Essays on Ultraviolet

Tanning is a process of darkening or tanning the colour of skin. It results due to the exposure of the body to Ultraviolet radiations (UV radiations); either naturally like sun tanning or artificially due to indoor tanning. Tanning is done to get an attractive appeal of the body. Now-a-days indoor tanning is carried out to make a bronzy appearance of the body of a person. Sun baths can also result in tanning of the skin. Also, many people use chemicals that result in skin tanning without experience Ultraviolet radiations. However, the contemporary time is associated with indoor tanning. Indoor ...

Ultraviolet (UV) light refers to the electromagnetic radiation that possess a shorter wavelength compared to the visible light and longer than that of the x-rays. The wavelength of UV light ranges from 400 nm to 100 nm (NASA, 2013). This corresponds to photon energies that range from 3 to 4 eV. The UV light got its name from the fact that the spectrum that is formed by the light has electromagnetic waves that have a frequency greater that the ones that are identified by humans as violet. The frequencies are not visible to humans other than those who have ...

Abstract

Rapid prototyping describes techniques that designers employ in order to fabricate models of a physical product using computer aided design in three dimensions. . Rapid prototyping allows the designer to bind one layer of material to another layer using computer aided design on three dimensional frame. This report describes rapid prototyping techniques as applied in a case study. The report will pay attention to the prototyping technology used, the materials used in producing a prototype and the accuracy of the models that are produced using the rapid prototyping technology in question. One of the most prominent of these techniques is ...

Effect of ZnSe nanoparticles in the PEDOT: PSS photodiodes

Abstract In this article we report the photovoltaic properties of devices made using a highly conducting polymer electrode, from poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) incorporated with ZnSe nanoparticles on ITO substrate as an anode and a Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) mixed with Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) in the ratio of 1:1 as the active layer. The device performance was compared with that of devices made with PEDOT-PSS without ZnSe nanoparticles on ITO substrates. The IV characteristics were studied and the surfaces of PEDOT:PSS with ZnSe were imaged using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It shows that the ...

What is IR?

IR or infrared is an electromagnetic radiation, one of radiations of light. This radiation has the longest wavelength in comparison with other visible light waves and less in comparison with radio waves, starting from the red edge of visible light up to 1mm. Due to the fact that infrared has the longest wavelength it contains the most thermal energy. Approximately more than half of the thermal energy from sun is received in form of infrared radiations, therefore the balance in emitted and absorbed radiations has great role in earth’s climate.

What is UV?

UV or Ultraviolet is also one of the ...

Every day, researchers come up with new studies that document the fact that teens are fighting shy of sunscreens. Teenagers have ignored the possible harmful consequences of not using sunscreens and continue to do so. This paper not only attempts to find the reasons of this careless behaviour of teenagers regarding sun protection, but it also explains the negative consequences of failure to adopt sunscreens in routine life. These results have been further categorized into short-term and long-term effects in order to capture the severity of the matter at hand. The excuses that teenagers find and hold on to ...

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. CDC has categorized skin cancer as an epidemic (CDC, 2013). It has been reported that more than a million cases are reported each year in the US, with approximately 120,000 cases of melanoma, the deadliest among all forms of skin cancer. The incidence of skin cancer has shown to be rising most rapidly in young adults between the ages of 18-29. It has been hypothesized that this increase in the incidence of skin cancer is due to change in behavior of young adults, including, exposure ...

Description of 3D Printing and Associated Science

Over the past decade, technological advancements and general progress have indeed changed or rather revolutionized human life and activities. Through the advanced technology both in hardware and software, people can now interact, communicate and complete different tasks in a more efficient and effective manner than before. The efficiency is because of how technology has influenced how we operate. Computing and Information technology has seen the rapidest and noticeable development in the past few years. These changes have affected the society, businesses and human life over the past few years. Through technology, one can achieve more socially, industrially and commercially. ...

IR and UV

Infrared Radiation (IR) or radiant energy is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum encompassing short wavelengths than microwaves and longer wavelengths than the color red. The frequency (ν), wavelength (l) and the velocity (c), and the medium it is traversing are the important attributes of IR. IR is usually discussed in terms of frequency as the velocity and wavelength vary depending on the materials. Few molecules in the air absorb IR energy; however, the absorbed energy is not absent as the energy separates the molecules as IR in an unsystematic direction. The velocity of infrared rays is equivalent to the ...

Environmental Issue

Climate Changes and Ozone Depletion

The weather is changing but where and when is very unpredictable. Sometimes it is changing in slow ways but sometimes weather events are very extreme and dangerous. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 reported on the “probability of the world being three degrees Celsius hotter by the end of the century and of a distinct possibility of it being almost six degrees hotter” (Lovelock, 2008, p. vii). This is a very scary prediction Ozone depletion is a different type of problem although Henson (2008) has said that the ozone depletion problem ...

