Essays on Ancient Civilizations

Christianity, after the resurrection of Jesus went through a lot of phases before it was transmitted from Ancient Israel to Europe as the main religion. This period is generally viewed as the era of “early Christianity”. In this period, Christianity was viewed by most Romans as a sect of Judaism as such, it was criminalized with severe sanctions like torture and death for practitioners. Due to this, Christianity was practiced secretly in the underground and many women were involved in it. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the role of women in early Christianity. During the ...

Introduction

This paper aims to discuss how the different innovations in the modern society made us look like we have reached the pillar of modernity with all the fabulous results, while the overall consequence is destruction. In the book Short History of Progress, the historian and author Ronald Wright, implied that the modern society is trapped into problems that came about as people, through their ingenuity, worked towards the betterment of the lives and the society as a whole. The author suggested that the common people, as well as those in the position to impose societal policies are always eager ...

Literature Review

Theoretically, it is believed that wars including World War I and World War II have led to the development of technology. Warfare has made it possible for nations to test and implement new technologies. Humans have a history of creating weapon that date back to years before world war. According to Harrington (2009), technological weapons were first noticed in the 14th century. During this Century, most weapons were gunpowder and innovators were thinking of creating better weapons. In World War 1, poison gas was also employed, but the results were shocking leading to its ban. Woods and Woods (2011) ...

[Class Title]

Homer and Hesiod are two of Greece’s most famous classical writers and poets that both lived sometime between the 8th and 7th century B.C.. Homer, believed to be the elder among the two, lived at around 750 B.C and is considered as Greece’s greatest poet. Two of his most important works are the Iliad, which tells the story of the Trojan War and is one of the most popular epic on Greek mythology. He also wrote the Odyssey, which tells about Odysseus’ adventure after the Trojan War. Hesiod, on the other hand, lived around 700 ...

Introduction

The commencement and ending of Homer’s epic poem the Iliad depict a rational existence of humans before and after the interference of the immortal beings respectively. The middle passages are different as they present a palpable yet gradual build up of human emotions that warrant an alliance with the gods and goddesses in the text. In turn, a paradox emerges in the depiction of the relationships between the mortals and the immortals in the Homeric poem: the gods are necessary for Homer’s presentation of the humans, but they are also to blame for the unstable attitudes and ...

Even if the fall takes centuries the collapse of society is inevitable. Throughout history there have been numerous societies that have collapsed. Rome for example collapsed because of a number of reasons such as expansion, greed, religion, barbaric tribes, politics. The collapse of the slave system lack of conquest. Less conquest eventually meant fewer cheap slaves, which in turn meant fewer human resources to keep the wheels of industry, agriculture and infrastructure turning. Meanwhile, Rome's rulers lessened the value of the currency through oppressive taxation and inflation. The remains of these civilization are on every continent. Abandoned relics, broken ...

Schools of ethical thinking in Ancient China

Ancient China had four schools of ethical thinking. These schools include Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism and Legalism. Confucianism proposes that the state must have moral character. This is to inspire virtue in its people. Mohist ethical theory believes in universal care for one another (Skorupski 12). Legalist ethical theory proposes that the state should pursue external goods such as order, prosperity and dominance. It incorporates punishment for crimes. Daoists believe in shadowy presence of rulers. It proposes pattern-based political programs. I believe legalism can best deal with ethical decision and analysis as it’s premised on the rule of law. ...

Representative for the Old Kingdom of the Ancient Egypt, “The Palette of Narmer” is believed to symbolize the unification of the Upper Egypt (South Egypt) with the Lower Egypt (North Egypt) (Barnet 52). The palette includes myths and symbols, encrypted in hieroglyphic inscriptions on both sides. The art work is laid down on a triangular – like shape, with all corners rounded and the upper side bearing two protuberances, connected by a median, rounded line. The represented motifs and symbols create a conceptual unity. It bears the artistic conventions of the Early Dynasty, as the Kings and the hierarchically important ...

Countries created sets of rules to regulate their inhabitants’ actions. The democracy is one of the basic political systems that existed for centuries. The word means “rule of the people”. It evolved in different forms during this period. The same situation was with the citizenship. Living conditions depended up the country and time.

