Essays on Bacterial

Pathophysiology of Rheumatic Fever

Introduction Rheumatic Fever (RF) is the type of inflammatory disease that can develop due to untreated or inadequately treated throat infection (scarlet fever or strep throat) caused by a type of bacteria known as streptococcus (Carapetis, McDonald & Wilson, 2005). This paper is going to cover pathophysiology of the Rheumatic Fever. It will begin with the symptoms associated with RF. A description of mechanisms or processes that take place in a person infected with RF will be described. This will be followed by a discussion of the causes of RF. There is a section dedicated to the pathophysiology of RF ...

Abstract

Background: When animals get sick, their owners use a variety of means to treat them. One of the means is the use of antibiotics. However, antibiotics are used for several other reasons that are not therapeutic based. The result is the development of antimicrobial resistance, some of which is passed to humans during the period of treatment. Purpose: The aim of the study was to explore the transmission of the resistance to antimicrobials to human beings during the treatment of camels using Tylosin in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive method using the survey research design. Structured questionnaires were ...

Diagnosis

The diagnosis that can be made from the symptoms of the patient is community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a severe disease of the lungs that occurs in people who do not have regular access to health care services. The risk factors of CAP include old age and medical comorbidities. CAP has been defined as comprising of chest pain, productive cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, sweating and shaking chills (Musher, & Thorner, 2014). Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, atypical organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumonia, fungi, and viruses may cause pneumonia.

Gram Staining

The sputum taken from the lungs after a deep cough ...

Introduction

The situation is getting out of control at Good Health Hospital (Tampa Bay) since the outbreak of Escherichia coli, a specie of bacteria that can be found in many daily items. The incident involved Ward 10, which is located in the second floor. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that the investigation of the bacterial source must begin with the hospital kitchen as the bacterium can be transmitted through contaminated vegetables and delicatessen meats (e.g. salami and other cold cuts). The Epidemiological Summary provides a brief description of the data obtained. Environmental review ...

The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance: Has our use of Antibiotics Caused more Problems than it has solved?

Antibiotics are medicines which have bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties and used in treatment or prevention of microbial diseases (NPS 2012). Antibiotics a have been in existence for a long time and were initially known as antibiosis which meant against life, and by Jean Paul Vuillemin first used this term. He used the word to describe the properties which were exhibited by the early antibacterial drugs. In 1877 Antibiosis was first described by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch when they observed the inhibition of growth of Bacillus anthracis by an airborne bacillus. In 1928 penicillin was identified by Alexander Fleming. ...

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

Background: Clinical Description

The disease causing agent, Coccioides spp., causes a wide range of illness, but these illness are mostly determined by the hosts' defenses, inoculum size and possibly specific organism virulence. Most of the clinical infections (about 60%) show few or no respiratory symptoms. However, the rest 40% may show symptoms of illness that may either be acute or sub-acute. The illness could range from progressive pneumonia to flu-like conditions. Misdiagnosis usually occurs in self-limited community-acquired pneumonia. According to Saubolle, McKeller & Sussland (2007), only 29% of 56 people who had community-acquired pneumonia were diagnosed of coccidioidomycosis. The exact ...

Rocky mountain spotted fever is tick-borne infection. In endemic areas, the prevalence of the diseases is 15 per 100,000 persons. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of fever and headache. It is caused by gram-negative intracellular bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii. The bacteria have a high predisposition for the endothelial cell. Actin protein polymerization in the cells is important for the spread of bacteria from one cell to another. (Raoult & Parola, 2007) The bacteria cause lymphohistiocytic vasculitis and necrosis of the infected cells. It typically takes 5-7 days from the day of tick bite to the onset of symptoms. ...

During the second week, the CRP analysis was performed in the class. Blood testing for C-reactive protein aids in the rapid identification and verification of the progress and effectiveness of the treatment of infections, injuries and inflammation. The analysis was conducted to determine the acute infectious diseases, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis), monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (pneumonia, septicemia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, etc.) (Arinzon Z. et al., 2011, p.365). In addition, it helps to define the determination of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes but also on chronic hemodialysis ...

