Essays on Astronomy

Our solar system is a collection of some cosmic “neighbors” in space existing in a certain range. This extraordinary system of space bodies includes: a Sun, 8 planets with 140 moons, dwarf planets, comets, and asteroids. In the center of the Solar System, there is average in size and age, yellow star that people call it the Sun. Around it, for about five billion years, 8 planets and different celestial bodies have been circling in the eternal dance (Seasky.org. “The Solar System”). The size of the planets ranges from the small stone worlds to the giants consisting of ice ...

Introduction 1

Application 1 Physical and Chemical properties 2 Conclusion 3 Figures 5

Indtroducion

In my research paper, I want to talk about such an important element as silicon. I will focus on its physical and chemical properties and application in life. Silicon is a chemical element of the subgroup (C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) of the periodic system of elements, nonmetal. The crystal structure of silicon is shown in Figure 1. Silicon was isolated in 1811 by Znan Gey-Lussac and L.Tenarom by passing the vapor of silicon fluoride over metallic potassium, but they did not describe it as an element. ...

According to Bakich (2012) of the Astronomy Magazine, the “brightest comet anyone alive has ever seen” will be visible to planet earth about a year from now. The comet named Comet C/2012 S1 or “ISON” was discovered by two astronomers Vitali Nevski of Belarus and Artyom Novichonok of Russia on September 21. It is predicted that the comet would be visible to the naked eye by late October or early November in 2013, and may reach or even exceed the brightness of the Full Moon. It will be visible to observers all over the world but those in the Northern ...

Introduction

Johannes Kepler was born in 1571, in the middle of the scientific revolution. He was a German astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician. His father abandoned him in his early childhood, and it took him twice as long as usual to complete the elementary school. Kepler finally graduated and joined a theological seminary before joining the University of Tuebingen. At the university, Kepler was distracted from his goal of pursuing a graduate degree in theology. A Protestant school offered him a job as a math and astronomy professor, although he initially believed that he lacked special skills in these subjects. As a professor, Kepler turned his attention ...

Abstract

This paper is a practical plan of creating a Personal Learning Network, which is to contribute to my learning in the field, which is completely new for me. For example, I have chosen a field of space exploration. Since the speed of information increases, and most of the books are available in electronic sources, there comes a time when the effectiveness of education in any university or other institution almost equals to creating a Personal Learning Network, which enables you to keep track of all important information straight from decision makers and specialists in the field as well as configure network contacts ...

Galileo Galilei often known, as Galileo was a very famous scholar and an Italian scientist who pioneered astronomy and modern physics. He was born in Pisa, Italy on 15 February 1564 and spent valuable time of his life by providing the services as professor of mathematics. He was the sixth child of Giulia Ammannati and well known and famous musician of his time Vincenzo Galilei. Spending very early years of his life in Italy, Galileo shifted along with his family in the year 1574 in Florence and there began his proper education at the Camaldolese Monastery in Vallombrosa (Sis, 2000). ...

1. An alien on Mars can be able to detect life on the planet earth. The earth’s atmosphere contains plenty of oxygen and methane that exists naturally there. These gases can be detected by spectroscopy whereby the light reflected off the earth is split into the different colors that it is composed of. Then the elements present on the planet earth are established according to the colors that the elements emit and absorb. These elements present enable scientists to know the existence of life on earth. This unique method of detecting life on earth is according to the ...

Question #1

Three main layers of the interior of the Sun are convection zone, radiation zone and the core.The central part of the Sun with a radius of about 150-175 thousand km (ie, 20-25% of the radius of the Sun), in which are thermonuclear reactions, called a solar core. The density of material in the core is about 150 000 kg / m ³ (150 times higher than the density of water and ~ 6.6 times higher than the density of the densest metal on the Earth - osmium), and the temperature in the center of the core is over 14 million K. A ...

- Describe the three main layers of the Sun's interior.

The three main layers of the sun are referred to as photosphere, chromosphere and the corona. According to the text ‘Discovering the Universe’ by Comins, N.F & Kaufmann III, W.J, 8th edition, each of these layers has different features that makes them different from one another.

