Essays on Mesopotamia

The Rise of Cities played an important role in society as well as documented history. Cities have risen up in a variety of cultures, from Egypt and Mesopotamia, to Rome, to Western Europe. Even the Aztecs and Mayans saw a Rise of the Cities. Cities marked the epicenter for development and change. The rise of cities in Mesopotamia was a great leap forward for the complexity of society because it essentially helped shape society. With the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooding annually the farmers eventually came up with the idea of irrigation. For the time period, rivers were portrayed ...

Mesopotamia refers to the area near the Euphrates and Tigris river system, which corresponds to modern day Kuwait, Iraq, the northeastern part of Syria, the Southeastern part of Turkey and a small part of southwestern Iran (Potts, 2012, pg.557). In a wider sense, Mesopotamia refers to the area surrounded from the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and from the southwest by the edge of the Arabian Plateau and stretches from the Persian Gulf in the southeastern side to the spurs of the Anti-Taurus Mountains in the northwestern side. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans occupied Mesopotamia region. This ...

Mesopotamia and India are two most ancient civilizations of the world. Both of these civilizations were developed, well-organized and prosperous centuries ago. These ancient civilizations successfully developed an urban infrastructure system, agriculture, trade, art and architecture along with a well-organized society with appropriate provisions of law and order. These ancient societies were guided by their own religious codes. Hammurabi code propounded guiding principles for Mesopotamia while Bhagwat Gita guided the society of India. This paper intends to discuss how these religious codes successfully managed ancient societies of India and Mesopotamia in ancient times.
It is not easy to manage ...

[Class Title]

Introduction
The code of Hammurabi is perhaps one of the earliest recorded attempts of humans to create a standardized justice system. Although most of the code’s provisions are considerably harsh, considering the time that the code was made, it can be considered as revolutionary. The code of Hammurabi was named after its author, King Hammurabi of Babylon. Historians believe that Hammurabi descended from the Sumu-abum dynasty of Ancient Babylon in 1894 B.C.. He ruled the city state of Babylon, the present day Iraq, between 1792 and 1750 B.C. Hammurabi was the sixth ruler of Babylon and ...

In my opinion, Marcus Ulpius Traianus or Trajan was one of the best Roman generals and emperors. He was an outstanding emperor with the behavior of a simple Roman citizen. He was the first emperor born outside of the Rome. His popularity among the soldiers could be compared only with the popularity of Julius Caesar and Marcus Antonius. During his reign, the Roman Empire reached its territorial maximum. He was born on 18 September 53 in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. During the reign of Nero Trajan’s father was included in the Senate. Trajan began his career ...

[Author’s Name]
The Nile River is located in the continent of Africa, towards the north east. It is the world’s longest river and is considered as the backbone of the existence and culture of North African states. The River Nile inundated the Mesopotamian region and helped it to flourish otherwise it would only be a devastated area without the Nile River. Mesopotamia is used to signifying "the land between rivers." It included some part of the Middle East amid and about the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In present times, this land is located in Iraq for the ...

Introduction

The Fertile Crescent is a region that is crescent shaped that contains a fertile land that is usually called the arid and semiarid in the western Asia, Nile delta of the north east of Africa and the Nile valley. James Henry Breasted who was an archaeologist named the term Fertile Crescent. The countries that lie in the Fertile Crescent are Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Egypt. In the modern countries are Kuwait, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria. It is presumed that education began since the human existence where parents pass on the traditions on values to their children who will ...

Called the “cradle of civilization”, Mesopotamia has seen the development of the first civilizations of the world. The Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians dominated the region for thousands of years and some of their discoveries have contributed to our own civilization.
Two major revolutions took place in Mesopotamia. The first, the agricultural revolution meant that people stopped being hunter-gatherers, abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and settled in permanent settlements cultivating crops and domesticating animals. The second, the urban revolution, followed several thousands of years later, with the development of the first cities and the first urban civilizations.
Writing was first ...

The Code of Hammurabi is the oldest legal document that we have that sets down a written code of legal obligations. Though there could be a prior written code, scholars have concluded that it is the oldest known record that we have in terms of a written legal framework to govern a society. (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2013). In our modern society the code of Hammurabi could be compared to the US Constitution in the sense that they are both written documents given to reflect the status quo of their time, and as such, they differ not in their legal ...

Mesopotamia is situated between Euphrates and Tigris rivers in an enormous expanse of delta. Actually, this is the area where the fountainhead of modern societies surfaced. Thus, the people of Mesopotamia discovered the value in dry land and started captivating it to draw nourishment, sustenance and provisions from it. Additionally, tanks for water storage started being a common thing in the area and they even discovered and started companies that could pump and tap oil from underground. Today, most of Mesopotamia is in what we refer to as Iraq. Thus, in many ways Mesopotamia is credited for the order ...

