Essays on Frequencies

Benford's law also known as the first-digit law deals with the distribution of natural numbers in which it tends to major into their importance regarding significance. The law states that given any arrangement of natural numbers, the smallest number always seems to be the most significant while the largest number in the collection is always the least significant. Therefore, number 1 appears to be the most significant in any given combination of natural numbers 30% of the times. While on the other hand, number 9 appears only 5% of the times as the most significant number. The law states ...

Questions for Exams

Question 33: Describe the economical content of the cumulative frequency if you analyze the series The economical content of cumulative frequencies if examined in series gives the total sum of all the frequencies displayed in a table for data analysis of samples. Moreover, when the series are accurate, one can tell the sequence of the data as it appears in the worksheet and derives conclusions from the primary variables.

Question 38: Explain the economical and statistical content of the components of following regression equation.

Y intercept is the value of the depreciative variance explained using the alpha constant. Moreover, Y is considered as the value of two or more independent variables for observation. The € ...

IT 331 Week 2

IT 331 Week 2 Describe the series of connections that would be made, equipment and protocol changes, if you connected your laptop to a wireless hotspot and opened your email program and sent an email to someone. Think of all the layers and the round trip the information will likely make. The first thing you need to do is to turn on the wireless hotspot and to search for the available Wi-Fi connections. Choose the needed one and enter the required login and password; this information acts as the encryption key that transmits traffic. Then, open the email app; ...

In physics, the word ultrasound refers to a sound with a frequency that cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound/ Sonography imaging, therefore, uses sound waves to provide pictures inside a body so as to diagnose the cause of pain, infection or swelling in the internal organs. It can also be used to examine the condition of a fetus in pregnant women as well as the brains and hips of infants. Primarily, this technology can also be used to guide health practitioners during biopsies, diagnose heart conditions, and assess damages after a heart attack (Hamdi, Boughariou, Guedri, & Boussofara, 2016). Today, ...

Condoms are a method of contraception used by both males and females. It acts as a barrier. A male condom constitutes a thin sheath that is usually made of latex (Alexander, 2016). On the other hand, the female condom is made of polyurethane sheath that has a flexible ring at the two ends (Edlin & Golanty, 2016). Condoms are intended for protecting people from contracting STIs during sexual intercourse. Besides, they are used as contraceptives. Condoms are grouped as class II medical devices since they exhibit the second lowest level of risk. Various clinical studies have been conducted on various ...

Abstract

The paper describes a test and an activity conducted to check convincingly whether there is gender discrimination amongst bank employees and to demonstrate how randomization techniques can help determine whether there difference between proportions is statistically significant in a given case. The test yields a position wherein 35 out of 48 bank supervisors recommend an application for promotion, wherein the applications are varied just by gender and yields 21 male and 14 female recommendations. The test result is put to test using a randomization technique. The original sample is resampled 100 times and with every resampling a different composition ...

Business Statistics

Statistics is the methodology developed by scientists and mathematicians for interpretation and drawing conclusions from collected data (Isotalo, 2012). The main activities involved in statistics are collecting, processing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting of data. Everything under these fields or anything remotely related to the fields, and the planning preceding these activities all belong to the domain of activities. Statistics is very broad and is not applied to science and mathematics alone but vast fields including business.

Qualitative versus Quantitative Data

Data used in statistical research can either be qualitative data or quantitative data. These data differs in their uses, their methods of collection, ...

Chi-square

The chi-square test is used to compare the theoretical and observed frequencies. The chi-square distribution is not symmetrical, as normal or t-distribution. The mean and standard deviation can be calculated for the normal, t-, and Poisson distribution. However, there is no need for these parameters in chi-square distribution. The significance levels are applied the same way as in other distributions. However, for chi-squared tests only one-tailed tests are applicable. Therefore, the calculated value is compared to the critical value for the right tail of the chi-distribution. The normal and t-distributions are applied only to numeric data, whereas the chi-squared ...