The photosphere is the layer that appears to be the major part of the sun where visible light comes from. Photosphere is about 400km thick with a lower density when compared to that of earth standards. This part of the sun also has a blackbody spectrum. In terms of the sun's atmosphere, photosphere ...

- Where in the Galaxy is the solar system located? a. in the nucleus, b. in the halo, c. in a spiral arm, d. between two spiral arms) e. in the central bulge

The solar system is placed in a spiral arm, considered the most hospitable region in the galaxy. The spiral arms are where the active stars form and they orbit around the Milky Way galactic center and the solar system joins this orbital trip. According to the latest discoveries, the Milky Way galaxy has only two spiral arms (Scutum – Centaurus and Perseus) as opposed of four previously considered ...

Question 1

The solar system is located in a spiral arm: Orion-cygnus arm. According to (Leong 5), it is a minor spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy some three thousand five hundred light-years (1100 parsecs) across and approximately ten thousand light years (3100 parsecs) in length. It is also known as local arm, Orion Bridge, local spur and Orion spur.

It is named for the Orion constellation, one of the prominent constellations of the northern hemisphere winter (southern hemisphere) (Leong 26).the brightest stars and numerous famous celestial objects of this constellation- Betelgeuse, Rigel, the stars of the Orion belt, the Orion ...

Question 1

The solar system is situated in the outer reaches of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral way and is made up of over two hundred billion stars. The Milky Way Galaxy has many arms which are named for the constellations seen in those directions. Examples of the spiral arms within the Milky Way galaxy include the Sagittarius arm, Centaurus arm, Perseus arm, Cygnus arm and the Orion Spur arm. Our solar system is located in a spiral arm that is called the Orion Spur. The Orion Spur is named after the constellation “Orion the hunter”. The ...

Assignment 4

4. Describe the three (3) main layers of the Sun's interior. The three (3) main layers of the Sun’s interior are the Core, Radiation Zone, and Convection Core. First, the Sun’s Core or innermost part, is tightly packed and with a temperature of about 1.5x107 K. It extends from the Sun’s center to the photosphere (that is, approximately 0.25 solar radius or 1.75x105 km). It is at the Sun’s Core that thermonuclear reactions occur because of the enormous temperature and pressures. Second, the Sun’s Radiation Zone or the middle interior part, where energy ...

Q1. Describe the three main layers of the Sun’s interior.

The three main layers of the Sun’s interior are the core, the radiative envelope and the connective envelope.

The core is the center of the Sun, with a density of 150 g/cc and a temperature of 15 million K. This is the region where high energy fusion reactions take place and energy is produced. The energy produced is mainly in the form neutrino and gamma rays, which are actually high energy protons which travel several light years and supply energy to the Earth and other planets. The energy produced in the core then radiates outwards through the radiative zone. The ...

2) There are justifications on the presence of the moon. Perhaps, collision-ejection theory of the moon gives an explains on the issues. The theory asserts that the moon exists due to the formation of debris ejected from the earth, especially when objects crushed. Collision-ejection theory claims that the newly formed earth collided with mars at an angle, which splashed the layers of the earth surface into the orbit around it. This implies that the Earth crust and mantle formed the moon though condensation. There are various facts on the moon that the theory is consistent with. Some of the ...

Question 1

The vernal equinox occurs in March when the sun appears to be crossing the celestial equator. During this time, the sun is usually heading north. The autumnal equinox occurs in September when the sun crosses the equator as it moves towards the South Pole. On these days, the sun is directly over the equator. This results in equal durations of day and night.

The solstices occur when the earth is at its farthest distance from the sun. It occurs due to the elliptical shape of the earth’s orbit around the sun. This means that there are two solstices ...

Paragraph 1

Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, astronomer and astronomer largely recognized for his contributions towards the scientific revolution. He laid down the basis of modern astronomy and largely supported the work of Copernicus. He is largely known for his heliocentric views in that he acknowledged the existence of the earth and the other planets including earth revolve around the sun, which is stationary. His heliocentric views brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church since was considered to be challenging the then pope Urban the eighth’s authority. He was then arrested, tried and convicted of heresy upon which ...