Introduction

For a society to be considered developed, numerous factors have to be considered to for it to reach a certain level known as civilization. The various elements that are considered for the society to be considered civilized entail the presence of towns which plays a major role in the civilization process. The presence of towns in most instances creates demand pull economy, encouraging the high demand for food production to cater for the urban dwellers. Enough food production will encourage the minority in towns to engage in specialized professions such embroidery, artwork, blacksmith, construction, production of weaponry and the ...

Ancient Mesopotamians led a brutal existence, rocked by a long history of war over the control of fertile river valleys, which in light of the arid land that surrounded the region, meant life and death. The socioeconomic structure that emerged, in part out of necessity, ensured that women assumed domestic roles, but over time, these translated into massive gender inequalities. This paper asserts that women in ancient times as well as today belong to a lower class and have not been acknowledged for their contributions to the building of those societies and have not been treated equally then or ...

Mesopotamia holds a significant place and value in terms of history. It is significant on account of its cultural, political, architectural, and geographical existence. The region consisted of modern day multiple countries. The overall region was spread across the Mediterranean and mountainous areas of the region. It is amongst one of the first few river civilizations based and established along the major rivers of that region. The word Mesopotamia in itself means “between rivers” (Armstrong,3). Based on its rich cultural affiliations and influences its traces and influences can be traced in the other Middle Eastern civilizations as well ...

A complex society and a classical society and their effect to the world

The world societies have been transforming since the beginning of history. The earliest forms of societies were of a rather complex nature. These eventually gave way to more classical societies that later paved way for the current modern societies. Several factors which included in most cases political and economic contributed to the transition inherent in these societies. The complete change of government structures from the complex to the classical societies could not go unnoticed. This change had a rather significant transformation to the human society as a whole.
This paper will analyze two ancient societies, Mesopotamia a complex society ...

Several scholars have studied the different cultures and traditions that existed in the ancient times before civilization as it is considered to have been developed. In these studies, some of the scholars have included the ways of life apparent in the societies of that period and the factors that affected the main developments that happened in those days. Some of the aspects of livelihood often studied include the rites of passage that one went through, the different roles of the different people in the society, their feeding habits, their marriages and family structures among many other factors. These studies ...

Introduction

The modern practices and belief systems are traceable to ancient societies. These modern societies are a product of the evolution of the ancient civilizations through a period spanning many centuries. The modern society has not replicated the ancient civilization; it has modified the ancient practices to fit the current needs and geographical conditions. The modern social systems in art, fashion, religion, language, science, economy and political administration have their foundation in the ancient ideologies. One of the ancient civilizations that have a profound effect to the modern society is the ancient Mesopotamia. Through its successive insightful and visionary leaders, ...

What were the settlements and lifestle of the people living in during the Mesolithic (i.e. Kebarans discussed in Ristvet, Ch 2)?
The settlement and lifestyle of the people who lived in the Mesolithic period comprised of people who had a nomadic lifestyle .They were hunter gatherers who had adopted fishing as one of their characteristics.
What are the consequences of farming, in terms of both physical health of people and changed social relations, economics, etc? (Diamond 1987 and Ristvet Ch. 2)
The adoptability of farming brings forth the improvements of the health of people .farming enables the production ...

Mesopotamia is comprised in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Here, a very impressive culture developed beginning with the year 6.000 BCE. Akkad and Sumer are the most important kingdoms which emerged on these lands. These civilizations’ development was closely connected to geographical and climatic specificities of the area. The weather in the area is very hot, rains are scarce and the two rivers often cause floods. People had to develop irrigation systems to be able to cultivate the land and thus, to survive (Ross-Nazzal, 2015). Another important cultural characteristic is the polytheistic belief. Both the geographical ...

Mesopotamia referred to the region in the eastern Mediterranean Sea which was bound in the Northeast by the Zagros Mountains and the Southeast by Arabian Plateau. In the modern times, this land forms parts of Iraq, Iran and Turkey. Mesopotamia was watered by two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and it is famous for its association with the invention of the wheel as well as being regarded as the cradle of civilisation characterised by the mixture of cultures. As a land with many cultures, it is here that many works were developed and written that there is impact ...

Significant environmental/geographic factors that contributed to the development or expansion of the United States

The two environment/geographic factors that I consider most significant to the development and expansion of the United States include the vast fertile plains of the Mid-West Region and the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The Mid-West Region, which is also referred to as the ‘land of farms’ is considered as one of the most important farming areas in the United States. This region is endowed with conducive climate and natural resources, which are important for the economy of the region. Along with farming, the area harbors a prosperous manufacturing industry. The Mississippi and Ohio rivers are a home to several towns and manufacturing plants, which contributes to economic development of the region (Duiker& Spielvogel, 2010). ...

