Essays on Antigen

Abstract

The aim of the experiment is to plot the calibration curve for deteremination of antigen 4D5 by performing ELISA experiment. The primary antibody was blocked by bovine serum albumin, then it reacted with IgG (secondary antibody). Then, the system was washed with carbonate, blocking and substrate buffers. Three replicate experiments were performed, and the experiment was performed with the serial dilutions. By measuring the optical density of the diluted solutions, the calibration line was obtained and the region with the linear dependence “concentration – optical density” was determined. The callibaraion line can be used for the practical tasks: for detecting ...

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Immunotherapy in Treating Human Cancer

The immune system of our body is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs that act mutually to protect our body from unknown foreign trespassers. It recognizes the harmful particles entering the body and facilitates the destruction of those particles in order to shield the body system from any ailment. Due to any complexity or disturbance often the immune system targets the wrong particle considering it as a dangerous particle and this anomaly of the immune system may result in various autoimmune diseases like arthritis, allergies, malignancies, and AIDS (Understanding the ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

The case study presented here demonstrates a clear diagnosis of Benign Prostratic Hypertrophy or BPH.

Pathophysiology: The disease condition known as benign hypertrophy of the prostate usually develops initially in the transition zone of the periurethral region of prostate. This zone usually consists of separate lobules of tissues lying external to the sphincter. Majority of ducts of the transitional zone of urethra lie on the lateral part of urethral wall. It is important to note that it is the point of urethral angulation near verumontanum. Near the origin of this transition zone, there are glands of periurethral region. These are usually confined in the preprostatic opening. According to a renowned researcher, majority of the ...

Condoms are a method of contraception used by both males and females. It acts as a barrier. A male condom constitutes a thin sheath that is usually made of latex (Alexander, 2016). On the other hand, the female condom is made of polyurethane sheath that has a flexible ring at the two ends (Edlin & Golanty, 2016). Condoms are intended for protecting people from contracting STIs during sexual intercourse. Besides, they are used as contraceptives. Condoms are grouped as class II medical devices since they exhibit the second lowest level of risk. Various clinical studies have been conducted on various ...

Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in the United States. Over the past twenty years, there have been significant changes in the way physicians screen and treat this disease. This paper will address common screening modalities, the effect of age and ethnicity on this disease, and its non-surgical treatment options. In the United States, there are three primary methods to screen for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a digital rectal exam, and a prostate biopsy. PSA is a glycoprotein that is released by the prostate. It is believed that when cancer disrupts the prostatic ...

Immune System

(Author, Department, University,

Immune System

Introduction

The human immune system is a complex system consisting of a network of numerous cells and cell types, tissues, and organs working together to defend the human body from foreign bodies such as invading microorganisms, infections, and tumors, while ignoring the normal working and healthy parts of the body.

Discussion

Working of the immune system The immune system has different ways of identifying problems, communicating with other cells, and performing their activities. The immune system has the ability to distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy cells as it can recognize a number of different “danger” cues ...

Seminar: Inflammatory and Immune Mechanisms in Lymphatic Vascular Disease

The YouTube video presented by David Zawieja, talks about immune and inflammatory mechanisms that occur in Lymphatic Vascular diseases. The lymphatic system has a significant role in various essential mechanisms inside the body such as edema resolution, fluid and macromolecular homeostasis, inflammation and antigen trafficking. The primary of the Lymphatic function involves the transportation of Lymphatic substances from the interstitial spaces between the tissues via lymphatic capillary network and nodes that terminate into the venous blood inside the veins. The most significant segment of the lymphatic function is the flow of lymph through multiple nodes. The immune cells like ...

Introduction

Quarry is a place that provides rocks, dimension stones, riprap, aggregates, gravel, sand, and other minerals and raw materials are excavated. Quarrying is included in the mining industry and is helpful to extract minerals and elements essential for civil engineering works and buildings. The output from quarrying is sold to different end users that carryout the marketing and promotions for the products. In Nigeria, Akamkpa Quarry is a source of stones and various forms of granite that are used for constructions and building works. The Quarry receives millions of dollars in international investment and contractors and international business rely ...