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Astronomical Events International The Salvation Army Benefit Concert - Making Change Together The Salvation Army Fundraising Concert is your opportunity to lend a willing hand to the needy. The Astronomical Events International is organizing the fundraising concert for the Salvation Army Organization, scheduled for May, 30. The concert will be held at Chicago City center, with the British rock band Beets headlining it. The list of needed donation items includes food and aid, furniture, clothes and medicines, personal care items ...

Introduction

During this time when child labor was rampant, several organizations came up to rescue the children from this injustice, and this led to the establishment of different learning centers. The result of the establishment of schools in the early 1900s saw significant changes in an education system that was made available and accessible to the children across the nation (Fraser, 2014). In late 1800 when it was now approaching the 19th century, it is notable that the number of public schools was mushrooming, and several nations saw the necessity for school attendance. By the period of the early ...

(Student’s Full Name) Questions Related to Ann Beattie’s “Janus,” Kay Boyle’s “Astronomer’s Wife,” and Irwin Shaw’s “The Girls in their Summer Dresses” - What did Katherine Ames know that was “true” as referenced in the story's ending: “‘Oh,’ said the astronomer's wife in wonder as she stepped into the heart of the earth. She took his arm, knowing that what he said was true” (168).What do Katherine's red slippers suggest about her intentions?' One the surface, what Katherine is referring to as being “true” is the story that the plumber ...

Introduction

Banking, financial, and even insurance-issuing institutions were badly hit by the global financial crisis that happened in 2007 to 2008. It created a serious domino effect that eventually took its toll on the U.S. Federal Government. The struggling dollar and U.S. economy—the world’s largest economy in terms of GDP, led to a serious wave of financial and stock market corrections that were felt globally, especially in countries whose economy is largely dependent on U.S. commodity and financial supply and consumption. The ultimate effect of the global financial crisis of 2009 was an increased uncertainty and negativity in the financial ...

Falsifiability refers to the logical possibility that certain physical experiments or observations can prove particular assertions to be untrue. If an assertion is false based on observations or given tests then it is falsifiable. This does not necessarily mean that the assertion is false but rather that its falsehood can be proven. For instance, is a claim is made to the effect that ‘no humans live forever’ one cannot prove it to be untrue. This is because to prove that the truthfulness or otherwise of the statement, one would need to observe a human that lives forever in order to affirm ...

Introduction

A black hole is a region in space-time, the gravitational attraction which is so large that it can not leave even objects moving at the speed of light, including photons of light itself. The boundary of this region is called the event horizon, and its characteristic dimension - the gravitational radius. In the simplest case of a spherically symmetric black hole Schwarzschild radius is equal to it. Theoretically, the possible existence of such regions of space-time should be of some exact solutions of Einstein's equations, the first of which was obtained by Karl Schwarzschild in 1915. The exact inventor of ...

Introduction

When the first crude telescopes grazed the vast space, the 17th century and astronomers such as Kepler and Galileo was already making discoveries of such as the moon craters, the rings of the planet Saturn, and the giant planet Jupiter. These discoveries paved the way for a more extensive exploration of the cosmos, which was ultimately revolutionized by the birth of the Hubble telescope. In April 1990, word’s most advanced space telescope named after the astronomer Edwin P. Hubble was launched at 353 miles above the earth’s surface with a mission to see deeper into space and beyond. The ...

Since the beginning of the early civilizations, man tried to understand the world around him and why events take place. Some tried to put symbols to non-living things and even on natural occurrences, while many turned to religion to explain the meaning of life and the mystery behind the creation story. However, there were a few who deviated from this unyielding faith in religious preaching and sought to answer the world’s many mysteries through their own studies. In Europe, this desire to solve these mysteries escalated into a conflict between religion and science that resulted to the advent of the ...

Pluto was discovered only in 1930 and has been considered a planet for many decades, and its demotion has caused a lot of debates both in scientific circles and in general public. The process of demotion conducted by the International Astronomical Union was seen by many as unfair because the number of voters was deemed too small to take a final decision on such a controversial issue, especially that some suggestions that did not pass were supported by nearly a half of the voters (Plait, 2006). While many scientists view the planetary status of Pluto as a part of the modern culture that should be ...