There are many different types of virus and bacteria that can have a negative effect on the human body; some are internal, while others are external. One such bacterium is Staphylococcus, which leads to infection in many human beings. The Staphylococcus bacteria is responsible for a number of different types of infections, they are described as being spheroid shaped, gram-stain positive sometimes seen in singular, in pairs, or very often in clusters; this is often contributed to being described as a bunch of grapes (Davis 1). Human beings are most susceptible to two specific strains, staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus ...

Tuberculosis is a serious bacterial infection that is usually spread from one individual to the other by inhalation of very small droplets originating from the sneezes or coughs of an infected person. The bacteria that causes TB is known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Kelly, Wilker, & Ambrose, 2011, p. 14). The main organ affected by the disease is the lungs (also called pulmonary tuberculosis) but it can also affect bones, the nervous system, and the glands. Each droplet of sneeze may contain between 1 to 400 bacilli each. Because the disease is airborne, the bacterium can also be transmitted to a ...

Bacteria refer to the regnum of prokaryotes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan). For the current moment, it accounts for more than ten thousand kinds of bacteria. The bacterium is recognized as one of the most ancient of living organisms, arising about 3.9 – 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria have the substantial variation in the ways of metamorphic and energetic metabolism. Thus, autotrophs can synthesize all necessary organic molecules from non-organic compounds, whereas heterotrophs demand active organic compounds to transform them. The biggest degree of heterotrophs belongs to intracellular parasites. They are called saprophytes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan) and can ...

ANATOMY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

The urinary tract, simply put, is the bodies system of drainage through which excess water and wastes are removed from the body. It is a multi-organ system consisting of the two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The kidneys are small organs that assume the shape of a bean and are equivalently the size of a normal human fist. They are located below the rib cage, each of them on either side of the spine. Wastewater (urine) moves from the kidneys downwards through two narrow tubes known as ureters, and it is then stored in the bladder, ...

Patient initials: MK Age: 60 Sex: M

Care Plan Subjective MK, the patient presents with a chief complaint of decreased urinary flow but has also had troublesome nocturia for the last two weeks as well as significant terminal dysuria. History of present illness: Patients states that in the past day he has had significant difficulties especially in starting his urine flow and this has affected his ability to enrage in normal daily activities. Patient denies radiating pain. Patient history: Patient has had a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, costochondritis, as well as suspected angina characterized by chest wall syndrome which was however treated.

Significant family history: There is also a probable positive family history for cardiovascular or heart diseases

Objective: Patient is a ...

STIs (Sexually transmitted infections) include all infections that an individual can get infected with through sexual intercourse. These diseases used to be called venereal diseases, and the most common types of STIs include gonorrhea, hepatitis, HIV, Chlamydia, and syphilis. However, there are some other bacterial infections that affect sex organs due to effects of harmful bacteria. These infections such as bacterial vaginosis do not necessarily have to be spread through having sex (CDC, 2014). This paper will consider gonorrhea and congenital syphilis and discuss the age ranges as well as the infection rates for the two infections. The paper ...

Introduction

Biological attacks include the use of biological agents such as bacteria, fungus, and toxins from living creatures for intentional or threatened purposes to cause deaths or diseases to human populations, plants, and other animals. Therefore, biological agents can be considered as microorganisms, which affect the normal functioning of other living things by imposing diseases or even deaths. Biological agents attack continues to pose great threat majorly to the world population with majority concern being given to its ability to bring massive loss of lives to individuals. It’s, therefore, a major concern for the law enforcement agencies and medical ...