ANCIENT GREECE

“Ancient Greek civilization claims the distinction of developing the first democracy in a country” (“The Legacy” 1). In the largest Greece city-state Athens citizens could take part in governing and decision making. This right was granted only for adult (18 years and older) free males whose ...

What was the Indus Valley Civilization?

Indus Valley Civilization may be referred to as the bronze age of progress that took place between 3300 and 1300 BCE mainly in the North West part of India such as Pakistan and some parts of North West of Afghanistan. The civilization is among the three earliest along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. The event was termed as Valley civilization because it took part along the rivers and valleys because in these areas people had enough resources for food and wealth creation. The civilization question has a great political importance since it involved different regions such as Europe, India, ...

The Book of Revelation has yielded different interpretive possibilities for just about as long as there have been theologians around to read and explain it. This is a book that is filled with mysteries, whether it is the identity of the four apocalyptic horsemen who are supposed to usher in the judgment of God, the timing of the rising of people from the dead for that judgment, and whether Jesus Christ returns before the tribulation of the believers or after -- or whether the 1,000-year reign that the book discusses is literal or figurative in nature. After all, ...

The Southern Neolithic is assumed to have partaken in agriculture. Archaeobotany, which is the study of archaeological plant remains, is being undertaken with the view of trying to understand prehistoric agriculture and cultural evolution of South Asian agriculture, especially in India. The first observation of plant remains in this region was made by Foote, who observed the impressions of preserved straw discovered in the Budikamana ashmound near Kudatini in Bellary district (Settar, S., & Korisettar, R., 2002, 194). Foote identified this as the great millet Sorghum bicolor, although it’s still not clear how he came up with this conclusion ...

Abstract

It is well known that the debates on the religious topics are among the hottest in our time. Understanding the processes of possible differences can significantly smooth or eliminate the conflict altogether. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the relationships between representatives of different religions in different countries. Comparing these relations will help to identify possible scenarios for the behavior of the two sides and the possible outcome of the conflict between them. This paper examines the relations between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman ...

Starting this course gives me one more opportunity to touch to great and mysterious history of ancient Egypt, which full of different legends and cryptic stories. For example, pyramids: how human could built it up without any special machines or equipment. Maybe it took a place for some specific procedures. Until now, the pyramid’s construction keeps secrets. Another interesting thing is hierarchy and cult of religion. Below I want to show my present knowledge about ancient culture of Egypt and at the end of the course to compare it. Culture of Ancient Egypt came one of the first. ...

The information about the origins of theatre that we have nowadays originates from divider sketches, enrichments, antiquities, and hieroglyphics that demonstrate the significance of effective chases, regular changes, life cycles, and stories of the divine beings. Theater most likely emerged as an execution of custom exercises that did not require initiation on the part of the onlooker. Early social orders saw associations between specific activities performed by the gathering or pioneers in the gathering and the wanted aftereffects of the entire society. These activities moved from propensity, to custom, and after that on to function and custom. The physical ...

The Roman Empire began with the rule of Augustus Caesar in 31 BCE and by 285 AD during the reign of Diocletian it was divided into an Eastern and Western Empire. In 476 AD the Western Empire ended when King Odoacer deposed of Romulus Augustulus. This left only the Eastern Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire which lasted until the death of Constantine XI and the siege of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. Despite the Roman Empire being gone for nearly 600 years, their influence still remains in many aspects of modern society such as Architecture, Art, Government ...

Rosemary officinalis is an evergreen shrub with narrow, resembling leaves, up to 2 meters in height. Rosemary has a strong aroma like the freshness of the sea. In warm places it is often used as a hedge. Rosemary blooms in February and March. Flowers are small and blue. Rosemary officinalis is very spread in Greece, Rome, Egypt, back in ancient times, this plant is considered sacred. Many legends have been made based on it; Rosemary was used in religious ceremonies, to drive away evil spirits. For a long time, the rosemary plant is considered a symbol of abundance, prosperity ...