Different Types of Lighting Available in the Market:

A broad range of lighting lamps is available in the market. Following lights are commonly used in big super markets, hotels and other bigger space places: Incandescent: this type of light is also known as incandescent bulbs. The bulb provides light by heating a specific material kept inside the bulb in the form of filament with electricity. The filament is supported with wire on both sides. The incandescent bulbs are widely accepted and compatible with any temperature. Bulbs do not carry any hazardous material and simple in technology. Metal Halide Light: These lamps are known for their high light ...

Introduction

Contrary to what most people believe, American men are more prone to skin cancer than women (Voiland, 2008). In fact, according to statistics, more men die due to skin cancer than women every year and there are reasons behind this fact. This paper will identify some of the most common reasons why men are more prone to skin cancer than women using strong evidences from journals and publications synthesized over the internet and from books.

What is Skin Cancer?

Before trying to compare both sexes’ vulnerability for skin cancer, it may be wise to identify first and know the nature of the said ...

Debra Dutton

BIO 201 Pollution and the Human Body The human body has an incredible defense and healing system. It uses the various senses like smell, sight and taste to filter the food, air and water as they get into the body. The skin safeguards the body tissues and internal organs from environmental hazards. The skin also senses the variations in environmental temperatures and acts as the body’s stimuli in controlling the body temperature. The brain and the nervous system are part of the complex response and flight mechanism that responds to emergencies and dangers. An army of white blood ...

Introduction

When the first crude telescopes grazed the vast space, the 17th century and astronomers such as Kepler and Galileo was already making discoveries of such as the moon craters, the rings of the planet Saturn, and the giant planet Jupiter. These discoveries paved the way for a more extensive exploration of the cosmos, which was ultimately revolutionized by the birth of the Hubble telescope. In April 1990, word’s most advanced space telescope named after the astronomer Edwin P. Hubble was launched at 353 miles above the earth’s surface with a mission to see deeper into space and ...

The introduction of infrared sensitive digital cameras that can now detect bloodstains even when under layers of paint and is a use tool for solving crime may cause major changes to how crime is investigated. This is particularly valuable in locations where the perpetrators attempted to conceal evidence by covering bloodstains and other physical surface evidence with layers of paint., Digital cameras set to record detect infrared light can now detect bloodstains even when under layers of paint providing a new tool for solving old crimes. Even old bloodstains can harbor the DNA capable of identifying criminals and victims. . ...

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Introduction Originally, 3D printing technologies were designed for nonbiological materials, such as metals, ceramics and thermoplastic polymers (Murphy and Atala 6). However, recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues, giving rise to a new technology referred to as ‘3D Bioprinting.’ However, unlike non-biological 3D printing, it involves important complexities, such as choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues (Murphy and Atala 1). Overall, 3D ...

LIST OF FIGUTES 3

LIST OF TABLES 3 1. ELECTRO DISCHARGE MACHINING – EDM 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 History of Electro Discharge Machining Process 5 1.3 Detailed Explanation of how the process works 6 1.4 Uses/applications of the Electro Discharge Machining Process 8 1.4.1 Prototype production 8 1.4.2 Coinage die making 8 1.4.3 Small hole drilling 8 1.4.4 Metal disintegration machining 9 1.5 Examples of products produced by Electro Discharge Machining Process 9 1.6 Advantages of Electro Discharge Machining Process 9 1.7 Limitations of Electro Discharge Machining Process 10 2. 3D PRINTING 10 2.1 Introduction and Definition of 3D Printing 10 2.2 History ...

The sun is about 864000 miles wide and filled with sweltering hot gases. Hydrogen is the most abundant element present in the Sun, composition of the Sun by its constituent mass is 71% hydrogen (H), 27% helium (He) and 2% other heavier elements. Inside the Sun the gravitational pull compresses the gases, and increase the temperature and pressure at the core. (CAIN, F., 2009) The temperature is about 10000°F on the surface and more than 28 million degrees Fahrenheit at the core of the sun. The pressure at the core of the sun is 250 billion times the ...

How can health institutions reduce cases of Skin Cancer through preventative measures?

Project Summary The main purpose of the project is to initiate a campaign on Skin Cancer Awareness and to educate the citizens about the importance of protecting themselves against skin cancer. The $50,000 funding is part of strengthening the initiative. This is a one year long project that will target an audience of 15-25 years. The main objective of the project will be to enable behavior change and it will involve use of group sessions, workshops, and mass media among other modes of reaching out the target group. Arguably, this campaign seeks to raise awareness of the risks ...