Communication and Problem Solving Practices in Public Safety Agencies

Abstract Communication and problem solving are necessary for public safety agencies to be effective. Employees cannot adequately respond to disasters if they do not have the correct information or the information at all. Historically, public service agencies have used different communication protocols and equipment. This has resulted in a severe lack of coordination to disasters and emergencies that require the cooperation of different public safety agencies. The September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and Hurricane Katrina are prime examples of the lack of coordinated communication and problem solving amongst different agencies. New technologies such as geographical ...

ABSTRACT

In this study, the discussion is based on the hearing aid as the most effective device for the individuals with the hearing impairment in the independent living. In developing the content, the other types of technological tools have been ruled out in an appropriate manner, by offering actual and supported reasons as to why the hearing aid is the most suitable choice. The essay has also described the various types and levels of hearing impairment, which are namely: deaf, deafness, hard of hearing. This is of significance as it offers a framework for basing, and presenting my arguments on ...

Abstract

The paper explores the research on the global pilot shortage in aviation, in relation to human resource management on the sector and airport industries affairs as the area of concern. Consequently, it also evaluates how the industry safety is compromised, resulting in few airlines benefiting commercially (Jehn, 2009). Also, it points out the distinct sectors of the airline industry as major carriers and regional affiliates in regard to their individual efficiency on pilot’s employment.

Background Introduction

The impact of shortage in trained pilots and efforts to keep the cockpits staffed to meet the passenger demands for flights is discussed in ...

Self-Organized Network (May 2016)

Abstract—In the form of a literature review, this outline is a brief outline of the intricate, yet fundamental elements of Self Organized Network (SON). The author takes an in-depth account of research studies and basic writings of this telecommunications platform and weighs in on the writings of subject matter experts. In doing so, findings indicate that the technological demands that are placed on telecommunication networks is directly related to the economic chain of supply and demand. Indirectly, there is are environmental concerns that are ignored in meeting such demands that address waste and emissions. While SON may fix ...

(the author’s name) (the institutional affiliation)

Introduction

High rates of unemployment are referred to one of the biggest economic concerns in the United States. The number of unemployed people increases substantially in the periods of economic downturn. As Stater and Wenger (2013) ascertain, “the national unemployment rates averaged 9.5 and 9.0 percent in 2010 and 2011” (p. 2). The unemployment rate serves as an indicator of “a community’s socioeconomic deprivation as well as its social disintegration or disorganization” (Singh & Siahpush, 2016, p. 9). This indicator is strongly associated with income inequality as well as levels of poverty across ...

Patient and Study Identification

The patient is a 10-year-old boy sent by the referring specialist neurologist, whom the patient visited after his mother had found him experiencing seizure twice during the past month. The patient was first diagnosed with absence epilepsy when he was 5 years of age, and has not experienced seizures since he was 8 years of age. The purpose of this electroencephalography (EEG) study is to identify the type of epilepsy in this case so that the patient can receive the correct treatment.

History

The patient had a normal birth and experienced healthy development until the age of 5, when his ...

.GSS 2014 Statistical Analysis: Written up Assignment

Introduction

The GSS 2014 has been established with the view to generate ongoing research data on demographics of the country for social welfare and decision making. The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Centre (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992, and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS surveys are supposed to be part of a social indicator research, applying questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. There are a total of 3,842 cases in the data set. ...

Statistics can be defined as the science of learning from data, measuring, controlling, as well as communicating uncertainty. Statistics therefore offers the best navigation essential to control the course of societal and scientific advances (Beri, 2005). Statistical methods and thinking are applied by statisticians to a variety of social, scientific and business models in subjects such as economics, marketing, astronomy, education among others. The techniques used in interpreting statistical data are widely used in making social, political, economic and political decisions. Qualitative data in statistics is used to describe variables who have a non-numeric format. These types of variables ...