[Class Title]

Introduction The architecture of theaters has not evolved much from its traditional designs except for new technological additions to enhance production and performance. According to scholars, most modern theater architectures have their roots from that of the ancient Greek theaters. However, the ambiguity of the meaning of theaters among different cultures as well as on how they are being staged has somehow influenced the development of theater space in different countries across the globe. Over the years, the designs of theatres have been influenced by several factors such as the audience capacity and the purpose to which ...

[Class Title]

Introduction Slavery is often considered as a social institution or an established practice that has existed since the early history of mankind and is present in almost all regions of the world. Among the earliest accounts of slavery were found in the ancient cities of Mesopotamia as early as 2,300 B.C.. However, it could not be fully established as to when slavery actually started as its genesis was lost in the passage of time. An important point to consider though in studying the origins of slavery is that it could not have existed during the time ...

Introduction

Lorenzo Monaco’s artwork “Madonna” and Leonardo da Vinci’s “Lady with an Ermine” are perfect examples of artwork that passed important information to the society. Leonardo da Vinci “Lady with an Ermine” was painted at around 1489-1490. The use of oil in the painting gives evidence that it was made during the Renaissance period as the oils had just been introduced in Italy at that time. The painting is currently held at Wawel Royal Castle. The Madonna painting by Lorenzo Monaco is a perfect example of artwork during the medieval era. Lorenzo’s painting has its subject as ...

Reflection Essay

What I enjoyed most about this course is that I learned a lot of new skills and improved the way I give public speeches. I believe that it is even harder to deliver a speech online and not have the audience present in real time. That is why I feel that I am ready for speeches in front of any kind of audience in the future. I find the literature we used for this course stimulating and inspiring.

I can't say that there is something I didn't enjoy about a course, but I think it would be even better if this ...

Introduction:

Many contemporary films have catchy and witty titles, which promote those movies better than their trailers or synopses. The case of the film called “Agora” belongs to one of those few exceptions, where the title says it all, if you know what it means. The word ‘agora’ stood for a ‘gathering place’ in ancient Greece. It was the central point for the Greek community, a meeting point of differences and similarities within the social, economic and political views, and it is exactly where the story within the film finds a crack.

The film “Agora,” released in 2009, ...

Introduction

Ancient Egyptian legal system is considered one of the oldest known in the human civilization. Although were few Ancient Egyptian sources of law remained preserved until this day, we can still recreate a general picture of legal norms and traditions that governed the society of Ancient Egypt based on historical records. The view that Ancient Egypt`s law served the despotic state regime of pharaohs who were the sole legislators with the power to create oppressive and unfair legal norms for its subjects is largely erroneous. The laws and legal customs of Ancient Egypt were based on the notions of ...

Octavian was the father of 200 years of peace and prosperity and the founder of the Roman Empire. He was heir to Caesar. History has been written as evidence to his great and powerful reign. His time as leader began the journey through the crossroads of a transitioning political policy. It was the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire spawned from the civil wars occurring during the republic. Ceasar was assassinated and the republic gave way to its new undisputed leader, Octavian. Octavian was given the name Augustus, ‘revered one’, by ...

The Emperor Caesar Augustus was a man with a grand vision for his future and the future of his city, Rome. He was born into a wealthy family, but he was not necessarily born to become Emperor of Rome—this was a position that he grew into, rather than one he inherited ("AVGVSTO The Emperor Returns to Rome”). During the course of his time as ruler, Augustus—sometimes alternatively known in other texts as Avgvsto—began to keep a text that described his time as leader of Rome (Bushnell). He eventually had this text transcribed onto a number of bronze tablets, and it was this ...

Introduction

This dissertations main porpoise and focus will be to address if the British armed forces will have any role in future international conflict. It will address the beginning of the British Empire all the way to the empire that we know today. After this we will look at concerns and threats that the British might face as well as the rest of the world and how this could have an impact on the British role in any future conflict. After having discussed all of the concerns we will look at the ability through advances in technology for any involvement ...