In a time when Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) have become a global concern, there is a universal consensus on the importance of hand washing in both clinical and non-clinical settings. However, research in this field are yet to reach an agreement on whether hand sanitizers work more effectively than soap and water for healthcare workers during patient care. In this light, the current paper summarizes two articles exploring the subject of hand washing and hand sanitizers. More specifically, this paper will rate and evaluate the strength of evidence found in both articles. The principle aim of this paper is to ...

The Frontline program, “The Trouble with Antibiotics” describes the agricultural use of antibiotics and how bacteria such as KPC, NDM1 and MRSA are becoming resistant to antibiotics used to treat human illness. According to the film, by far the largest user of antibiotics is not in the health industry, but the farming industry which raises animals for meat and eggs. The use of antibiotics in this industry promotes faster animal growth, and protects and protects herds and flocks against disease, which would spread rapidly in the crowded conditions employed in animal raising. Approximately 70% of global antibiotic use occurs ...

Psychrotrophic bacteria in milk: How much do we really know?

Background Every day, people take milk or use milk products to cook and bake. When milk is stored at room temperature for days without boiling it goes bad because of the presence of bacteria in milk. For this reason, milk is stored at cold temperatures. However, some bacterial species are able to grow at cold temperatures hence cause defects in milk. This causes milk production companies to make losses even after applying required storage measures. According to Olivera, favarin, Luchese and McIntosh (2015), P. flourecsens, a psychrotrophic bacteria, is among microbes that cause such defects in milk.

Reason for Study

The objective ...

Overview

The significant outcome related to the over prescription of antibiotics by the physicians attributes to the pattern of antimicrobial resistance that develops inside the patients who consume extra doses or combination of antibiotics for treating their sore throat manifestation . The antibiotics resistance across the patient population is effectively determined by the measurement of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) through laboratory analysis . The configuration of dilution solution of antibiotics stock and interpretation of the MIC findings through the analysis of bacterial growth over agar plates provides an insight regarding the MIC of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance of the developed ...

Application of Epidemiology – Case Study

Application of Epidemiology – Case Study

Information Summative

The statistical analysis of the Good Health Hospital’s medical records reveals the progression of Escherichia coli infection among four hospitalized patients who reported bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, loss of appetite, flatulence and pyrexia since last week. The summary of these cases presented below in the context of their further analysis. The findings by the CDC revealed that the E. coli manifestations emanated among the affected patients after consuming the spoiled food items attributing to meats and vegetables.

Background Information (Indicating the Requirement of Further Investigation)

Georgia Department of Public Health (GDPH) describes various nosocomial infections reported within a ...

Answer Questions

Answer Questions.

Dietary factors (an unhealthy diet). Lifestyle (A sedentary lifestyle). Genes (familial predisposition) (Wallis, 2014). List four things that bacteria in our digestive system do to help us. Digestion of plant fibers. Influencing the storage of fat. Influencing blood glucose levels. Influencing response to hormones related to hunger (Wallis, 2014). Of the four things you have listed above (answers 4-7) which is the best documented, the best understood scientifically? The most understood and documented of the four activities is the digestion of plant fibers since bacteria have been found to digest organic materials both in vivo and in-vitro.

What are the two locations in the body that hold the most bacteria?

...

The activity of AMPK supports the normal function of the endothelial barrier (Xing, Wang, Coughlan, Viollet, Moriasi, & Zou, 2013), while on the other hand, the exposure of LPS ensures that there is inhibition of AMPK, thus accentuating lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction (Kratzer et al., 2012). It is a fact that LPS increases the permeability of the endothelium, which occurs once there is a decrease in the AMPK activity. This is consistent with the fact that the activation of AMPK activator, AICAR, emphasizes LP, once it is applied in vitro to test the hyper endothelial permeability. Experiments done ...

Sore throat is one of the most common medical problems being encountered by people. In terms of prevalence, it is comparable to flu (influenza) and cough. Aside from the discomfort and in more severe cases, pain, that it causes, sore throat may also disrupt a person’s life. A person who has a sore throat, for example, would most likely have a concomitant fever as this usually accompanies medical problems that are associated with infection. Having fever can prevent a person from going to work and or fulfilling his daily responsibilities. So, despite the fact that sore throat is ...

