Essays on Antibiotic

InstitutionalAffiliation

Staph Infections Definition of Staph Infections The word “Staph” is a short form of the word “Staphylococci” which is the name of the bacteria that causes various infections. Staphylococcal infections, commonly referred to as Staph infections are a group of infections caused by the said bacteria. The infections can result in a wide range of infections including skin infections, lung infections, heart infections and blood infections. Most of these infections are caused by a group of Staphylococci bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. This group of bacteria is responsible for various infections including skin infections, pneumonia, food poisoning, blood poisoning and ...

Abstract

One of the alarming issues regarding public health and agriculture is the increasing trend for practicing factory farming. It is a strategy of food companies to increase their profit by reducing the costs of manufacturing animal products. Factory farming commonly involves unsanitary, inappropriate and unethical methods of raising farm animals. Large populations of farm animals are raised in a small confinement. The main problem associated to factory farming is the large risk of food contamination. The extreme use of growth hormones and antibiotics in factory farming could also increase the risk of developing antibiotic resistant bacteria which could endanger ...

Introduction

The situation is getting out of control at Good Health Hospital (Tampa Bay) since the outbreak of Escherichia coli, a specie of bacteria that can be found in many daily items. The incident involved Ward 10, which is located in the second floor. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that the investigation of the bacterial source must begin with the hospital kitchen as the bacterium can be transmitted through contaminated vegetables and delicatessen meats (e.g. salami and other cold cuts). The Epidemiological Summary provides a brief description of the data obtained. Environmental review ...

The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance: Has our use of Antibiotics Caused more Problems than it has solved?

Antibiotics are medicines which have bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties and used in treatment or prevention of microbial diseases (NPS 2012). Antibiotics a have been in existence for a long time and were initially known as antibiosis which meant against life, and by Jean Paul Vuillemin first used this term. He used the word to describe the properties which were exhibited by the early antibacterial drugs. In 1877 Antibiosis was first described by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch when they observed the inhibition of growth of Bacillus anthracis by an airborne bacillus. In 1928 penicillin was identified by Alexander Fleming. ...

The ethical issue is derived from whether doctors should have hard paternalism over patient autonomy when a decision could negatively affect the patient’s health goals. Some of the pertinent ethical facts in the case of whether Mrs. B may be taken off of life support is as followed:

Does Mrs.B have a living will and has her daughter inquired for it? If Mrs. B has a living will, some state’s jurisdiction will insist that any directions in it must not be compromised by her daughter's decisions.  Does Mrs. B's condition render the requirements necessary to prompt the ...

During the second week, the CRP analysis was performed in the class. Blood testing for C-reactive protein aids in the rapid identification and verification of the progress and effectiveness of the treatment of infections, injuries and inflammation. The analysis was conducted to determine the acute infectious diseases, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis), monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (pneumonia, septicemia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, etc.) (Arinzon Z. et al., 2011, p.365). In addition, it helps to define the determination of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes but also on chronic hemodialysis ...

There are many different types of virus and bacteria that can have a negative effect on the human body; some are internal, while others are external. One such bacterium is Staphylococcus, which leads to infection in many human beings. The Staphylococcus bacteria is responsible for a number of different types of infections, they are described as being spheroid shaped, gram-stain positive sometimes seen in singular, in pairs, or very often in clusters; this is often contributed to being described as a bunch of grapes (Davis 1). Human beings are most susceptible to two specific strains, staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus ...

Patient initials: MK Age: 60 Sex: M

Care Plan Subjective MK, the patient presents with a chief complaint of decreased urinary flow but has also had troublesome nocturia for the last two weeks as well as significant terminal dysuria. History of present illness: Patients states that in the past day he has had significant difficulties especially in starting his urine flow and this has affected his ability to enrage in normal daily activities. Patient denies radiating pain. Patient history: Patient has had a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, costochondritis, as well as suspected angina characterized by chest wall syndrome which was however treated.

Significant family history: There is also a probable positive family history for cardiovascular or heart diseases

Objective: Patient is a ...