Introduction

Medieval period is not a new term, and it frequently appears in the history classes and is mainly used to point out that period in history characterized by the commencing of the renaissance period, in the fourteenth century. Moreover, many scholars refer to this period as the middle ages and sometimes the dark ages. This period also denotes the beginning of the fall of the Roman Empire, about 476 CE. This period implies that the society that the people were living in the fifteenth century was more civilized and significant than the previous civilizations that have ever existed for thousands ...

A society is a combination of different components that make up the society. Among these components is marriage as well as families. Power is among the pillars of any society and whoever is in power decides how the society will be. This is always a tricky position that requires one who is careful so that the people of such a society are kept at peace and that all the intended functions of the society continue as planned. The issue of gender equality however varies with different societies. There are societies that have women in higher positions while there are others that do ...

This project will identify the similarities and differences between Constantinople in the 6th century and the Baby Boomer Generation of Nashville in the 1960s. Both cities, although separate in terms of geography and time, represent key events in their respective periods. The discussion of these events as manifested in their arts, music, and literature would be interesting subjects of study.

This project will compare Constantinople in the Dark Ages and Nashville in the 1960s and focus on their arts, music, and literature. The inhabitants of these cities will also be described. In Constantinople, the Christians resided, as the ...

For all public speakers and leaders of the masses rhetoric stands out as perhaps the most important tool or rather asset as far as interaction with the masses is concerned. Rhetoric represents the capability and capacity of a public speaker to inform, motivate or even persuade a given audience in a given specific situation. Rhetoric refers to the practice of effective and accurate, to pin point proportions, writing and speaking. Rhetoric is in as few words as possible the art of persuasion, and a very delicate one at that. The onset of rhetoric ass a philosophical concept and a tangible social practice can be traced ...

Italian Renaissance in the 15th Century: Funeral Monument of John XXIII by Donatello

Italian renaissance marks a period of rebirth and renewal in the interest of culture. This period was after the dark ages and lasted from the 14th to the 15th Century (Gardener et al. 14). During this period, Donatello was one of the best skilled artists. Donatello was an Italian sculptor (1386-1466) (Gardener et al. 14). Donatello designs the funeral monument to the anti-pope John XXIII and positions it between two columns inside the baptistery. The style of the work is classical antiquity and reflects the grandest Italian tomb in the medieval times. Donatello retains considerable elements of classical antiquity. The ...

Introduction

The ancient and classical periods in the Chinese history made a great change on the production of multi-tons of iron when no one in Europe could melt a single ounce of iron. The Chinese later understood on how to reduce the excess carbon content to a low level such that the metal became strong and very resilient instead of brittle (Ward 181). They called the final item steel.

Papermaking was the second most pleasing contribution that led to the increased spreading of civilization. Tortoise shells, bones, and bamboo slips were ‘the main article used for writing before china developed framing them to ...

1.It is true that agriculture has been one of the greatest inventions in the history of mankind due to the impacts it has brought to the world. Due to the competition between humans and animals agriculture has brought dependence and food security against the ever diminishing natural resources. Agriculture led to the invention of fire that has had substantial positive effects on the human livelihood in terms of domestication and other uses of fire. The invention of transport and communication means has also had big and positive impacts on the human life to a bigger magnitude. These inventions have enabled ...

History of the Habsburg Family

The Hapsburg domination of the Austrian republic started early in the 11th century where the house of Habsburg started developing their empire. The empire was made up of several estates controlled and ruled by the Habsburg family. The monarchy was made up of Germans, Czechs, Bohemians, Croats, Slovenes, Dalmatians, Hungarians, Poles and the Italians who made up the Habsburg Monarchy. The house of Habsburg produced the kings who ruled this empire from the early 11th century through to the 18th century when the monarchy became extinct (Armour, 2012). This was after a series of events that weakened the empire leading ...

Religion was the basic unifying factor and source of unity between Mesopotamia and Egypt. The nature evidently explained the divine forces in work and every person in these two societies worked towards the goal of serving the gods. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians had a sole believe that the laws guiding them descended from the gods to the ruling kings. These kings then administered the laws to the people with the core support of the priests. The priests then revealed the will of the gods to the kings and the people.