The 2-year child has complaints of the ear that have deprived him of sleep due to the associated pain. There are two possible diagnosis in this case; on one hand the patient could be having a swimmer’s ear condition also known as the acute otitis externa which usually a condition that causes, inflammation, irritation as well as infection on the ear canal that runs from the eardrum to the external region of the ear (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr & Blosser, 2013). The condition is characterized by the production of an odorless clear discharge from the ear which can advance ...

Biomolecules serve different functions in a cell. The three major classes of biomolecules in the cell are: proteins, nuclei acids and carbohydrates. These molecular structures serve nearly similar functions in most organisms. Though the function of protein in forming cell architecture, signaling and communication is well known, little is known about the role of carbohydrate in communication. Nevertheless, it goes un-denying that carbohydrates are indispensable for cellular communication and signaling, just like proteins and nucleic acids. The paper titled, Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition, by the authors Nathan Sharon and Halina Lis, is a good review that elucidates the significance ...

Osteomyelitis is a serious bone infection, occurring rarely, that metastasizes to the bone through the bloodstream. Additionally, surgery or open fracture can also cause the bone infection. Normally, bones do have enough resistance power to evade the infection, but the introduction of microorganisms hematogenously from surrounding structures or direct immunization concerning a surgery can trigger the disease. The persistence of infection for a long time span is referred to as chronic osteomyelitis. Studies over the years have put forward some important factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. These include immunity level of the host, type and location of ...

Introduction

Antibiotics are a class of drugs that are mostly used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Uncountable bacteria live in various parts the human body. These include the gut, skin, mouth and throats (Gelband et. al, 2015). Some of these bacteria are harmless. However, there are others that are pathogenic (disease causing) and can cause infections. These infections are known as bacterial infections and doctors prescribe antibiotics as mode of treatment. Antibiotics were introduced in 1940 and since then they have been significant to modern medicine. The core role of antibiotics was to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, ...

Introduction

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of medical science from which the discovery and treatment of various microbial causing diseases takes place. In terms of practice, Obstetrics and Gynecology are unified aspects of medical specialty that deals with management of pregnancy and care of female reproductive health. With the two concepts employed, more sophisticated women’s health issues can be effectively addressed. The role of microbiology in OB/GYN practice includes detection, prevention, and treatment of several bacterial infections among women including the common ones such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia Trachomatis. These bacterial infections do not often manifest in symptoms ...

Why does she have bacteria and white blood cell casts in her urine?

In this case, Ms, Cornwall has focal bacterial infection of her calyces, medulla and renal pelvis. The presence of these bacterial and their invasion within the mentioned parts causes a body response to defend against the invasion. This occurs though a trigger of the inflammatory mediators and other body defense mechanism in this case the white blood cells. With the white blood cells now dominating the region of infection, there occurs a systematic abscess formation and necrosis within the medulla (Alexander et al., 2012). At this point, the next step that could occur is the scar tissue formation which ...

1. A fever of unknown origin (FUO) in a patient with leukemia leads itself to a wide range of differential diagnoses. Traditionally FUO is divided into four categories: classic, nosocomial, neutropenic, and HIV-associated. Classic FUO can be a result of infections, malignancy, or collagen vascular disease. Nosocomial FUO is most likely due to C. difficle infections, pulmonary embolism, or an infected catheter. Neutropenic FUO can be caused by opportunistic bacterial or fungal infection. Lastly, HIV FUO can be due to M. avium-intracellulare complex or P. carinii. Most likely because of the patient’s WBC count and history of leukemia, ...

Naso-duodenal tube feeding is recommended for hospitalized patients. This means that Sharyn does not need the assessment of the caretakers and the important home details. However, like any other patient, Sharyn needs to be psychologically prepared to the feeding method. Therefore, there will be need to establish an understanding between the hospital caregivers and Sharyn. This will include explaining to the patient everything concerning the procedure including the indication and contraindication. Hospitals will often provide the outlined procedure for the administration of the feeding method and this should be followed to the latter. According to the hospital procedure and ...