There has been use of a broad range of methods for controlling bacterial growth. The specific method employed is based on the kind of bacteria, as well as the nature of the material for which the user is seeking. Therefore, in order to control bacteria that form endospore needs techniques varied from the ones utilized for other cells, while surgical equipment sterilization would need treatments that are different from the ones employed in prevention of infection of an injury. Ultraviolet light, denoted as UV, can be termed as an electromagnetic radiation, which has a wavelength ranging from 100 to ...

Abstract

Skin cancers are cancers that affect the skin. These include melanoma, basal and squamous cell cancers. The symptoms include skin color change and appearance of skin ulcers, as well as, alterations in the moles that are on the skin. Smoking and ultraviolet radiations are some of the leading causes of skin cancer. The condition may be treated through radiations, chemotherapy among other means.

Introduction

Skin cancers refer to the types of cancer that affect the skin. These cancers include the basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer and melanoma. The basal cell cancer is the type of cancer that arises from ...

Introduction

The photoelectric effect can be defined as an ejection or emission of electrons a metallic surface as a response to a light incident. Energy within an incident light is taken in by electrons inside the metallic surface. This provides the electrons with the necessary to be emitted from the metal’s surface. There have been many discoveries by many scientists such as Einstein and Maxwell who have identified different experiments of justifying the photoelectric effect. This experiment is the simplest and most convincing and direct proof of the photons existence as well as electromagnetic radiation and light’s ‘corpuscular’ ...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a long-term skin illness. "Atopic" denotes a tendency to result into allergy conditions. "Dermatitis" refers to the inflammation of the skin. The common symptoms of AD are itchy and dry skin and rashes inside the elbows, on the hands and feet, behind the knees and on the face (Alexander, 2011).

Atopic Dermatitis Management

Current technology and knowhow about AD has placed people on a good position to fight it. This essay aims at highlighting the best practices that can be utilized entirely of almost eliminate AD. The process is divided into three sections namely prevention, treatment and empowering ...

The earth’s atmosphere can be defined as a series of progressively arranged “shells” or “spheres” held to its position by the force of gravity. Just to mention, the earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure to the earth’s surface which is referred to as the atmospheric pressure. In addition, the earth’s atmosphere covers a region of about 480 kilo meters around the earth’s surface after which exists the exosphere. Also, the earth’s atmosphere is further divided into heterosphere and homospere. Homospere is the layer 80 kilo meters just above the earth’s surface ...

Hypocrisy paradigm refers to a research methodology that is used to test any dissonance theory that arouses conflicts by having people publicly promote a socially desirable behavior and then they are made aware that they have not always exhibited that exact behavior in the past (Stone & Hernandez, 2008).

In the induced compliance paradigm, it is assumed that the dissonance or conflict is aroused when a person says or does something that is contrary to a prior attitude or belief (Brock, 2005). It is from the recognition of prior belief and attitude that is believed that one would not engage ...

The Sun

The Sun is known as the only one star in the Solar system. It is the center, around which the planets, asteroids, satellites, comets, space dust are revolving. The nature of each planet depends on the distance that separates the planet from the Sun. This bright star is important for all the planets surrounding it. So, how much the humanity knows about the fiery star that can kill the entire earth in one second? Since the beginning of time, people looked at the sky, hoping to learn a little about the twinkling stars and the fiery sun. As we ...

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Abstract

Melanoma is the cancer of the cells that make the skin pigment. It usually starts as a small mole and then changes its size, color and has itchiness. It is a fairly common type of cancer and is found equally in women and men. Being one of the most common types of cancer, it is also considered one of the most deadly. It took more than 55 thousand lives in 2012 alone. Scientists think that the rising cause of melanoma is the increase in use of UV rays. This paper will look into what melanoma is and ...

In the book, Urban Sprawl, Global warming, and the Empire of Capital, Gonzalez places all the faults on the Government and American business leaders. He says that they are responsible for the global climate change. He opposed all the efforts used in the account of global warming problem. The definition and explanation were based on transnational factors such as the greenhouse effect. The core researchers expounded and affirmed that global climatic change was due to economic transition and development. They also argued that it was due to enter border development of goods and services. Others argued the global climatic ...

TA ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids ...

Ultraviolet light (UV) is a largely invisible variant of light which has intense electromagnetic energy and whose wavelength ranges from 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm. Normal visible light varies from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm. There are, however, levels at which UV light can be visible to some organisms like birds and insects. It is different from visible light because it is of its high concentration; can result in chemical reactions and can harm human beings. UV light is majorly derived from the sun. In addition there are other particular sources which can be utilized for production of these ...

What is sunlight?