Art and religion are like one thing for the artists ...

HUM1500 W3 Discussion Question: What major world events contributed to the founding of Rome? & What was significant about the Roman government that allowed it to flourish?

One of the major events that contributed to the founding of Rome is through a mythological account. In 753, Rome was named after its founder – Romulus, a historical figure that killed his half-god twin Remus . During the time of Romulus, the place has little interruptions. Another major event to the founding of Rome is the creation of the 12-month calendar by King Pompilius, emergence of the republics and empires, embracement of Christianity (specifically, Roman Catholicism), Roman alphabet and numerals, existence of huge variety of talented/gifted individuals, and so on. Moreover, other major events were associated with the Roman government. There ...

- There were a number of similarities between China under the Han and the Roman Empire. Why do you think that was so? Was it simply historical accident? Do those aspects of empire imply some sort of empire-building process common throughout the world? Why or why not?

China and Rome were both land empires, based mostly on agriculture, as were all other empires before the industrial revolution over the last 200 years. These two empires developed along similar lines even though they had no contact with each other, given the extremely slow communications and travel times of that era. They all seem to have had very similar caste systems, with slaves and peasants at the bottom, an aristocratic-military caste and an emperor or king at the apex (Adler and Pouwels, 2008, pp. 169-70). Both the Han and the Roman emperors also claimed to rule by divine ...

The world we witness today has a long history. Today our societies have completely transformed and developed into structures of modernity. This whole transformation has come up after massive power struggles and other changes to which people from different cultures and civilizations came across. World in this course has witnessed numerous civilizations. Some of the remains of those civilizations provide us the glimpse of how people might have lived in the prior ages. Among these remains, those of ancient Egyptian civilization are the most fascinating. In Egypt, we can see pyramids that tell us about the great era of Pharaohs ...

Introduction

The women in ancient times had limited powers in making decisions in marriages and other social issues as well as the freedom to express their opinions in owning property and viewing their opinions in political and legal powers. These roles were exclusively reserved for men while the role of women was to take care of the children as well as take care of other household chores. This is in contrast to the women in Ancient Sparta who had equal powers and opportunities as men in terms of social duties, political and economic development as well as equal participation in ...

- Robins, G. “Understanding Ancient Egyptian Art”. The Art of Ancient Egypt by Robins. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000. 12-29. Ancient Egyptian Art continued essentially unaltered throughout the long history of the Ancient Egyptians. In order therefore to be able to understand it, one should learn about the functions and techniques of art in Ancient Egypt but also about the religious and cosmological beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians. Robins, places Ancient Egyptian art into its cultural, social and religious context and thus allows the reader to fully comprehend it. As we have covered Ancient Egyptian and ...

Abstract

In the past, the entire world was under the ruling of the Rome, which gave to the Roman Empire and the republican, whose control and power was among the common people. Under this republican, the Rome then grew to be the higher and powerful state in the world. Therefore, increase of territory thus lead to the increase of desire for politicians to have power and control over the land. A number of events in the early century then resulted to a demise of the leadership of Julius Caesar and Augustus then leading to a formation of the Roman Empire. In the ...

Introduction

Ancient Greece was a Greek civilization that belonged to an era of Greek history which lasted from the ancient age of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of ancient times. The Greek civilization is generally deemed to be the influential culture which founded the basis of the Western Civilization (Mac Kendrick, 6). Ancient Rome on the other hand was an Italic civilization that emerged on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC (Mac Kendrick, 6). Over its turbulent 1200-year history, Ancient Rome developed from a little town into one of the most thriving regal powers ...

Art is any reflex ion or production prefabricated by humans in a visible mold for communicative or aesthetical purposes expressing ideas emotions or in general worldview. It is cross-examined throughout time classifying cultures, establishing per iodization and observing the distinctive and influence of art. The various forms of arts include visual, musical, theatrical and literary all from different time period.

Chanted art is a write of art whose substance is articulate and silence. It can be classified as performing and fine arts. Music was an eminent portion of the social and cultural life in ancient Greece. Ancient Egyptians accredited one of ...

