the unpleasant sensation felt by a patient in the event of potential or actual exposure to any forms of tissue damage (Kyranou and Puntillo, 2012). Pain serves as an automatic withdrawal reflex that signals the occurrence of a potential or actual harm (Kyranou ...

Immunology Disorders

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from various parasites, bacteria, virus etc. that try to destabilize the homeostasis. Naturally, the immune system is considered one of the most important mechanisms that help us recuperate from diseases. When the immune system malfunctions and starts destroying self-cells, it leads to certain disorders. In other circumstances, the immune system may be suppressed and fail to kill disease causing cells. Here we will discuss a few disorders of the immune system.

HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I

Allergy or hypersensitivity type I is also known as allergic reaction or intolerance, in this scenario the immune system creates a ...

Introduction

Most of us have faced moments when we were not able to concentrate on the work on hand. There were times when focusing on a task was a big challenge. However, for most of us this type of syndrome is not very common. However, for some people these types of behaviors are a day-to-day affair. For those people this type of syndrome is uncontrollable and persistent. If a person shows such signs then they may be a victim of attention deficit hypersensitivity syndrome. Attention Deficit Hypersensitivity Syndrome (ADHD) does not show any physical signs or cannot be detected using laboratory tests. The symptoms of ...

Introduction

The immunological disorders in an individual can occur due to three different reasons. This includes immunological diseases in an immunocompromised individual, or “autoimmune diseases”, or finally an immunological hypersensitivity that can lead to tissue damage.

Immunodeficiency diseases

Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to malfunctioning of the organs or cells in an individual. They are further classified as primary immunodeficiency (PID) and secondary immunodeficiency (SID).

Primary immunodeficiency disease

They occur when there is a direct defect in the immune system. They are further classified into eight groups depending upon the site of the defect. Combined T and B deficiencies. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an excellent ...

Introduction

Most of us have faced moments when we were not able to concentrate on the work in hand. There were times when focusing on a task was a big challenge. However, this type of syndrome is not very common for most of us, but some people show this kind of behavior on a day to day basis. For those people showing the lack of concentration and inattentiveness on a regular basis, this type of syndrome becomes uncontrollable and persistent. Any person showing such signs may be a victim of attention deficit hypersensitivity syndrome. Attention Deficit Hypersensitivity Syndrome (ADHD) does not show any physical signs ...

Food has always been considered one of the most important necessities a person could not live without even in the modern world. Like other necessities, food has also transformed to cater to the changing tastes and eating habits of the public. Some have created new recipes, blends and even flavors that exemplifies the eating experience. There are also new processed and ready to eat meals developed for those who are always on the go or those wishing for a fast meal. For children, colorful snacks and desserts are also available for their eating pleasure. However, there are a few groups raising concerns ...

The human immune system is a proverbial double-edge sword. On one had humans depend on the immune system, and on the other hand there are diseases as a result of its improper function. These diseases due to its disorder in its function can range from immunodeficiency states to hypersensitivity . Put in simple terms, the disorders range from doing too little to an overreaction of the system. There disorders will be considered under the following heading: immune mechanism of tissue injury, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases. Before we go into the details of the diseases, we would like to describe what the ...

A pesticide is a contraction that is used to describe various agents, which are categorized based on their ability to kill living beings. These include herbicides, insecticides, as well as fungicides. Even though the utilization of pesticides has duplicated each ten years from 1945, pest destruction to crops is more widespread now than it used to be. Several pests are now resistant to pesticide because of the omnipresent pesticides’ presence in the environment. Residues of chlorinated pesticide are there in the soil, air, and water, with a co-occurrence presence in human beings. Carbamate as well as Organophosphate pesticides, the compounds that ...

Immunoglobulins (Ig) are also known as antibodies and they have molecular weights between 160000 and 970000 (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They are key components of the vertebrate immune system and are a part of the humoral immune system, forming the base of the B-Cell. Igs function in cell-cell recognition as well as structural organization and regulation of musucle (Harpaz, Chothia, 2004). All Igs are made up of a light and a heavy polypeptide chain, usually two of each, but they may contain many more (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They contain discrete domains of approximately 100 amino acids that are divided into categories ...