Thesis

Improved Detection and Characterization of Obscured Central Gland Tumors of the Prostate:

requirementsRequirements for the degree of

2016

©2016 by All rights reserved Approved by First Reader Boris Nicolas Bloch, M.D.

Associate Professor of Radiology and

Director of Bioimaging Science Second Reader Kevin Thomas, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Bioimaging and Health Emergency

DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my patient spouse Landry, my wonderful children Charlie and Phoenix, and my dog Armani. (Delete this page if you don't need it. Be sure to delete all the text on the page, and the page break after it, not the section break before it. To see the section and page breaks, ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

The article titled “The biology of cancer testis antigens: Putative function, regulation and therapeutic potential” gives an account of Cancer Testis Antigens (CTA) and their presence in human tumors of distinct histological origin. CTA are reliable for the administration of immunotherapeutic approaches due to their restricted patterns . Several clinical trials have already been conducted for the development of CTA-based vaccination therapies. Researchers were able to discover over 70 families of CTA from 140 individuals worldwide. According to the authors, while it is possible to extract a majority of the CTA during the process of spermatogenesis, the core function of ...

Immunology

The rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes g and d occur in series of cells expressing variable Vg and Vd gene segments. The lymphoid precursor cells originate in the bone marrow and move to the thymus. Preliminary T cells are devoid of TCR, CD4 and CD8 molecules and are called double negative thymocytes . These double negative T cells may be further categorized into four phases of differentiation (DN1, CD44+CD25-; DN2, CD44+CD25+; DN3, CD44-CD25+; and DN4, CD44-CD25-) . CD44 is a cell adhesion molecule and CD25 serves as the IL-2 receptor. Passage into the DN2 and DN4 stages ...

Childhood Immunizations

Spring - 2016 Vaccination is a medical manipulation during which certain antigen of the infectious agent is being administered into the organism to induce the primary immune response. The first contact with the antigen is being accompanied by activation of the immune system and the emergence of a subpopulation of lymphocytes, which are able to specifically recognize the antigen. As a result, during the contact with the infectious agent, the immune system is able to react faster. While the purpose of vaccination is the prevention of disease, it can still occur, but in less severe form and with minimal ...

Hepatitis type B viral infection is a common and serious disease that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is a DNA virus with partial double strands and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. One-third of the world’s population is believed to have been infected by HBV of which 6% have chronic HBV infection. Depending on the rate of infection and carrier rate, the world is divided into low, medium and high endemicity regions (Franco et al. 75). The HBV resides in the bodily fluids of an infected individual and is transmitted via the same (Aspinall et ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, which affects the central nervous system. It was first described as a separate disease in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot (Compston and Coles, 2008). The average prevalence of the disease globally is 30 people from 100000 (Milo and Kahana, 2010). However, the incidence of multiple sclerosis varies greatly depending geography. While in the African countries it happens comparatively rarely, its frequency is increasing consistently in Asia and America. In Europe, multiple sclerosis happens with the highest rate in the world. There are four clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (Compston and Coles, 2008). Relapsing-remitting MS ...

Introduction and Overview

The Rhesus factor (Rh) refers to the red blood cell’s(RBC) surface antigen;the name Rhesus comes from the small Indian monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility,sometimes referred to as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with the Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh- positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. This condition can have fatal outcomes including haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). These conditions have, in the past, raised a lot of concerns, and some ...

Mechanisms by which Incompatible Red Cells may be Cleared from Circulation

Introduction One of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality is related to haemolytic transfusion reactions.1 Many factors that account for haemolytic transfusion, and complement activation is the most widely studied and documented feature linked with such reactions and fatalities, and many researchers have focused on the role of complement initiation, activation and regulation with respect to these reactions. Others have focused on the underlying strategies involved in mitigating the complement modulation, in the event of an incompatible red blood cell transfusion.1 Many reports have stated that incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are the leading cause of death in ...

Introduction

When it comes to the topic of race, it can be observed to have many meanings ranging from social to biological. According to anthropologists’ views, race can be viewed in terms of biological and cultural variability. Anthropologists look at the customs of the society from various parts of the world in order to search for the common elements that define people’s existence. There have been many types of research that have been conducted in order to find the relation and impact between race and medicine. The reason for the researches is because of the constant debates that have ...