The advances in biotechnological field have made it possible to understand the genetic role behind molecular mechanisms to large extents. This in depth understanding of biological processes has paved ways to treat the untreatable aiding the human existence in multitudes of aspects like food, health, bioremediation, mining, biopharmaceutical production and much more. This microbial world is vast and has been a platform for human beings to explore their biological systems as they are simpler cells and can be manipulated with much ease than complex systems. The DNA harnessed within the cells are the molecular entities that have been targeted ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

Copper wires play a vital role in the process of material extraction. The copper wires aid in the general processes of extracting other materials from their sources as well as the generation of new products and energy. However, the use of copper wires especially in the electric transformers, the efficiency motors, the refrigerating machines as well as the air conditioning has a lot of effects to the environment. There is the production of greenhouse gasses, due to the use of copper wires and fossil fuels (Dresher, 2001). Due to its ductility and malleability, it is used as a dam ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Introducing the Microorganism

Candida albicans is a human microbiome member. It is opportunistic in nature and exists as a non- harmful resident of the genitourinary tract in 70% and of oral cavity in 75% of humans. It has shown opportunistic behaviour leading to infections in case of individuals whose immune system is compromised (immunocompromised). C. albicans is mainly responsible for 2 types of infection: superficial candidiasis like vulvovaginal or oral infections and systemic life-threatening infections. C. albicans has been observed to cause vulvovaginal candidiasis in approximately 75% of women. C. albicans is an obligate and diploid organism possessing 8 pairs of chromosomes, ...

Microbial fuel cells are devices that employ bacterial or other microbial cells to generate electricity (Singh, Pratap, Baranwal, Kumar and Chaudhary, 2010). Cells generally carry out electron transfer and oxidation-reduction reactions during normal metabolic activities. Electrons generated during these reactions can be made to flow through an external circuit to generate current. Fig 1. Depicts a typical MFC. The anodic compartment consists of microbial culture in glucose or other medium (Singh et al, 2010). Wastewater can also be used as a substrate source for microbes in a MFC intended for effluent treatment application. The microbial cells breakdown complex substrates ...

Introduction

Trillions of microbes constitute the “Metagenome” of the human gut. This is the organ called microbiome, which is highly essential, and offers the host benefits such as metabolic abilities, pathogen protection, immune system enhancement, and GI tract developmental modulations (De Fillipo, et al.). In their study, three questions regarding the evolution of the human microbiota have been raised. They are: (1) how does the partitioning of bacterial diversity between and within two populations studied? (2) Does there exist a correlation between the diet and bacterial diversity?; and (3) considering the varied geography and hygienic conditions, what is the bacterial ...

Introduction

The treatment for multitudes of diseases and disorders resulting from genetic reasons have been ambiguous since long as the only cure could be the correction of genes and DNA in the specific region. Gene therapy gave a promising horizon to the correction of such genetic defects whereby molecular tools are applied to reverse the mutation or any other changes in the DNA. The advancing biomedical research have offered several tools for gene therapy since last few decades that have been able to perform the desired roles but with one or the other limitations. Lately, CRISPR-Cas9 based tools for gene ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

Abstract

Handwashing is an important process in controlling microorganism transmission and infectious diseases. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of different antibacterial hand cleaners (soap, alcohol hand sanitizer and ethanol soaked wipes) on killing bacteria. Hands were sampled without cleaning with antibacterial hand cleaner (control), and after cleaning with antibacterial soap, alcohol sanitizer, and ethanol soaked wipes. Samples were taken with a sterile cotton swab and inoculated on agar plates. Each experiment was done three times. Colonies were counted, mean values and standard deviation were calculated, and data was reported. Alcohol and sanitizer and ethanol soaked ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Abstract