<Student Name> <Name and Section # of course> <Instructor Name> In the present day, many movies related to the field of Astronomy are made and seen by large audiences. However, some of them are loaded with incorrect facts about Science and Astronomical knowledge that can negatively affect their viewers. One such example is the movie Armageddon made in 1998 based on an asteroid’s collision with the Earth which is alleviated by a team of oil drillers sent by NASA who plant nuclear explosives to the asteroid so it blows up, sliding past Earth. The ...

Abstract

Ranked among the top 7 heritage sites around the world by UNESCO, Stonehenge is one of the most picturesque marvels of the medieval world. Standing isolated in Wiltshire, England, the prehistoric monument has been a destination for well over 800,000 tourists from all over the world every year. With many theories surrounding its construction and purpose, architects and archeologists have put their minds together in trying to come up with a scientifically acceptable explanation of the monument’s coming into being. Today, many questions surround Stonehenge, with hundreds of documentaries giving different accounts, and crediting different people for its construction ...

How were Uranus's rings discovered?

William Herschel was the first observer to mention that Uranus has a ring system in 1789. It was only a speculation since the astronomers that time could not observe any rings around Uranus. The discovery of the Uranian ring system was observed almost 200 years later by James Elliot, Edward, Dunham, and Douglas Mink in 1977. The discovery of the ring system of Uranus was only an accident when they grabbed the opportunity to observe the atmosphere of the planet using the occultation of the star SAO 158687. In their observations, they found out that the star suddenly disappeared for five ...

Astronomy

Astronomy is a vital branch of science that has been with us for the longest time. This form deals with the observation and scientific study of bodies such as; stars, galaxies, the planets and comets. This history of the study can be dated back to places such as Babylon, Greece and other early civilized worlds. In the present day, astronomy has narrowed down to astrophysics as compared to astronomy in early civilization that was broad and included calendar making and celestial navigation (Bodo 2001 p 7). Through these early studies, the notion that the earth was the main centre of the ...

The Copernican revolution is a paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the universe that has postulated that the Earth is the center of the universe, a heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of our solar system. This event was one of the starting points of the beginning of the scientific revolution of the XVI century. Copernican theory was tantamount to a revolutionary restructuring not only in astronomy and science, but also in the methods of scientific research and knowledge. It has led to radical changes in the way of thinking of scientists, turning it from conventional and rigid dogma ...

The Renaissance was a fascinating time for intellectuals and thinkers, as humanity began to explore ways to make the perfect society outside of the realm of religion. As scientific knowledge began to advance further and further, writers such as Francis Bacon and Thomas More began to write about how these changes were reflecting the ways in which societies were to be constructed. The notion of a utopia – a perfect society – was created, and More and Bacon penned their own visions of utopias that would have a more humanist, scientific basis in their societal construction, rather than religion. Through the work of Thomas More’ ...

Stars begin their lives from molecular clouds or nebula of gases and dust. These gases and dusts exert forces to each other that make them want to move farther away from each other while at the same time there is gravity that attracts them together into a small space within the nebula. The chemistry which starts the star’s life begins when gravity starts winning in the war between the two aforementioned opposing forces. As gravity pulls the dust and clouds together it begins to accumulate mass and a swirling motion typical to a spinning disc. At its center are dusts (NH3, ...

A telescope is a device that makes it possible to view distant and faint objects as though they were near (Telescope, 2009). The discovery of the telescope and subsequent improvement in technology has gone a long way to transforming the way we view the universe. Telescope helps in viewing distant planets, stars, and heavenly bodies. To understand the mechanisms of operation of a radio telescope, it is important to initiate by taking a look at its discovery as well as the events that potentially led to the discovery. The essay will take a look at how the discovery and improvement in telescope have transformed ...

Introduction

One of the frequently asked questions in astronomy is, “are we alone in the universe?” It is hard to believe that we are alone in this universe that is home to billions of stars and innumerable planets and satellites. The astronomical community is divided into two groups in the matter of opinions on this. According to one group of astrophysicists, there are many earth-like objects existing in the universe, and it is only a matter of time before we find out our neighbors. A few astrophysicists, on the other hand, cherish the notion that life on the earth is unique ...