Antibiotics and Animals

In an article, Maggie Fox tells that when cattle are fed with tetracycline, a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic, their manure starts producing more methane than normal, thereby resulting in global warming. A study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B shows that antibiotics kill those bacteria that can compete with methane-producing microbes. Farmers have been warned to stop feeding their cattle with antibiotics, which can also help the animals to grow faster, but can also increase the production of antibiotic resistant “superbugs”. Fox tells that the guts of all animals including human beings are filled with microbes ...

Care Plan

Subjective The patient presents at the clinic complaining of nocturia, decreased urinary flow, decreased flow as well as terminal dysuria. TG states that the symptoms have been persistent for the last two years but the last two weeks have seen a significant increase in intensity of the symptoms. TG denies any case or instance of radiated pain within the period of two weeks,

Objective:

60 year old, Hispanic male

Vital signs: BP at 140/92;

Pulse rate: 80; Temperature: 99.0 Weight = 200 pounds; height = 71”, BMI = 27.9

Patient Hx for hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, costochondritis, suspected angina, possible family history of heart disease in the family

Patient denies any use of alcohol, tobacco, or drug abuse Current medication list: Cardizem 240mg QD and Zocor 20mg ...

Advantages and disadvantages of having a circumcision

Various persons and groups have advocated for and against circumcision, often citing various advantages or disadvantages to back up their respective positions. Some advantages according to Elist (2013a), the National Health Service (NHS) (2016) and Webmd (2014) include the reduced risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) especially HIV, cancer of the penis and cervical cancer in female partners. It also acts as prophylaxis against balanitis, balanoposthitis phimosis and paraphimosis as well as facilitates the maintenance of penis hygiene (Elist, 2013b; NHS, 2016; Webmd, 2014; Wiswell, 1997). Disadvantages of the procedure include complications which may ...

The Frontline program, “The Trouble with Antibiotics” describes the agricultural use of antibiotics and how bacteria such as KPC, NDM1 and MRSA are becoming resistant to antibiotics used to treat human illness. According to the film, by far the largest user of antibiotics is not in the health industry, but the farming industry which raises animals for meat and eggs. The use of antibiotics in this industry promotes faster animal growth, and protects and protects herds and flocks against disease, which would spread rapidly in the crowded conditions employed in animal raising. Approximately 70% of global antibiotic use occurs ...

Overview

The significant outcome related to the over prescription of antibiotics by the physicians attributes to the pattern of antimicrobial resistance that develops inside the patients who consume extra doses or combination of antibiotics for treating their sore throat manifestation . The antibiotics resistance across the patient population is effectively determined by the measurement of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) through laboratory analysis . The configuration of dilution solution of antibiotics stock and interpretation of the MIC findings through the analysis of bacterial growth over agar plates provides an insight regarding the MIC of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance of the developed ...

Introduction

Until recently, genetic foods have become popular for their ability to address many production and quality issues faced by natural/organic farming methods. Genetically modified crops are those whose genetic makeup has been improved to enhance the level of nutrients, resistance to diseases, increase yields, adaptability to climatic factors, and reduce the time of production (Ronald & Adamchak, 2008). It is different from the conventional breeding because genetic modification allows introduction of genes from any organism (animal and plants) in altering crops whereas breeding allows transfer of genes across related species only. On the other hand, organic farming is a natural ...

Sore throat is one of the most common medical problems being encountered by people. In terms of prevalence, it is comparable to flu (influenza) and cough. Aside from the discomfort and in more severe cases, pain, that it causes, sore throat may also disrupt a person’s life. A person who has a sore throat, for example, would most likely have a concomitant fever as this usually accompanies medical problems that are associated with infection. Having fever can prevent a person from going to work and or fulfilling his daily responsibilities. So, despite the fact that sore throat is ...