Transformation remains, and hugely significant tool in extending the borders of life sciences and medicine. It can be referred as fixing intracellular DNA into a bacteria or organism through the vector, thus transforming it. This paper uses plasmid pUC18, self-reproducing circular/spherical strands of genes that may be modified. After the bacteria absorb the vector, some proteins not usually synthesized will occur. In this study, a system has been developed to monitor the transmittance of different DNA (genes) from a genetically transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to E. coli. This mechanism is centered on yeast strains that contain several integrated ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article entitled “Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial” by Allen, et al., (2013) will be critically reviewed. The article investigates about Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) which occurs more often in older patients who are 65 and above and are treated with antibiotics that provide immunity against a wide range of bacterial diseases. Clostridium difficile is a dangerous bacteria which can cause AAD, and it can be very harmful to the patient’s health. The researchers “did a multicentre, ...

I. Introduction Advances in recombinant DNA technology and bioinformatics-based data analysis have driven the explosion of structural biology in the last two decades (Kelly, Jess, and Price 119). This has resulted to the identification of at least 2000 proteins annually and a growing need in performing structural studies in these new proteins. The current trend involves the concern of analyzing protein structures close to its natural conditions (and other conditions) and of measuring their rates of structural changes, an essential factor in their biological functions. The technique of circular dichroism (CD) has gained an increasing popularity in addressing these ...

Article #1:

The article focussed on the breeding behaviours of emperor penguins that are recently discovered with the help of satellites. Mostly it is believed that penguins lay their eggs on sea ice that is fast and stable and that remains intact under the chick fledge. Fretwell and co-workers conducted this study on forty-six colonies emperor penguins. The recent observation revealed that few colonies of emperor penguins breed on ice-shelves instead of sea ice. Due to rapid climate changes and the incidence of ice melting the penguin population has declined and very close to extinction. It is a big concern that ...

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia, or as it is called - lung inflammation, is the infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, fungus and viruses. Until the moment when penicillin was discovered, every third sick person died from the infection. Despite all the achievements of modern medicine, pneumonia remains a serious and dangerous disease. 5% of the patients with pneumonia die.

How can you get pneumonia?

In some cases, the disease is transmitted drip-virally. A sick person sneezes; his secretions contain bacteria and micro-organisms which, getting into the lungs of a healthy person, cause inflammatory infectious processes. In other cases, pneumonia occurs due ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Dr. 1

Define the term probiotic. (Make sure you include the three components of this definition and use your own words—DO NOT copy the statement from the slide).

Probiotic is a term used to define microorganisms that are believed to have health benefits to humans when consumed.

When did the NIH human microbiome project begin and what were its two major objectives? NIH human microbiome project began in the year 2005. Its two major objectives are to identify microbes present human body and identify their role in human health and disease

Which different mechanisms were suggested through which microbiota may contribute to colorectal cancer?

Microbiome can contribute to colorectal cancer by the production of toxic and genotoxic bacterial metabolites that can lead to mutations by binding specific cell surface receptors and affect ...

Q1

Tetanus

It is a disease caused by bacteria known as clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system leading to muscle contractions. Tetanus has no cure. We use antibiotics to prevent its complications.

Common cold

It is a viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract. Viruses spread through droplets. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat common cold.

Influenza

It is also a viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract. It is also known as the flu. Treatment is use of antiviral drugs (Krasner and Shors).

Cholera

It is an acute infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. ...

Virulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention

InstitutionVirulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Bacterial Infections We live in a day that was much like 100 years ago, before antibiotics existed at all. The reason for this is that almost as soon as a new antibiotic is introduced, bacteria develop resistance to it. In 2008, a type of bacteria was found in China that has 45 specific genes meant solely to confer resistance to antibiotics just in its plasmid. Plasmid is a cellular material generated by bacterial colonies that are hard to penetrate with antibiotics, even without resistance genes (Lutz, 2016). As the search for ...