The Pantheon is one of the most recognizable ancient buildings in Rome, Italy. The building has stood for thousands of years and was constructed under the rule of Emperor Augustus. The name comes from for two Greek words. The first is “pan” which translates to everything. The second is “teon” that essentially translates to divine. The Pantheon was constructed in 126 AD. The architects of this phenomenal building were Marcus Agrippa, who was assisted by Apollodorus of Damascus. The Pantheon has often received wide praise and acclaim for its architectural design as well as its concept of space. It ...

Answer 1

According to Stearns, the year 1000 CE can be considered as a marker from which globalization can be traced forward. Though no significant changes took place in the particular year itself, it was followed in the coming years by what can be considered as the history of globalization. Many important events had already took place before the year 1000 CE and these intensified their impact over the next centuries. One of the basis of his arguments is that before 1000CE, the factors which influences the lives of people and the social institutions were isolated and not related to each other. ...

During the early years of the 14th century, most of the western civilizations are active in spreading their Christian faith. They have travel half way across the globe in order to fulfill their religious duties as well as expand their political territories. Religion has been powerful during this time and anyone who opposes their beliefs is commonly punished (Henry 3). However, there are also some who are taking the odds against religion and looking up into the sky for answers about the cosmos and other realities of life. These people are the creators and initiators of the modern science ...

Looking up to the sky has been one of the most important activities of humans. Early civilizations are finding answers to their theological principles in the stars while others look guidance as they travel (Rosenburg & Russo, np). Astronomy is a vital part for the foundation of the religious beliefs and concepts of most of the early civilization. They view astronomy as a tool or as a backbone to their religious, social and cultural beliefs (Sprajc 87). Curiosity and hunger for knowledge have been the fuel for mankind to search answers in space. The significance of astronomy to life could be hard to ...

The epigraph mentioned in the question has been taken from the journal The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition. This blame on medieval ages is most often credited to the Christian Churches for throwing away the minute sparks of science and other creative activities. However, the conformation of the scholars to this fact has proved to be a major hindrance to the real understanding of the medieval ages. It cannot be denied that the middle ages were the times of political and social turmoil and saw a steep decline in the fields of learning and literacy. But, it is the ...

Abstract

Ranked among the top 7 heritage sites around the world by UNESCO, Stonehenge is one of the most picturesque marvels of the medieval world. Standing isolated in Wiltshire, England, the prehistoric monument has been a destination for well over 800,000 tourists from all over the world every year. With many theories surrounding its construction and purpose, architects and archeologists have put their minds together in trying to come up with a scientifically acceptable explanation of the monument’s coming into being. Today, many questions surround Stonehenge, with hundreds of documentaries giving different accounts, and crediting different people for its construction ...

The story of women in science and technology throughout the ages is a deeply inspirational account of how a class of females, most of whose names have been lost through the great annals of time, helped change the world for the better. How can a lot of people have missed this truth? It seems, as one will reflect upon the current stature of women folk in society these days, that there has been a deliberate gap in introducing the concept to the populace. Most people have never heard about them. How come? In this present time and age where -- throughout the ...

This chapter explores various techniques to approximate ``Yosemite moonrises “photograph dates as drawn by Anselm.Yosemite national park forms a background for the formation of moonbows and moonrises. A moonbow is formed as a result of absence of a clear sensitivity at night by the eyes (Olson, 114, 2013). Moon and half dome are some of the most important photography of Anselm. However, the photograph ``moon and half dome, Yosemite national park” is dated 1960.Howevere, 1960 could not be the precise date an aspect that is linked to Anselm’s claim that his dates are guesses. The “Half dome refers to when ...

(Author)

Philosophy

The Renaissance period found a good deal of interest in the physical world (Weckowicz 53). In 1510, Leonardo da Vinci developed several theories on the nature of the universe. In 1528, Jean Fernal, the French physician, calculated the size of the Earth. Nicolas Copernicus, a highly qualified Pole, observed motions of heavenly bodies, though he was not a practical astronomer. He found that heliocentric theory was more practical; Earth is actually rotating in an orbit around the sun. He retained many concepts of older theories such as spherical and finite universe, and perfectly circular shape of heavenly bodies. His heliocentric theory ...

