Essays on Capacitor

Lab Report

Introduction The piezoelectricity concept was first used approximately 80 years ago. For the piezo effect to apply, quartz is essential. When pressure is applied to quartz electrical fields and electrical charges result. This was found to be very essential as it lead to a wide range of applications. A scientist by the name Langevin was the first to find a suitable application for the technology. Langevin, a Frenchman used quartz in an ingenious way to develop the first ever sonar. He was able to send and receive sound under water. The present day technology borrowed a lot from this ...

The energy stored in a capacitor

1. The energy stored in a capacitor measured in Jules is equal to the required work to charge the capacitor. The capacitor has a capacity "C" with a charge +q in one plate and –q in the other plate . The two plates have a separation "d." The movementof a small charge dq from one plate to another, it is necessary to execute a work dW. The expression is the following: C = q/V dW = V * dq dW = q/C*dq Equation 1. 2. To move a charge dq from one plate to another is required to execute work and part of ...

Introduction

Control systems are not complete without the installation of actuators. Actuators are the mechanisms which are used by the control system to achieve a process or a function. They are responsible for the motion or control mechanisms which are used by the control system to accomplish their defined operations of functions. Actuators are used to convert the electrical signal from the control system to mechanical movement or motion which then accomplished a desired task or function (Bart et al., 2013).There are different types of actuators used in control systems. The type of actuators used in control systems depend ...

Microbial fuel cells are devices that employ bacterial or other microbial cells to generate electricity (Singh, Pratap, Baranwal, Kumar and Chaudhary, 2010). Cells generally carry out electron transfer and oxidation-reduction reactions during normal metabolic activities. Electrons generated during these reactions can be made to flow through an external circuit to generate current. Fig 1. Depicts a typical MFC. The anodic compartment consists of microbial culture in glucose or other medium (Singh et al, 2010). Wastewater can also be used as a substrate source for microbes in a MFC intended for effluent treatment application. The microbial cells breakdown complex substrates ...

Introduction

This experiment aims to examine the transient phase of a second order circuit. By definition, a second order circuit consists of circuit elements which are a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected either in series or parallel. The transient phase of the second order circuit used in this experiment was investigated by measuring the voltage across the capacitor and the resistor. The measured voltage will help determine whether the transient phase is; overdamped, critically damped or under-damped.

Equipment’s used in the Experiment

An oscilloscope, a function generator, resistors, an inductor and a capacitor. Procedure The voltage v(t) of the circuit 8.2 was ...

Synopsis

In this experiment, AC circuits, capacitors, and inductors are reviewed. Circuit analysis to cover sinusoidal signals is done. The experiment is drawn from lecture 5 and six learned on series and parallel configuration of RLC circuits, that is, Resistor –capacitor, RC; Resistor-inductor, RL; series Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor; RLC; and parallel RLC circuits.

Introduction

The three basic passive components, resistor, inductor, and capacitor have varied phase relationships when connected in a sinusoidal AC circuit. Analysis of a series RCL circuit is similar to dual series RL and RC circuit. Series RCL circuits are categorized as second order circuit because they have two energy ...

1. The bode plot of the system is:

The zeros are located at:

f=0, 500 Hz

The poles are located at:

f=3.4, 50, 2120 Hz 2. Converting Hz to rad/s,

Zeros:

ωz1=0, ωz2=2π500=1000π

Poles:

ωp1=2π3.4=21.36, ωp2=2π50=100π, ωp3=2π2120=4240π 3. The form of the transfer function is: Hs=Kss+1000π(s+21.36)(s+100π)(s+4240π) Hs=j2.136=1=Kj2.136j2.136+1000π(j2.136+21.36)(j2.136+100π)(j2.136+4240π) 1K=7.47×10-5→K=13387

The transfer function becomes:

Hs=13387ss+1000πs+21.36s+100πs+4240π =13387ss1000π+11000πs21.36+1s100π+1s4240π+121.36100π4240π H(s)=0.4705ss1000π+1s21.36+1s100π+1s4240π+1 4. The frequency response of the transfer function is generated in MATLAB using the following code: clc s = tf('s'); wz = [1000* ...

Introduction:

This is the ninth experiment in which we will be doing a few experiments that involve inductors and capacitors in order to gain a deeper insight into these elements. We will carry out a few experiments that concern open-close switch circuits and the first order circuit. We shall determine the R(internal) value for the inductors as well as the capacitors in the first order circuit.

Theory:

A capacitor is an element with two terminals that models a device that contains two plates capable of conduction, with the plates being separated by a material that is a non-conductor.

The relationship between voltage and current for a capacitor is-

Vc(t) ...

555timer

Introduction The 555 integrated circuit (chip) is used in a variety of timer and oscillator applications. A 555 timer is used to provide time delays and oscillations and as a flip-flop element. The device has additional terminals provided to trigger or resetting purpose (Nair, 2006). During the time delay operation mode, time is precisely controlled by an external resistor and capacitor. While working as an oscillator, the duty cycle and the frequency are accurately regulated by two external resistors and a capacitor (Brumbach, & Clade, 2003). 555 is triggered and reset on falling waveforms. A typical 555 timer IC is ...

Introduction

The Wide-Band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) is a third generation handset system that achieves high data transmission by utilizing a wider spectrum frequency. Issues that arise in handsets such as a low spectral growth and maintenance of modulation accuracy require a low adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) especially in the case of the W-CDMA handset systems. High linearization in the portable W-CDMA systems can be improved by increasing the gain compression point that creates the AM-AM distortion. As such this can be achieved by using an on-chip linearizer. A new on-chip active bias circuit can be used ...

Introduction

Over time, the growth of a city of a locality leads to the increase in the demand for electricity. The growth in population and the commercial activity puts pressure on the national grid. Without commensurate investments in the generation of power, the increase in demand results in shortages. To supplement the shortage of electricity in the region, more power can be brought in from the generation sources. However, this is complicated if the power generation plants are located far away. This is because more high voltage overhead transmission lines would be required. The Ministry for the Environment (2010) finds ...

Introduction

Numerous electrical applications require an inverter, which converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) power. Some of these applications require the stepping down of voltage levels when realizing this conversion, which signifies that the input DC power is greater than the AC power. Conversely, certain applications require the opposite: to step up voltage when performing the power conversion, which means that the input DC power is lower than the AC power. These requirements can be met through the use of Voltage Source Inverters and Current Source Inverters, respectively. However, some particular applications require to step down voltage for ...

Objective:

This experiment is about the implementation and testing of low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. The frequency response of each filter is analyzed using Bode plots. The properties of passive devices will be used to explain the response.

Equipment List:

EQUIPMENT Oscilloscope 2 Function Generators

COMPONENTS

1µF Capacitors 1 kΩ Resistors

Relevant Theory/Background Information:

A low-pass filter is a filter that allows frequencies below a cut-off frequency while filtering out frequencies above this cut-off frequency. For a simple series RC circuit, a low-pass filter can be created by connecting the input signal to the resistor and taking the output from the capacitor. The cut-off frequency ...