Immunotherapy has been seen to be an alternative for treating cancer since most cancers are immunogenic. The primary cells involved in the examination of the immune cancer are the T cells. They have the ability to identify the numerical and disparity in the quality that are existing on the antigens of cells that have undergone transformation. There is the cancer or testis (CT) type of tumor antigens that are the highest targets for therapy due to the special features they have. One of these characteristics is the ability to be considered as the neoantigens and their capability to extract ...

QUESTIONS FOR PAPER “A”

Question 1: Research problem The problem addressed by the research is the scorpion envenoming which is a primary challenge in the most part of the universe. Additionally, the provision of an adequate remedy by health services to this problem has not been easy because the treatment of scorpionism is too complicated. Therefore, the research is addressing the possible treatment to this disease by considering various experiments carried out by using polyclonal antiserum that has been disinfected from the serum of hyperimmune horse (Muyldermans et al 179).

Question 2: Adjuvant utilization

In this research, Freund’s adjuvant was utilized. This was done by mixing ...

Hepatitis- A Review of Viral Disease

Abstract The liver is one of the key and principal organs of the body and virus of hepatitis potentially develops an inflammation of the liver due to an increase in particular enzymes. There are many types of hepatitis, but the commonly known virus is hepatitis A, B and C. Hepatitis has a long history since the time immemorial due to inadequate sanitary conditions. The infection of hepatitis A is related to picornavirus, and major symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and anorexia. Moreover, the visitors traveling to endemic countries are at higher risk. Hepatitis B is related to ‘serum ...

The Prevalence of the Overprescription of Antibiotics in the Context of Rising Antibiotics Resistance and Alternative Strategies to Identify Bacterial Infections in Sore Throat Patients The Prevalence of the Overprescription of Antibiotics in the Context of Rising Antibiotics Resistance and Alternative Strategies to Identify Bacterial Infections in Sore Throat Patients While most sore throats are caused by viral infections, in a small proportion of cases, the cause is a bacterial infection, which sometimes needs to be treated with antibiotics. Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (Strep A), which is responsible for most bacterial respiratory tract infections in adults, is also able ...

HCV or Hepatitis C virus infection has over 5 million people affected in US (Chak, et al., 2011) and over 120 million people worldwide hence a global health problem. This virus belongs to Hepacivirus genus and Flaviviridae family (Lindenbach, et al., 2007) with six genotypes and with more than seventy subtypes. In approximately 85% infected individuals it may be unresolved, hence representing a significant hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis cause. It is viewed as commonest cirrhosis cause and chronic liver disease in the world. It also represents the main liver transplantation cause in USA, Europe, and Australia (Thimme, et ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Abstract

Prostate cancer is characterized by carcinoma of a gland in the male reproductive system and it typically develops in men over the age of 65. There is an assortment of treatment options in managing prostate cancer including: chemotherapy, hormone rehabilitation, surgical removal, brachytherapy, and external beam radiation therapy (Clinical Journal of Nursing). In external beam radiation therapy, it is essential for urologist to obtain consistency in the position of the prostate from the planning period before treatment to the initiation of radiotherapy to attain superior results. This study examines the efficiency of bladder filling and rectum emptying protocols and ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Hepatitis B virus do not need presentation - its statistics tell about it more as there are more than two hundred million infected people in the world (Sundaram and Kowdley, 2015). In many patients hepatitis B infection leads to the development of the liver cirrhosis and other complications, can cause decompensation of the liver function and lead to death. Prevalence and malignant course of this infection make it a major challenge for modern medicine. Reviewed article lists and shows clinically proved and effective methods of the hepatitis B management. The discovery of a vaccine became the turning point in ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Celiac disease is a condition where the immune system reacts to gluten, a type of protein in barley and rye. It is an autoimmune disorder, this occurs when the immune system do not function well, and starts to attack the organs and the tissues. The immune system of the body is designed to guard against foreign invaders. When people with this condition eat foods with gluten, the immune system create antibodies to this protein attacking the lining of the intestines. The causes of the inflammations in the intestines end up damaging the villi on the ...