Abstract

The study investigates different aspects of the Mirphak star. The Introductory section explains that the star occurs in the Perseus constellation and is the brightest star in the night sky above the Northern horizon. The paper has a section that describes the various names and myths linked to the star. Moreover, the paper traces a Greek’s mythical story that gave the constellation its name. Under the section on properties and position of the star, the study examines the changing coordinates of Mirphak. As a result, it outlines the star’s coordinates in J2000 and J1900. Other features examined include Mirphak’s ...

Natural disasters occur in the planet from time to time. One of the greatest natural hazards that places on Earth can experience is the typhoon. A typhoon is a dangerous natural disaster which could bring great amount of devastation. In 2013, the Philippines experienced a major disaster due to the typhoon named Haiyan, based on its international name, which is considered as one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the hazard and impact of the typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. This paper also opts to analyze the mitigation strategy and the recovery ...

The presence of archaeological sites has been a dream and admiration of myriad nations. A notable fact is that there is an explicit correlation between a country’s past and its present state. The past and the present invariably explain the socio-political journey that a country has travelled. Archaeological sites present a fresh memory on a county’s social and political history. Importantly, the government of various countries has been keen to attach value on the monumental sites, thereby, enabling the sites to be a national heritage. Similarly, the mentioned sites have been noted to attract tourist from the global world just to have a glimpse ...

Annotated Bibliography

Cline, Duane A. Navigation in the Age of Discovery: An Introduction. Rogers, AR: Montfleury, 1990. This book provides an analysis of the tools used by navigators during the early days of the discovery age. These includes the challenges faced by the early navigators in their attempt to understand the rough waters and overcome the challenges of a rough and dangerous voyage.. Koeman, C. Flemish and Dutch Contributions to the Art of Navigations in the XVIth Century. Lisboa: Instituto De Investigação Científica Tropical, 1988. This book provides some of the major contributions of the Dutch to ...

Comcast Corporation is an international media and technological company located in United States. The mentioned Corporation has two key primary businesses; Comcast Cable and NBCUniversal. Imperative to note is that Comcast Cable provides myriad services and products to the consumers. The said business is the nation's largest video subscriber. Also, the Comcast cable is a provider of high-speed internet and phones to the housing customers as well as the businesses. On the other hand, NBCUniversal invariably engages in operations such as well news, sports cable network and entertainment. A notable fact is that the mentioned business is one of the ...

Indication of the Research Topic

The existence of multiple fields of sciences and social movements discovered from each other. The inception of Qing and the end of Ming Dynasty, the major media for technical and civilizing trade from east to west and vice-versa were the Jesuit patres living at the majestic court in Beijing. Jesuits elaborated to the elite class of Chinese, the technical discoveries made in Europe in the previous decade including astronomical tool and watches, they received the impression of above average benchmark of Chinese medicine and, land surveying. The technically enhanced objects including a push cart with a sail, magnetism, suspension-bridges with iron ...

Biography of Archimedes

Archimedes was born in 287 BC in Syracuse on the island of Sicily. His father Phidias, was astronomer and mathematician; He provided him education in sciences. Archimedes had his studies in Alexandria. Archimedes met the famous astronomer Conon, the astronomer and mathematician Eratosthenes, with whom he maintained in the future scientific correspondence. He worked in a library where he studied Democritus, Eudoxus and other scientists. Archimedes later published several works in mathematics. His work consists of providing the areas of figures bounded by the curves and volumes of bodies bounded by arbitrary planes. He is the one of the ...

Between 1500 and 500 B.C, San Jose Mogote city in the modern day state of Oaxaca was the most important and largest settlement in the region. Oaxaca was inhabited by more tan sixteen subcultures during the pre-colonial period. Each of these subcultures had its customs, language and traditions. However, the Mixtecs and the Zapotecs were the majority and the most sophisticated. The Zapotecs were highly skilled in excavation and astronomy. The Mayan people lived in the tropical lowlands of the modern day Guatemala. The Mayan culture reached the peak of its power and influence around sixth century A.D. The ...