[Author Name] [Author Affiliation] [Author’s notes with more information about affiliations, financial obligations, conflicts of interest and how to contact] At any given time, we are in contact with millions of bacteria; some of these bacteria are beneficial to us, while others are not. On occasion, the harmful bacteria are allowed access to our bodies and begin to replicate. Subsequently, we become sick and visit the doctor who prescribes an antibiotic. The antibiotic enters our system and destroys all of the bacteria it comes in contact with, including the good bacteria that helps the body fight off disease. ...

Introduction

Antibiotics are a class of drugs that are mostly used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Uncountable bacteria live in various parts the human body. These include the gut, skin, mouth and throats (Gelband et. al, 2015). Some of these bacteria are harmless. However, there are others that are pathogenic (disease causing) and can cause infections. These infections are known as bacterial infections and doctors prescribe antibiotics as mode of treatment. Antibiotics were introduced in 1940 and since then they have been significant to modern medicine. The core role of antibiotics was to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, ...

Introduction

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of medical science from which the discovery and treatment of various microbial causing diseases takes place. In terms of practice, Obstetrics and Gynecology are unified aspects of medical specialty that deals with management of pregnancy and care of female reproductive health. With the two concepts employed, more sophisticated women’s health issues can be effectively addressed. The role of microbiology in OB/GYN practice includes detection, prevention, and treatment of several bacterial infections among women including the common ones such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia Trachomatis. These bacterial infections do not often manifest in symptoms ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract The intensive care unit in most hospitals plays the role of providing care to patients dealing with life-threatening conditions. The technological and other set ups in these hospital units are vital in ensuring that these patients continue to receive the best regarding care while with the intentions of having them emerge with desirable outcomes. There are however challenges relating to the care that these patients receive since, in most cases, they are usually under mechanical ventilation. A patient under this condition faces the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia if the ventilators are not handled with the required care. ...

Part #1

“Guidelines for Treatment of Candidiasis” “Mucosal biofilms of Candida albicans” “Thrush and breastfeeding” Distinction among Candida species The five species from Candida genera that possess specific medical significance include Candida albicans, C tropicalis, C. galbrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. Candida albicans is widely present in human host as a commensal agent that may be exogenous or endogenous and mostly lives on the skin and the human mucosae of mouth, intestinal tract, and female genital tract. Other environmental places such as surfaces of plants, soil, and water are also its habitat. The prevalence of C. krusei in candidiasis is ...

Business

Stakeholders Stakeholders are people or organizations who have an interest in or are affected by any policy or action of an organization. Stakeholders have a number of key characteristics. They may be characterized by their interest or stake in the company. They may also have the potential to contribute to the successful conduct of business for an organization. They can further be characterized by the decision making power they have on the activities of the company (Schmeer, 1999). Stakeholders in the case of PharmaCare are discussed in following paragraphs. Shareholders. The shareholders in PharmaCare would be interested in profits, ...

In generic sense of the term, a "genetically modified organism" is a living organism whose genome has been altered artificially. This understanding includes all the possible ways of modifying the genetic information, from crosses method for genetic engineering tools. From a legislative point of view, a large number of countries and organizations use a more restrictive definition in reference to that specified in the Cartagena Protocol, which means "living modified organism" "any organization living with a novel combination of genetic material. " However, this definition is not universally recognized. Some countries, including the United States, do not make this use ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Introducing the Microorganism

Candida albicans is a human microbiome member. It is opportunistic in nature and exists as a non- harmful resident of the genitourinary tract in 70% and of oral cavity in 75% of humans. It has shown opportunistic behaviour leading to infections in case of individuals whose immune system is compromised (immunocompromised). C. albicans is mainly responsible for 2 types of infection: superficial candidiasis like vulvovaginal or oral infections and systemic life-threatening infections. C. albicans has been observed to cause vulvovaginal candidiasis in approximately 75% of women. C. albicans is an obligate and diploid organism possessing 8 pairs of chromosomes, ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Abstract

Transformation remains, and hugely significant tool in extending the borders of life sciences and medicine. It can be referred as fixing intracellular DNA into a bacteria or organism through the vector, thus transforming it. This paper uses plasmid pUC18, self-reproducing circular/spherical strands of genes that may be modified. After the bacteria absorb the vector, some proteins not usually synthesized will occur. In this study, a system has been developed to monitor the transmittance of different DNA (genes) from a genetically transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to E. coli. This mechanism is centered on yeast strains that contain several integrated ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article entitled “Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial” by Allen, et al., (2013) will be critically reviewed. The article investigates about Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) which occurs more often in older patients who are 65 and above and are treated with antibiotics that provide immunity against a wide range of bacterial diseases. Clostridium difficile is a dangerous bacteria which can cause AAD, and it can be very harmful to the patient’s health. The researchers “did a multicentre, ...