Signal filtering is one of the most fundamental practices in signal processing. The filters are widely incorporated in the signal processing circuits due to their indomitable role in data acquisition and also to get rid of all the unnecessary signals and frequencies which interfere with the quality of the main signal. These unwanted signals are commonly referred to as noises. Once the signal has been filtered, they are then processed as either analog or digital depending on the signals application. Some signals are however weak and thus require an amplification circuit so that the filtering circuits can be consistent. ...

In this paper, we examine the data obtained from the Springdale Shopping Survey. We will create contingency tables and relative frequency probabilities in order to provide the answers to the given questions.These answers will provide helpful insights to the shopping mall management. The variables we choose for this analysis is related to customers’ spending behavior depending on their gender and other significant factors.

So, according to the instructions, the variables participated in this research work are:

Variable # 4: How much the respondent spends during a trip to Springdale Mall? Variable # 5: How much the respondent spends during a trip to Downtown? Variable # 6: How much the respondent spends during a trip to ...

Methodology: Results-based Management Framework

BACKGROUND International Telecommunication union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations for information and communication technologies or ICTs. ITU is responsible for allocation of global radio spectrum and the satellite orbits, development of the technical standards to ensure seamless interconnectivity of the networks and technologies. The origin of ITU dates back to the mid nineteenth century and since then it has been at the centre of the advances in communication. Right from telegraphy in earlier times to satellites, mobile phones and internet in the modern world. It was on May 17, 1865 that the first incarnation of ...

1. The bode plot of the system is:

The zeros are located at:

f=0, 500 Hz

The poles are located at:

f=3.4, 50, 2120 Hz 2. Converting Hz to rad/s,

Zeros:

ωz1=0, ωz2=2π500=1000π

Poles:

ωp1=2π3.4=21.36, ωp2=2π50=100π, ωp3=2π2120=4240π 3. The form of the transfer function is: Hs=Kss+1000π(s+21.36)(s+100π)(s+4240π) Hs=j2.136=1=Kj2.136j2.136+1000π(j2.136+21.36)(j2.136+100π)(j2.136+4240π) 1K=7.47×10-5→K=13387

The transfer function becomes:

Hs=13387ss+1000πs+21.36s+100πs+4240π =13387ss1000π+11000πs21.36+1s100π+1s4240π+121.36100π4240π H(s)=0.4705ss1000π+1s21.36+1s100π+1s4240π+1 4. The frequency response of the transfer function is generated in MATLAB using the following code: clc s = tf('s'); wz = [1000* ...

Introduction

An original separate storm sewer is being currently planned for a district in Newcastle; furthermore, the presentation of the storm sewer will be assessed during a greater rainfall filling (The reoccurrence extent of time of five years and twenty years)

Sewer layout

The three-dimensional sewer project: The outline of storm system: The defaulting project for return extent of time of five years The hydraulic variables in StormCAD: The longitudinal segments in defaulting project (Return extent of time of five years): Upgraded project for return extent of time of five years The longitudinal segments in upgraded project (Return extent of time ...

Infrared Rays and Ultraviolet Rays

Infrared Rays Infrared (IR) rays are electromagnetic radiations with wavelengths 700nm – 1mm. Almost half of the sun’s energy is made up of infrared waves. They have frequencies of 4-7.5 *10^14 Hz, which is lower than that of visible red light. Hence, IR rays are not visible to the human eye. However, there are several animals which can see IR rays like the snake which uses infrared rays to hunt its prey. IR rays travel with the speed of light which is 300,000,000 meters/sec. IR waves are found in almost every object in the universe which ...

Increasing telecommunication networks has resulted in the development of massive towers to support mobile phone antennas. This has been the case in the majority urban and built-up areas where the number of antennas is high. The increasing number of radio broadcasting stations has also contributed to the shift from lower operating frequencies to higher frequencies. Increasing the bandwidth is done to manage increased high traffic in the urban areas. The high frequencies generally require a higher number of towers. As such, the exposure to electromagnetic radiation in v urban cities increases. Mostly, the visual impact of the towers on ...