Hypersensitivity, which is also known as hypersensitivity reaction, refers to excessive and undesirable reactions such as allergies and autoimmunity. The reactions produce discomfort, damaging, and to some extent fatal and are caused by the normal immune system. The hypersensitivity reactions are basically divided into four main types based on the mechanisms involved and the time that is taken for the reaction to manifest. These types are types I, II, III and IV (Ghaffar). The type I hypersensitivity, also known as anaphylactic or immediate hypersensitivity and involve skin, eye, nasopharynx, and bronchopulmonary tissues. This reaction causes a number of symptoms ...

Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma Using Dendritic Cells Vaccines

Abstract 5 research papers on dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for malignant melanoma (MM) were studied. Study designs, patient-specific vaccine preparation, pulsing of DCs and survival rates from different types of DC vaccines were analyzed. Patients with stages III and IV MM were included for trials in all the researches. DCs were pulsed with TRIMEL, tumor lysate, melanoma associated antigens: gp100, MART-1 and tyrosinase. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was studied to determine effect of the antigen. A positive reaction was considered to be appearance of eythema at the injection site. Pulsed DCs were selected by cloning and selection. ELISPOT ...

1. Introduction

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010), nearly one billion people suffered from hunger in 2010, representing nearly 16% of the population of developing countries. At the same time, the world population is growing and global warming threatens the production of crops. Profound changes are needed in the way that food production and food consumption are perceived, or the world may face mass starvation. Genetically modified (GM) technology has been found capable of feeding the world but there are concerns regarding its safety (Moseley 2002, Carpenter 2010). Consumer acceptance of GM foods in the ...

1. Introduction

1.1 Perception of GM foods in the UK According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010), nearly one billion people suffered from hunger in 2010, representing nearly 16% of the population of developing countries. At the same time, the world population is growing and global warming threatens the production of crops. Profound changes are needed in the way that food production and food consumption are perceived, or the world may face mass starvation. Genetically modified (GM) technology has been found capable of feeding the world but there are concerns regarding its safety (Moseley 2002, ...

With more than 25 percent of the world’s population reportedly suffering from allergic-reaction related conditions, allergy is increasingly becoming one of the world’s widespread conditions. Oft marked with a characteristic features such as itching, sneezing and vasodilatation, an allergy, according to Ahmed (2011), is an overreaction of an individual’s immune system to a substance (allergen) which does not usually cause any reaction to other people. Such an overreaction occurs when the body recognizes a substance as foreign thereby inducing an immune response marked with the production of antibodies.

Mechanism of an Allergic Reaction

An allergic response, as affirmed by Ahmed (2011), can conveniently be ...

Wd Count: 1472

Introduction

Dextropropoxyphene is a drug used as a painkiller. The mild opioid can alleviate long-term or short-term pains. Dextropropoxyphene is an opioid that is a morphine-related drug. It acts on the neural system in the spine and the brain and hence relieves pain. The drug has been available for use by blending it with other drugs or on its own. In the recent past, use of the drug has been rejected by several countries, among them Australia, because of safety reasons. In Australia, the drug has been recently in March 2012 following discoveries that Dextropropoxyphene can cause changes in the electrical activity ...

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Opportunistic Disease

Type I hypersensitivity is also called immediate sensitivity. Major mediators in type I hypersensitivity include histamine, tryptase, kininogenase, and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). Responses to these mediators include bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, vasodilatation, vascular permeability, proteolysis, edema, and eosinophil and neutrophil attraction (Kuma, Abbas, Fausto, & Mitchell, 2007). The exact mechanism causing type I hypersensitivity is not clear, but individuals who suffer from immediate hypersensitivity display higher amounts of TH2 cell production, and those cells favor the IgE antibody which is the main mediator of type I hypersensitivity (Ghaffar, 2010).

Type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions can affect a ...

Bipolar depression or in other words known as maniac depression disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis which categorically describes mood disorder defined by presence of episodes of abnormality elevated energy levels , mood, and cognition with or without depression episodes. Moods which are elevated are referred to as mania from a clinical point of view and as hypomania if it is milder. Commonly individuals who go through maniac episodes experience depression episodes, or mixed episodes or symptoms, whereby features of both depressions and mania are present at the same time. Periods of ‘normal’ mood separate these episodes though in some individuals, mania and ...