What was Augustus Legacy as a politician, empire builder and cultural advocate?

Augustus was the Emperor and founder of the Roman Empire.He ruled from 27 BC to 14 AD when he died. Augustus’ supremacy brought about a firm ground of reign which stayed for about fifteen hundred years (Shotter 65). That is through the weakening of the Western Roman Empire and until the fall of Constantinople in the year 1453.

Augustus legacy as a politician, empire builder and cultural advocate was well magnificent. Just to begin with, after his death the new rulers of the Roman Empire both in old and new Rome for fourteen centuries decided to use his name (Augustus) as ...

Introduction

In order to understand the sculpture it is very important to understand the Mayan history. The Maya civilization can be considered to be among the classiest pre-Colombian Americas. The Maya region ranges from the southeastern Mexico to Guatemala. The Maya civilization has been claimed to have existed during the Pre-classic era (Sylvanus). During this era, that is when they were able to flourish and also be defeated. Their culture in the last decade has been influenced by the Mexican culture. The Mayan art is one of the most renowned in the world. This is the reason why the sculptures ...

There is a great comparison between the Roman art and the ancient Greek art in terms of the inspiration and the contribution to the history of creative art. The ancient art work from the Romans and the Greek is known as classical art. While the two depicted a high level of creativity and influence to the population at the time, it is their relationship and inspiration to the modern art that interests many scholars. The roman art borrows a lot from that of the Greeks and is sometimes seen as the replica of the works of great Greek artists such as Callimachus, ...

1) Athens and Sparta were the main city-states of Ancient Greece. Between the VI and V centuries B.C., they contended about the political and military domination over the entire Greek territory. The only feature they had in common was the fact that they were both “polis”, Greek city-states. However, Athens and Sparta were completely different in terms of their political, social and cultural systems. According to Laveck (2010), Sparta, also known as “Lacedemonia”, was founded in the XIII century B.C. The city-state Sparta was born through the merge of four Doric tribes. During the VII century B.C., Sparta started ...

The paper is devoted to the problem of ruining the site which is believed to be the ancient city of Troy. In particular, the paper studies historical archaeological evidence of the conflict resulting in the fall of the empire comparing it to mythological description of the war called Trojan in classical epics. The legend of the Trojan War – the Bronze Age severe conflict between the kingdoms of Mycenaean Greece and Troy, – reflecting Greek invasion on Troas (present North West Turkey), has been striding through the mythology and history of ancient Greece, inspiring the greatest men of letters of ...

Writing started by people using their fingers to count things they purchased. The finger counting developed into a sign language where people from different languages started using numbers displayed by hand to eye in a physical observation. It was after a long time that sign language evolved into written numbers. Other people at the time were using tallies which were generated from stone or wood carving notches. Since Mesopotamia was a city with inhabited by many people from all walks of life, it thus goes without saying that it hosted farmers, hunters, and fishers. Uruk being the southern Mesopotamia largest settlement was made ...

History as an academic subject can simply be defined as the study of past events in a chronological order. History is very wide and it only deals with things that happened in the past. Those who study history is referred to as Historians. This paper tackles a few historical questions.

What is meant by the term ‘Romanization’? Was military force the primary means of achieving the ‘pax Romana’?

The term Romanization can be defined as a process through which those who were conquered by the Romans were made or were assimilated to become like Rome. It was used by the Roman Empire to spread their influence to other populations. The Romanization was made possible through processes such as the spread ...

Did you enjoy studying the art of the Etruscans? Why or why not? Many people know very little about the Etruscans. If this was your first time studying them, why do you suppose they aren’t discussed very often? If you had studied the Etruscans before, what did you learn that was new?

I thoroughly enjoyed the art of the Etruscans, a culture I’ve only heard of but never studied in the past. I was particularly surprised by the powerful pieces of sculpture created by the Etruscans, almost exclusively made from terracotta. I believe that this culture is not ...