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), which is encoded by MUC16, is the only biomarker currently used for immunohistochemical diagnosis of ovarian cancer (Tanyi and Scholler 1098). Literature suggests that 80% of the patients with ovarian cancer express CA125. The expression pattern is different among the different kinds of ovarian cancer; 85% in serous ovarian cancer, 12% in mucinous cancer and 40% in clear cell carcinoma (Tanyi and Scholler 1098; Kaspar and Crum 44), which helps in differential diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis among various types of ovarian cancer. There are five types of primary ovarian ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

The human population has had lengthy struggles trying to understand cancer. It has baffled many as it represents itself in numerous forms, and its features are exceedingly varied. Cancer requires specialist aggressive prognoses, innovative approach to its management, and early and fast response to it treatment. All these have dire economic implications to patients and their families. It is possible that a single type of cancer may behave entirely different in two patients presenting the likelihood of two types of diseases (Mukheerjee, 2010, p.1). There is no uniform theory regarding cancer that gives the common characteristics of various types of ...

- Non-specific immunity provides the first line of defense against infection. Non-specific immune responses are directed towards a wide range of pathogens, for example, the epithelium provides a physical barrier to the entry of pathogens in addition to producing other antimicrobial factors. Specific immunity takes some time to develop. It allows for a response directed towards a specific antigen. Innate immunity is nonspecific. It provides the first line of defense against infection. Its components include macrophages and neutrophils; barriers like skin, and antimicrobial substances synthesized by the body. Acquired immunity is highly specific. It involves antigen processing and presentation, which induces the production ...

Introduction

CD4 is a cellular immune response co-receptor that raises the avidity of relationship between an antigen-presenting cell and a T-cell through interaction with non-polymorphic parts of the complex between T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules. It directly contributes to transduction of signal via cytoplasmic relationship with the lymphocyte kinase. CD4 also plays a role as the high-affinity receptor for attachment of cells as well as entrance of HIV. The CD4 extracellular part consists of domains that resemble immunoglobulin D1 to D4. This component of the CD4 has been qualified as a recombinant soluble protein, and crystal structures have been identified for ...

Isoforms of Dj-1 / Park7 Protein and Gp100

Isoforms of DJ-1 / Park7 protein and gp100 DJ-1 is simply a multifunctional protein that has a very crucial importance in oxidative stress, synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease and cell death. Levels of DJ-1 generally decreases in cerebrospinal fluid, but they do not have a different composition in human plasma especially with patients with Parkinson illness. The total amount of DJ-1 has their attributes in the red blood cells, and they have the potential of being biomarkers of the Parkinson disease. In determining whether DJ-1 can be used as a biomarker of PD severity or PD diagnosis, we check on its abundance ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Hepatitis B Vaccination to Infants

Introduction Hepatitis B is considered to be very common in the United States. A study that was conducted shows that over one million Americans are considered to be infected by Hepatitis B and over half of them have no idea they are infected (London, 2011). It is an illness that is very infectious. The virus responsible for Hepatitis B is called Hepatitis B virus. It spreads when un-infected person comes in contact with the semen, body fluids and blood of infected person and it founds itself inside his immune system. This mostly happens through sharing of needles during ...

This paper analyses the film Underworld: Awakening in terms of the three act structure and then compares it to two other films watched in class, namely: The Big Lebowski and American Gangster. This movie was the fourth in the Underworld sequel and was released on 20th January 2012. It was among the first films to garner more $ 100 million in revenues that year. It was the most watched of the four films in Underworld sequel. It fits well in the horror films genre but may as well fit as an action and science fiction movie. The film begins ...

Immunology Disorders

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from various parasites, bacteria, virus etc. that try to destabilize the homeostasis. Naturally, the immune system is considered one of the most important mechanisms that help us recuperate from diseases. When the immune system malfunctions and starts destroying self-cells, it leads to certain disorders. In other circumstances, the immune system may be suppressed and fail to kill disease causing cells. Here we will discuss a few disorders of the immune system.

HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I

Allergy or hypersensitivity type I is also known as allergic reaction or intolerance, in this scenario the immune system creates a ...