PURPOSE

Design an active second order Low-pass filter and characterize its frequency response.EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Oscilloscope Power Supply Function Generator UA741 or LM741 OP AMP 4.7 nF Capacitors

Resistors

PRELAB 1. The RC circuit is shown in the following figure. Node Voltage Analysis is done in order to generate a transfer function Tvs=V2sV1s. In the circuit, voltage at node A is also the input voltage (V1=VA), and voltage at node D is also the output voltage (V2=VD).

KCL at node B:

V1-VBR1=VB-V21/sC1+VB-VCR2 (1)

KCL at node C:

VB-VCR2=VC1/sC2 (2) V2=uVC→VC=V2u (3)

Simplifying (2):

VB=VC1+sR2C2 (4)

Then, substituting (3) to (4):

VB=V2u1+sR2C2 (5)

Substituting (3) and (5) to (1):

V1-V2u1+sR2C2R1=V2u1+sR2C2-V21sC1+V2u1+sR2C2-V2uR2 V1-V2u1+sR2C2R1=V2u1-u+sR2C21sC1+V2usR2C2R2 V1-V2u1+ ...

Medical Equipment: MRI Machine

Over the past few years, technology has advanced significantly in almost all fields. The medical field has witnessed comprehensive technological advancement. It can be attributed to different factors, such as an increase in complicated diseases that call for comprehensive examinations and need for efficiency in medical operation. One of such products of technology in the medical field is the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. The equipment presents a lot of benefits to patients and the overall medical fraternity. MRI technology has advanced rapidly over the past few years. The current paper discusses the significance of MRI machine, the types ...

Introduction

This proposal is about the physics of microwave oven. This includes the interaction of microwaves with metals and the generation of microwaves in magnetrons. The reason for choosing a microwave oven is because they are used common places like in homes and restaurants for warming food. A microwave is a wave that belongs the class of electromagnetic waves. They have frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300GHz and wavelengths ranging from 1 m to 1mm. (Bradshaw, Van & Swardt, 201)

Physics of the Microwave

A typical microwave oven consists of the magnetron, fan, power supply, waveguide, turntable and a base plate. The microwaves are ...

In this particular paper, we are going to present the key ideas that have been described by Mr. Protik Majumder in his youtube video ‘Musical Acoustics and Sound Perception’. This lecture of his addresses the dynamics of sound synthesis and in short, Mr. Majumder also explains the semantics of our ability to identify and distinguish one sound from the other. He starts off by plucking a string and showing the audience how a sound wave is created. Using this concept, he describes some key concepts including transverse waves, the energy of the wave and he shows the shape of ...

Aims

Studying the vibrational modes of organ pipes Introduction Sound is a vibration that arises from a mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a medium like air or water (Berg and Stock, 23). The reception and perception of these waves by the brain is referred to as sound. On the other hand, acoustics deals with the study of these mechanical waves in matter (pg. 40). In this experiment, the organ pipe is the main target of discussion. This is a sound producing wind instrument that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air is driven through it. A complete ...

Introduction

Numerous electrical applications require an inverter, which converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) power. Some of these applications require the stepping down of voltage levels when realizing this conversion, which signifies that the input DC power is greater than the AC power. Conversely, certain applications require the opposite: to step up voltage when performing the power conversion, which means that the input DC power is lower than the AC power. These requirements can be met through the use of Voltage Source Inverters and Current Source Inverters, respectively. However, some particular applications require to step down voltage for ...

Objective:

This experiment is about the implementation and testing of low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. The frequency response of each filter is analyzed using Bode plots. The properties of passive devices will be used to explain the response.

Equipment List:

EQUIPMENT Oscilloscope 2 Function Generators

COMPONENTS

1µF Capacitors 1 kΩ Resistors

Relevant Theory/Background Information:

A low-pass filter is a filter that allows frequencies below a cut-off frequency while filtering out frequencies above this cut-off frequency. For a simple series RC circuit, a low-pass filter can be created by connecting the input signal to the resistor and taking the output from the capacitor. The cut-off frequency ...