The study of infectious diseases has always been crucial to mankind because of the devastating effects it has had on the human race. The influenza epidemic, for example, occurred repeatedly in the 20 th and 21st century, spreading across large regions and multiple continents. Influenza in 1918 killed an estimated 50 million people world wide. This was higher than the amount of people that died in World War I. About 500,000 fatalities occurred in the US which was approximately 28% of the US population at that time. The number of deaths that took place in 1957 and 1968 ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most widespread problem, especially among women. It is observed the second most common incidence in primary and secondary care that requires antibiotic treatment (Shah & Goundrey-Smith, 2013). The UTI incidences are high among women and around 50% women face it once in their lifetime. The statistics suggest that women are more prone to UTIs in comparison to men and data shows that 7-8% women between the age of 60-80 and around 20% women above the age of 80 years are more susceptible ( ...

Abstract

The debate over the potential benefits of organic foods and conventional ones has been ongoing for quite a long time. Due to numerous reasons, consumers believe that organic foods are healthier, environmentally friendly as well as possess ethical option and they are not far from the truth. A number of scientific evidence indicate that organic foods are better for nature, involves high animal welfare, natural and great tasting foods aspects as well as safer and healthier option than non-organic ones. Studies reveal various reasons why consumers choose organics and interestingly most consumers who go for organics do so because ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Health promotion refers to the efforts that are widely directed at empowering people to take charge of their health as well as factors that modify health outcomes. For the nurse, health promotion comprises of teaching people how to manage their illnesses. Empowering people to manage their sickness helps prevent disability from illnesses and to shorten the duration of morbidity. Today, the goal of the nurse in health promotion is also to prevent the occurrence of illness. Preventing the occurrence of illness may be achieved through immunization, community/individual education, as well as the modification of the environment and factors within ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

What is Cholecystitis and the common signs and symptoms associated with it?

Cholecystitis is termed for a disease of the gallbladder which is accompanied by the presence of the inflammation of the gallbladder. Most cases of gallbladder are not accompanied by symptoms and people with gallstones would not necessarily develop Cholecystitis. One of the major reasons for Cholecystitis is the blockage of the cystic duct by gallstones. Abdominal pain is a common sign of Cholecystitis but is often associated with the build-up of bile which increases the pressure within the gallbladder (Nikfarjam, M., et al. 2011). The inflammation of the gallbladder is mainly caused due to bacterial infection of the gallbladder ...

Introduction

Approximately 2.5 million individuals in the United States contract pneumonia annually, and 55,000 of those individuals die as a result. In fact, pneumonia was the eighth prominent cause of morbidity and is the number one communicable disease in the United States. Pneumonia is the leading deadly hospital-contracted disease and contributes to a sizable amount of deaths in unindustrialized countries as well. It is a grave illness that can impact individuals in all age groups, but it is especially serious in adolescents, the elderly population, and in people with fundamental medical issues such as ischemia, low blood sugar, and ...

The antibiotic that the articles are discussing is the Teixobactin. It took three decades before a new antibiotic was discovered. There are several challenges faced by medical personnel in treating infections. One of these is that 99 percent of bacteria do not grow inside the laboratory conditions. Since most antibiotics grow in soil, there is a need to create a “subterranean hotel” inside the laboratory. Another challenge faced by medical personnel in treating infections is that some microbes have become resistant to almost all medicines. Furthermore, before an antibiotic is considered effective, it should first be tested on humans. ...