Abstract

Organ transplantation is an important life-saving procedure for those people, who have some problems in their organs. However, the problem of organ transplant rejection is an important issue in this case. In this problem, patient’s immune system starts rejecting the organ as a foreign body. This problem of rejection of the organ can be acute or become chronic. Several diagnostic procedures have also been developed to reduce the problem of rejection of an organ. Scientists have done a lot of research in this regard. Acute rejection needs immediate care. In order to reduce the problem, specialists will check the area ...

Hepatitis is a condition pertaining to the liver. Its name literally means liver inflammation from the Greek words hêpar (liver) and –itis (inflammation). It is caused by several agents but worldwide, the most common medium for its distribution are viruses. There are five types of viruses namely Hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E; these viruses are unrelated to each other except that they target the liver and cuase inflammation. Among all five Hepatitis B (HepB) is the most transmitted. HepB is caused by the hepatitis b virus (HBV) which belongs to the family hepadnaviridae which have single stranded ...

[Institution Title]

Care Plan Template

Patient Initials: Not Applicable Age: 60 years old Sex: Male Subjective Data: Patient was admitted for complaints of decrease urinary flow. In addition, patient also complains that he has been experiencing severe symptoms of what he had been experiencing for more than two years already. Patient complains that for the past 2 weeks he has had increased nocturia, associated with decreased strength of urinary flow and slight terminal dysuria.

HPI (History of Present Illness):

According to the patient he has had the same symptoms for more than two years. However, for the past two weeks, the patient’s symptoms seemed ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into dormancy ...

Immunohistochemistry

Introduction The Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is an extremely common group of viruses that are found worldwide. There are more than 100 types of HPV worldwide. 13 types of HPV are associated with cancer. They are also termed as high risk type. (WHO, 2013). HPV is transmitted through sexual contact. More than 90% of cases are infected shortly after sexual activity. Cervical cancer is associated with HPV infection that are acquired through sexual contact. 70% of cervical cancer cases are caused by two types of HPV. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the two strains associated with cervical ...

Introduction

In the mouse and other mammalian species, the pool of primordial follicles becomes established during fetal or neonatal life (Oktay et al., 1995). Over the mammal’s lifespan, the follicles undergo growth and development, and eventually the initial reserve of follicles begins to diminish during the mammal’s midlife. Briefly, follicular cells move from a primordial phase, in which little DNA synthesis is taking place, to enter a primary and then secondary stage, in which the granulose cells undergo intense proliferation and high levels of DNA synthesis can be observed. Antral and post- ovulation stages follow (Oktay et al., 1995). Folliculogenesis ...

RESEARCH PROBLEM:

Homosexuals are people that are attracted both equally romantically and sexually towards same sex. All throughout history homosexuality has been looked at in the controversial light along with lots of people seeing the idea being a shame, while other people visualize it as one accepted standard of living. Without having a question homosexuality faces resistance and is considered a taboo of minorities in our community. Scientific disciplines have an effect on the way the community sees homosexual and how they view themselves. When pondering over homosexuality and whether scientific perspectives enjoy a component in working out whether female or male are usually ...

Klebsiella Ozaenae Bacteria

A brief background of Klebsiella ozaenae bacteria; the generic name of Klebsiella is a member of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Klebsiellae take the shape of the rod and are non-motile but have a polysaccharide capsule. What is the primary work of the encrypting capsule? Firstly, the capsule is responsible for the large appearance for the orgasm. It also provides resistance and immunity to the bacteria against the immune system and the defense mechanism of the host’s body (Goldstein, Lewis, Martin & Edelstein, 1978, p. 415). Members of the genus of Klebsiella typically express types of antigens on their cell surfaces. The ...

Introduction

Antigen Presentation Antigen presentation plays a pivotal role in the immune system through which pathogenic antigens are processed and coupled along with major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and presented to T cells for their effector response. Macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells are the primary antigen presenting cells (APC’s). Intracellular antigens generated by viruses, or some cytoplasmic bacterial antigens are digested by the host cells and coupled with MHC Class I by Transporter associated with antigen Processing complex (TAP), which transports them to the cell surface and presents to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Germain, R 1994). These cells elicit a ...