Steganography is the science and an art of hiding information by embedding messages within other, apparently harmless Messages.it is protection or covering a file, image, pictures, message, or a video within another file. Steganography camouflages information or data hiding it and making sure that it is not detectable by even using a code breaker. Cryptography is a study and practice of scrambling a message so that it cannot be read for secure communication in the presence or third parties. It also ensures information security, data integrity, confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation of information. Steganography is advantages over cryptography that the intended secret messages do not ...

Introduction

There are three stages of Roman history including Kingdom that lasted between 753-509BC, Republic that lasted between 509 and 27BC and Empire that lasted between 27BC and 476BC (Dill 103). The Roman Kingdom was founded by Romulus after he murdered Remus his brother. Traditionally, the city had seven kings. It is just one of Italy’s many villages which again is divided among several different language groups. It is one of the cities of Latium area, where Latin is spoken. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 BC after the last king was expelled (103). It was founded on ...

Virgil’s Aeneid is a literary epic and the national story of the Roman Empire. The story is an attempt to link the history of the Roman Empire, and its emperor Augustus Caesar, to the ancient wanderings of the Trojan people to its establishment. By doing so, Virgil hoped to not only create a common national identity of his country’s people, but to link this identity to historical symbols that people would recognize, in an effort to legitimize the Caesar and his empire. By doing so, Virgil creates a story on a grand scale that encompasses not only the history of his ...

Fire has caused substantial damage to human life and property in countless incidents. Human beings developed various techniques and equipments in order to stop and reduce losses caused by fire in different parts of the world. Fire fighting, through different techniques, exists since time immemorial. Evidences suggest that fire fighting services existed in Roman Empire centuries ago. Augustus, the emperor of Roman Empire, instituted a well organised department of fire fighting services. This essay proposes to discuss history of fire fighting services and analyses the mechanisms that were used by fire fighters in different phases of time. Fire fighting ...

The question of the death penalty was relevant in varying degrees throughout the whole history of world governments. However, one should not overestimate its importance in today's global environment, which is characteristic of many politicians, legislators and academics. Aristotle once said: "Only then can we know the essence of things, when you know their origins and development." Therefore, let’s start with a historical perspective. Historically, the death penalty is "evolved" from the ancient custom of blood feud that is existed in pre-state societies and is expressed in the formula "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." ...

Counterfactual History: What Ifs of the Gallipoli Campaign

Introduction Although counterfactual history is concerned with what didn’t happen, it acts as a manifestation of what did. Without a doubt, counterfactual history challenges the traditional academic ways of thinking with regards to risk management in the historical analysis. It explicitly inflates the range of plausible explanations by focusing on the number of possible outcomes. In doing so, there is a threat that a multiplicity of chaotic perspectives, each facilitated by chance and contingency might open up. In the case of the Gallipoli Campaign, the following questions may be asked if the Ottomans did not win at Gallipoli:

Would the Republic of Turkey still have been established?

Would the Russian ...

Rome: From Republic to Empire

The founding of Rome has been embroiled in mythical explanations for many years. However, far from the point, it is important to understand the history of Rome from its various perspectives. As one of the greatest empires of the world, one is most likely to come across the Roman Empire firmly engrained in the rocks of history. The amazing armies, expansive road networks, and brilliant architectural pieces all point to one of the greatest empires of the world. However, Rome was not always an empire since it existed as a republic at some point in its growth and civilization. ...

Art really inspires my passion, so it was easy for me to choose a work of art that I love, but, on the other hand, it is extremely difficult for me to hate a work of art. After much thinking, I chose the work of art I especially admire and the other one which does not stir my blood so much. The prehistoric and ancient periods are very exciting to explore since art was being made in those times. The work of art I love is from the Chauvet Cave. It is from the Paleolithic period and the works of ...

Christianity was not a popular religion than it is today. In fact, historians and theology scholars debate regarding the true nature of the Christian religion. Originally, they concluded it as a sect of Judaism1 since Jesus Christ was born a Jew. As a religious leader, He was charismatic, performed many miracles, and defended the poor as well as the oppressed. Through cultural diffusion2, the new religion gained a small but loyal group of followers such as the twelve apostles who would eventually travel the Roman Empire to preach His teachings and spread the awareness of the public to the Christian religion. History proves that ...