Upper respiratory disease is a term that encompasses acute infections ranging from the benign common cold to life-threatening conditions (e.g., epiglottitis). Cases of upper respiratory disease are easy to recognize because the patients will complain about the following symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016):

Runny nose (always)

Sore throat (always) Coughing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Sneezing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Other symptoms depend on the patient’s age, medical history, and the pathogen causing the infection, so it is important to conduct a thorough assessment which consists of the following steps:

Interview the patient.

Perform ...

Scientific Report

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Abstract

The experiment was performed to analyze the outcomes of temperature on the ability of fungal and bacterial amylase to breakdown starch to maltose. Therefore, the study will reveal the optimal temperature for amylase activity. The initial steps include preparing the materials and tools used during the experiment. A timetable for comparing temperature and function was generated. Test tubes and plates were properly labeled. Iodine was needed for every spot plate so that the fungal amylase, bacterial amylase, fungal amylase and the starch solution can be added to the iodine in a time and temperature dependent fashion. Observing ...

ICU Observation Evidence-based Practice

ICU Observation Evidence-based Practice

Introduction of the Patient

The patient goes by the name T.P. A 72-year-old male who’s a retired truck driver. He’s immediate family includes his wife, daughter, and grandson (10 years old who is autistic and has turrets syndrome). He is currently diagnosed with myocardial infarction and altered mental state. The past medical history of this patient shows that he has suffered a lot of diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus Type 2, congested heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, CKD-3, CAD, dementia, chronic kidney disease and GERD.

The primary medical diagnosis is myocardial infarction which refers to regional myocardial necrosis ...

Introduction

Approximately 2.5 million individuals in the United States contract pneumonia annually, and 55,000 of those individuals die as a result. In fact, pneumonia was the eighth prominent cause of morbidity and is the number one communicable disease in the United States. Pneumonia is the leading deadly hospital-contracted disease and contributes to a sizable amount of deaths in unindustrialized countries as well. It is a grave illness that can impact individuals in all age groups, but it is especially serious in adolescents, the elderly population, and in people with fundamental medical issues such as ischemia, low blood sugar, and ...

Introduction

Quality is the characteristic of a service or a good to be fit for use by the customer or the consumer. The pharmaceutical quality means the production of a product that is free of contamination that gives the therapeutic benefit that is labeled in the container to the customer. This quality is either evaluated in vitro or vivo by the tests performed. In quality design, the vitro product is ensured to have good performance and the same provide a similar quality in the vivo performance test. In this case, the product performance is related to the product performance.

Quality by Design (QbD)

This ...

Abstract

In the experiment, the main objective was to compare the efficiency of two treatments in terms of Ajax and Hand sanitizer. The class was divided in two groups and Group A performed hand washing with Ajax while Group B used the hand sanitizer as hand washing agent. Cultures of the dominant hand by imprint method using Petri dish agar were done on each subject before and after the application of hand washing agents. The inoculated agar Petri dishes were incubated for a week at 37°C. Colony counts of the organisms identified were made. The mean change in the number ...

Group work project

Q. 1)

Group discussions are essential in any school setup since it aids students to grasp the content better. My participation in group work made me understand so many things about post-meningitic hearing loss management. Although I had read and done a lot of research in this field, I still did not have the full facts about this condition. One aspect, which I fully grasped during the group work, was the nature and causes of this condition. Although I had some idea on the possible causes and symptoms of the condition, I understood these aspects better because the group members ...

Question 1: In some developing countries, antibiotics can be purchased without a prescription. Why do you think this is done? What biological consequences would you predict?

Developing countries have a very weak drug regulation system, characterized with low number of physicians per person. Often, one physician has to attend to a large number of patients, and usually some communities live in places where physicians are rare and hospitals are not easily accessible. In addition, the fees charged for just seeing a physician is quite high for moist people to afford. The government thus allows the sale of some antibiotics in shops and chemist ...