Lung cancer is a deadly disease that jeopardizes health of people globally. Diagnosis of this disease has made it difficult to be prevented or treated since no single test has been found to diagnose lung cancer accurately. Hence, series of tests have been implemented to test for this disease. The diagnosis of the disease has enabled doctors to come up with some specific and accurate preventive measures that have been put in place to reduce the incidences of this disease. The section of this paper will therefore discuss laboratory measures and diagnosis of lung cancer, useful tumors of cancer diagnosis ...

REPORT FORMName: _________________________________ Condition:Histology

The inner ear consists of a membranous “labyrinth” encased in an occeous labyrinth. The vestibule and semicircular canal are concerned with vestibular function (balance); cochlea is concerned with hearing. The cochlea is a coiled tube. The cochlea coils up from its base. It is coiled around the modiolus. The Reissner’s membrane and the basilar membrane divide the cochlea longitudinally into three scalae. If you cut the cochlear tube cross sectionally, you’d see Scala vestibuli on top, scala tympani on the bottom. Scala media is a triangular duct in the middle. The side of the duct where the nerve fibres exit ...

The human immune system is a proverbial double-edge sword. On one had humans depend on the immune system, and on the other hand there are diseases as a result of its improper function. These diseases due to its disorder in its function can range from immunodeficiency states to hypersensitivity . Put in simple terms, the disorders range from doing too little to an overreaction of the system. There disorders will be considered under the following heading: immune mechanism of tissue injury, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases. Before we go into the details of the diseases, we would like to describe what the ...

Introduction

Mutation induces the formation mRNA strands that are formed later that they are converted into a native protein. Mutational causes the peptide formed develop a structure similar to a protein. Antimicrobial peptide formed after mutation depends on the chemical property. Mutation causes bacteria to increase in the peptide leading to low hemolytic function. Bacteria lead to anoplin to causing the shape of peptide to form a protein like shape that is spectroscopy. Mutation causes the chain of the peptide to form a protein structure that later forms a tertiary that is the antigen molecule responsible for forming the body immune system. The chains amino ...

Vaccination is the application of antigenic material, also known as a vaccine, in order to trigger the immune system of a person to create adaptive immunity to an infective agent. Vaccines can preclude or improve morbidity from disease. The vaccination’s efficiency has been broadly analyzed and confirmed. For instance, the HPV vaccine, the influenza vaccine, as well as the chicken pox vaccine (Fiore, Bridges, & Cox, 2009; Chang, Rinas, Schmitt, & Smith, 2009; Liesegang, 2009). Vaccination is regarded as the most effectual way of preventing communicable disease. Widespread immunity on account of vaccination is mainly accountable for the global obliteration of smallpox, ...

Abstract

Researchers from the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research published a study in Nature based to demonstrate the identification of immunological role of a class of cytotoxic T cells in genital herpes. They identified the cells to be CDT cells that primarily exist in the skin of genital region and mucosa. These cells inhibit the recurrence of genital herpes. Since they suppress the replication of the HSV-2 virus, at the site of recurrence they also prevent symptoms in the patient.

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease affecting more than 24 million people in the US and 60-80 million ...

Introduction

- Discuss New Jersey State health initiatives and their relationship to the DHHS National Prevention Strategy and Healthy People 2020.

List the state-mandated reportable communicable diseases.

Discuss the status of measles cases in the state with accompanying epidemiologic data. Discuss the status of pertussis cases in the state with accompanying epidemiologic data. Explain the Organizational structure of the state’s official public health agency. Present an overview of the state’s immunization program to include discussion of IIS (Immunization Information System). Conclusion Summary - Post of a summary of the paper to the Discussion Board in Blackboard with response to at ...

Facilitator:

The Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer Recent years have witnessed increased cases of cancer complications especially among young people. Although the most and least expensive strategy for curing cancer is yet to be discovered, adoption of reliable means of reducing the pain associated with this complication is critical in facilitating the survival of the victim. Getting the most accurate facts on the impacts of cancer complication on individual physical health is the first and most essential step toward determining the most effective intervention and treatment method. Effective diagnosis of cancer requires incorporation of knowledge and competence from various ...