The massive pyramids of Giza:

Question 1 options:

Were the only pyramids ever built in ancient Egypt, and likely their construction was so expensive that it led to the collapse of the Egyptian state

Were the invention of King Tutenkamen, and contained the wealthiest burials ever excavated by archaeologists

Can trace their architectural development from earlier stepped pyramids of Djoser and earlier mastaba morturary architecture

Were built entirely of mud brick and mortar by Egyptian slaves

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Question 2 (2 points)

Domestication and the ...

The Epic of Gilgamesh is usually an epic poem from Mesopotamia written within 2000 BCE. This poetry is one of the ancient literature works in the history of human. According to the scholars, epic of Gilgamesh originated from Sumerian poetry collected in the Akkadian epic in 18th century BCE. The poems were translated by George Smith and then first published in 1870. George Smith was a British Assyriology. Epic of Gilgamesh consists of eleven sections or tablets which are made up the main body. Later, a 12th tablet was added but it is not that recognized although it is ...

Mesopotamia is believed to be a land that’s between two rivers. Ancient Mesopotamia was occupied by different people with different cultures, wealth, gender, and religion. This therefore, brought about conflicts and warfare because of inequality. It is a fact that ancient Mesopotamia was growing and due to trade others became wealthy while others remained poor. The laws were made by the elite who made it possible for it to benefit them. In the laws when a poor person commits the same crime as the rich person they will be given a harsher punishment compared to the rich person. ...

Egypt

Egypt is one of the ancient and fascinating civilizations of the world, located in the valley of Nile. Menes is believed to unify Egypt and Memphis was made his capital circa 3000BC. The king was considered next to god, he was above all the priests and sole owner of whole Egypt.
Early society of Egypt was polytheistic, Egyptians used to believe in many gods. God Ptah was famous throughout the country. They also used to worship falcons, dogs, cats, crocodiles considering them the representatives of various gods.
In ancient Egypt a larger part of the society was involved in ...

The patriarchal society of the world has always aimed to keep the women of the society under subjugation. The societal institutions of nation states have devised their ways of keeping the women in passivity over the span of history of human civilization. Even in the era of feminist movements, the situation of women in the society is that or inequality and subordination in comparison to the domination of the males. Women in ancient times as well as today belong to a lower class and have not been acknowledged for their contributions to the building of those societies and have ...

The term “hydraulic” refers to waters or liquid in motion and originated from the word “hydra,” a Greek term that means water. A hydraulic civilization is an empire that controls its population through controlling the supply of water. The environment determines the kind of civilization needed in a specific geography. Climate and natural resources play a crucial role in economic processes. Thus, controlling the supply of an available resource allows monopoly and power to be established and maintaine by the government. The government in hydraulic civilizations is a distinct and permanent institution that ensures and monitors that water supply ...

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poetry that originates from Mesopotamia. It is among the earliest known literature in Mesopotamia. Many scholars believe that it originated from a series of Sumerian poems, and legends about Gilgamesh who is the protagonist. It is known to be the oldest recorded story in the human history that is over 4000 years old.
The story portrays Mesopotamia’s society in the third millennium B.C.E vision of after life. In addition, the story tells shows the reader how the people in Mesopotamia believed in the gods, and offered sacrifices for their prayers to ...

Background of Islamic Faith

In the VII century BC most of Arabia was a desert inhabited by tribes of nomadic Bedouins. However, on the fertile lands along the shores of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean were scattered permanent settlements, from where originated caravan routes across the sands to the cities of Syria and Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Due to the caravan trade, there flourished rare oases along the trade routes, including the small towns of Mecca and Medina, which in the history of Islam were destined to play a key role.

Prophet Mohammad was born in Mecca, in the family of camel ...

Compare and contrast at least two Fertile Crescent cultures. Discuss ways in which the various cultures influenced each other. Also, identify specific examples of ideas, beliefs, and knowledge, moving from one culture to another. Continue by exploring the impact it has had on our culture today.

The Sumerians and the Babylonians both lived and flourished in the area around the two great rivers of Tigris and Euphrates thousands of years before our times. We usually call this area Mesopotamia as it lies between two rivers. It is situated in modern day Iraq (British Museum). Although Sumerians and Babylonians flourished ...

Introduction

In their publication (Jean Louis & Frederic Hitzel) indicates that a vast pan-Islamic state of the Turks started its expansion in the small Turkish emirate location within the boundaries of the present republic of Turkey. It extended to North Africa, some part of Middle East and southeast Europe. It had also gained temporal authority over secluded overseas lands in the mode declarations paying of allegiance to the Sultan and Caliph. The publication further indicates that the empire was the pivot ...