The sun provides tirelessly every square meter of the earth's surface, which it attacks, with an average of about 1370 watts of power (in the form of electromagnetic radiation). We say that the sun burns, but actually it does not. Instead, the sun is a giant nuclear reactor (Layton & Freudenrich, 2000). This solar energy is called the solar constant, since it does not change, except for minor fluctuations. Solar energy is sent in the form of light waves. Light is an electromagnetic wave. The frequency of light - or how fast the waves vibrate - determines the differences in ...

Executive summary

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) addresses the challenges facing the health industry. The government has been implementing the provisions in incremental stages since 2010 and more changes are still underway. This report discusses the impact that this act has on indoor tanning services by analyzing the indoor tanning services tax, health insurance coverage duty on employers and the additional Medicare tax. Firstly, the indoor services tax applies to businesses offering tanning services as their predominant activity. However, the law provides tax exemptions to providers such as phototherapy services, qualified physical fitness facilities, spray-on tanning services and those selling tanning ...

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Abstract

The present review is aimed at providing an understanding on how the workplace contributes to the development of skin cancer. Five reviews (3 epidemiological data reviews, 1 meta-analysis, and 1 article) obtained from PubMed, involving a total of at least 3479 mortality and morbidity in skin cancer. These studies agreed on the initiating role of the workplace in the development of skin cancers, both malignant mesothelioma (MM) and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), due to chronic exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos (Rushton, 2012; Boffetta, 2004; Romeo, 2004; ), mineral oils (Rushton, 2012), solar radiation (Rushton, 2012; Hannaford-Turner, Elder, Sim, ...

Anthropogenic climate change is the production of greenhouse gases by human activities. These activities interfere with the chemical composition of the earth’s atmosphere by adding more harmful chemicals to the atmosphere. Examination of the polar ice cores by the scientists convince them that the increased human activity has led to an increase in the proportion of greenhouse gases. This increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has skyrocketed within the past years. Reports released by various climatic organizations confirm that the postindustrial rise in greenhouse gases does not come from natural mechanisms but from human activity. The most ...

In an age of scientific advancement, it is easy to take for granted a number of widely-held facts and theories that have been largely substantiated by scientific inquiry. One of these fundamental theories is the theory of evolution-- much of science and medicine is built upon the foundation of evolutionary theory. Without an understanding of evolutionary theory, modern medicine would not have advanced to the point that it has; humanity's ability to produce vaccines and do work on genetic diseases and stem cells would be severely curtailed, if not impaired entirely. Indeed, without Darwin's introduction of evolutionary theory, humanity's ...

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of all time. It was considered as a disease that cannot be remedied except for the medical breakthroughs in the past half century. So deep is cancer’s fear that it instills depression in its sufferers as soon as its name is mentioned. However, thanks to medical breakthroughs it is curable and the media emphasizes on this night and day. What is cancer and how does it spread, what are its kinds and how it influences the society? An attempt has been made answer these questions in the following article. Keywords: ...

Healthcare workers are exposed to a lot of radiations coming from the sun and artificial sources. These radiations cause many health problems to the affected individuals and their generations. The magnitude of the skin to resist some radiations depends on the climatological factors and personal sensitivity to Ultra Violet Rays (UVR). Ultraviolet Rays are the most dangerous in the electromagnetic spectrum and the wavelength bands. This project describes the tests and methods necessary for establishing a radiation protection program on the skin using fabrics. The utilization of intelligent medical textiles in the healthcare centers has a enormous potential of ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance in technology synthetic polymers were developed. Since then new polymers have been discovered and designed for specific purpose ...

The authors sought to determine if commercially available plastic resin bottles and products, which are advertised as bisphenol a free, actually release chemicals that possess estrogenic activity. The researchers quantified the amount of chemicals, with estrogenic activity, which were leached into saline or ethanol extracts, released by many commercially available plastics. The researchers concluded that many plastics were wrongly characterized as not having estrogenic activity because they were extracted only with one solvent. These materials, the researchers also pointed out, were not exposed to any form of common-use stress. The authors also announced that they can identify existing compounds, ...

The paper is dedicated to the study of ecological balance and possible reasons that could lead to the consequent change of the world climate. In particular, two groups of hypotheses are analyzed. The first group deals with reasons that are conditioned by the changes in the energy received by the Earth from the Sun. The possible changes in the Sun itself and in the dust clouds that can affect the way the energy is taken by the planet are considered. The second group of hypotheses is dedicated to the changes in CO2 level and possible ...

Introduction

Tanning seems to be the latest trend in recent years, whether “artificially” at tanning salons, or naturally from sun exposure enjoying a day at the beach or by the pool. Many people tan with hopes of obtaining that “natural glow” without giving thought to how this exposure is affecting them. Some of the artificial methods used for tanning include; tanning beds, tanning lotions, tanning pills and tanning sprays. Natural tanning (from exposure to the sun) as well as tanning by use of tanning beds depends on exposure to UV rays which ...