Introduction

Astrology is a name that comes from Greek words logos (study or science) and astron (stars). As such, astrology is a science or study of stars. The word differs from astronomy in that astrology studies the correlations between celestial events and humanly meaningful events (Lewis, 2003). The American Federation of Astrologers, as well as numerous other bodies, have credited the Babylonians with the birth of astrology, dating as far back as 1645BC (astrology.com). Scientific and technological advances have revolutionized human life and provided answers and solutions to many mysteries. Astrology has ceased to have a strong hold on religious and social interactions among ...

Mesopotamia refers to the area near the Euphrates and Tigris river system, which corresponds to modern day Kuwait, Iraq, the northeastern part of Syria, the Southeastern part of Turkey and a small part of southwestern Iran (Potts, 2012, pg.557). In a wider sense, Mesopotamia refers to the area surrounded from the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and from the southwest by the edge of the Arabian Plateau and stretches from the Persian Gulf in the southeastern side to the spurs of the Anti-Taurus Mountains in the northwestern side. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans occupied Mesopotamia region. This region is ...

For a long time, people believed that the earth was the center of the universe. This was until Nicolaus Copernicus radically transformed the traditional astronomical model of the universe. Born on 19 February 1473, Nicolaus was a polish astronomer who changed the perception in the nature of the universe. He came up with a working hypothesis that demonstrated that the sun was the center of the universe. The scientific and religious community treated the hypothesis of Nicolaus Copernicus with rejection because it disputed other hypotheses considered valid. These included the Aristotle and Ptolemy’s geocentric astronomical models that placed the earth in ...

The rock artists of Australia were drawing the dreamtime long before they had a word for art or long before the first Westerner arrived there. The dreamtime for the indigenous people of Australia is their story of creation. Their beliefs are reflected in the ancient paintings on rock. The aboriginal are believed to have occupied Australia for at least forty thousand or even maybe hundred thousand years, which makes them the “oldest continuous human culture on the planet” (Rock Art). Their art is a primitive history book and guide for living (Rock Art). Seasons played crucial role in their lives; that ...

Question 2: Why is useful to think of 'Sciences' in the plural rather than of 'Science' as a singular enterprise?

Since the beginning of scientific inventions, a number of new scientific disciplines have emerged. These include disciplines like systems ecology. With an emergence of such disciplines, researchers have overwhelmingly been faced with highly complex issues that tend to defy the generalization of science as a single discipline (Ede and Cormack, 19). According to historical documentary analysis, science is a discipline that became diversified into different approaches since the beginning of 1950s. In many schools today, there are a number of departments where scholars deal with a specified branch of science. In addition, there has also been an emergence of a number of organizations and journals ...

Answer 1

I agree that Niklas Koppernigk (or Nicolaus Copernicus, as he is better known in the English speaking world) was a central figure in the course of what would develop to a scientific revolution. The fact that he took a theory that was widely accepted –Aristotle’s view of the planetary system which was also adopted by the Hellenistic astronomer Ptolemy- tested it and when he reached different conclusions published his results, is the basis of scientific methodology. I also agree with you that the Catholic Church was not at all happy with the new developments as it felt they challenged its ...

Introduction and biographical information: The poet Adrienne Rich was an intellectual and poet whose work life spanned about 70 years. She began as an award-winning formal writer of lyric poetry and published as early as 1951. In the 1960s and 1970s she changed her style to feminist free verse poetry. She addressed political issues. She had married into the traditional wife and mother roles while at the same time being an intellectual. She and her husband separated and then he died in 1970. Rich was faced with being a single parent to her three sons. Rich’s poetry reflected her ...

Since the beginning of mankind, people have looked to the stars and space in amazement. It has been the inspiration for people to think about the origins and ends of life, or just marvel in its beauty. As technology has increased in the twenty first century, our wonder has turned from a distanced admiration to a more close and nuanced study and understanding of what surrounds us. One of the most beautiful and fascinating objects in space is a star. Just like anything else in the universe, stars eventually succumb to their own deaths and exhaust their energy, emitting a bright explosion known ...