Historians have also been inquired by the question of human’s origin and development of his existence on the Earth. There exist different theories covering this question but every group of scientists tries to prove the verity of their hypothesis using really interesting and exciting evidence. And the authors taking into consideration the urgency of the topic wrote thousands of books.
One of such books is written by an American world historian, geographer and professor at the Temple University Howard Spodek. His book “World’s history” (2010) describes the most possible precise data of the human’s origin, housekeeping ...

How is language related to writing? Human civilization has miraculously journeyed from pictographs, to alphabets, and through an exciting myriad of richly endowed spoken languages from around the world. The topic initiates an interesting discussion. It correlates to culture, communications, and ancient art origins – all within the historical context. Fascination, pertaining to an exploration of the world of language and writing interrelationships, fosters in-depth thinking and a curiosity about visual forms. This paper largely discusses the history of writing with a commentary on pictography and alphabets. The idea embodied in the research required for this document seeks to nurture ...

The code of Hammurabi, which appeared around 1800BC, contains 282 clauses to the subject of Bottomry. Bottomry was a loan obtained by the owner of a ship to finance the ship’s voyage. The clauses tells about the Mesopotamian society which was marked by political, economic and class divisions. They marked the beginning of a civilized group of individuals and influenced their behavior significantly. Therefore, the paper will discuss three clauses which include 22, 23 and 25 by highlighting their significance in the 1800BC and in the 21st century.
Prohibitions against robbery are seen in virtually in every society ...

ANALYSIS AND EXPORATION OF ASIA MINOR BY HORATIO SOUTHGATE

<Student’s Name>

Asia Minor, the area which is located in the north-western part of Asia and includes Anatolic peninsula, Mesopotamia and surrounding areas, has always been a crossroad of civilizations. The history of the region pretty much reflects the history of mankind. From Hettic and Phinician tribes to Egiptians, from Ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans to modern Turks, Kurds and Arabs – hundreds of nations have crossed the land or settled down there.
The importance of geopolitical and economical status of the area was understood of leaders of various nations throughout the past three thousand years. Being a ...

There is a broad chronological development of the world civilization across ages. Understanding the development of the concept of civilization requires that we explore the conditions that independently of holistically allow the sophistication of human developments. Several elements that are distinctively different need to combine before a community of human beings can be said to have developed to a sophistication level, basically referred to as civilization (Buckle 24). Initial stages involve the emergence of settlements in the form of towns or cities/marketing centers. Settlements can establish under circumstances of efficient food production among a large group of minority in ...

The Sumerian Civilisation is perhaps the world’s oldest civilisation. By 3000 B.C., the civilisation had gained currency in the better part of Mesopotamia. It is essential to note that Sumer, which was in Southern Mesopotamia, would develop faster than the better part of Mesopotamia hence gain credit as the initial inductors of the civilisation of the world. The Sumerian civilisation was manifested in government, religious and cultural circles. However, the larger civilisation can be attributed to the nexus of operations between religion and government with priests wielding influential control that saw them become government leaders. Culture was radically ...

The archaic Athena period saw the leadership bestowed on rulers and the subject did not have a chance to air their grievances. The army was supposed to force people into obeying what the rulers thought to be right and ought to be followed by their subjects. States that did not support or join Athens were conquered, and at times were burnt down to ashes. The war captives were sold to slavery to provide wealth to the state and the ruling class. The classical period saw a change in leadership in Athena and Greece as a whole. Democracy was introduced ...

The following report will be based on the ancient Babylonian Numeration System. It has a great deal of mathematics involved and continually relates to modern everyday life experiences. The history behind this number system goes way back to the ancient times when it first originated in 1800 BC. (Babylonian Numbers, n.d)

Babylonian mathematics developed from Mesopotamia, the country between the Euphrates and Tigris, known as Iraq today. In the late nineteenth century archaeologists began digging in the ancient city of Mesopotamia, and thousands of clay tablets were discovered in evidence of ancient civilizations. There ...

A vigorous and appealing narrative history, presenting the ordinary regular threads in the traditions that gave birth to ours. It is the first level in a daring latest series that narrates the stories of all the grassroots of the world, attaching historic occurrences from Europe to the Middle East to the far coast of china. While still weighing the distinctiveness of every region, Susan Wise Bauer gives both extensive capacity and vibrant attention to the personal lives that provide flesh to theoretical declaration regarding human history. A number of maps give an obvious geography of grand occurrences, whereas the ...

Islamic Dress Code

The roots of the Islamic veil can be traced to 13th Century B.C. in Mesopotamia which was by then symbol of social class to the natives and not religion (Sultan-ul-Qalam, 2006). The veil was a distinctive feature between the women in the royal harem and their ordinary counterparts. It was mandatory that all the Women in Assyria, Mesopotamia, put on the veil to cover their heads with the exemption of the prostitutes. For Assyrian schoolgirls, it was an obligation that they put on the veil ...