Essays on Mesopotamia

The Rise of Cities played an important role in society as well as documented history. Cities have risen up in a variety of cultures, from Egypt and Mesopotamia, to Rome, to Western Europe. Even the Aztecs and Mayans saw a Rise of the Cities. Cities marked the epicenter for development and change. The rise of cities in Mesopotamia was a great leap forward for the complexity of society because it essentially helped shape society. With the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooding annually the farmers eventually came up with the idea of irrigation. For the time period, rivers were portrayed as gods, thus ...

Mesopotamia refers to the area near the Euphrates and Tigris river system, which corresponds to modern day Kuwait, Iraq, the northeastern part of Syria, the Southeastern part of Turkey and a small part of southwestern Iran (Potts, 2012, pg.557). In a wider sense, Mesopotamia refers to the area surrounded from the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and from the southwest by the edge of the Arabian Plateau and stretches from the Persian Gulf in the southeastern side to the spurs of the Anti-Taurus Mountains in the northwestern side. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans occupied Mesopotamia region. This region is ...

Mesopotamia and India are two most ancient civilizations of the world. Both of these civilizations were developed, well-organized and prosperous centuries ago. These ancient civilizations successfully developed an urban infrastructure system, agriculture, trade, art and architecture along with a well-organized society with appropriate provisions of law and order. These ancient societies were guided by their own religious codes. Hammurabi code propounded guiding principles for Mesopotamia while Bhagwat Gita guided the society of India. This paper intends to discuss how these religious codes successfully managed ancient societies of India and Mesopotamia in ancient times. It is not easy to manage a ...

[Class Title]

Introduction The code of Hammurabi is perhaps one of the earliest recorded attempts of humans to create a standardized justice system. Although most of the code’s provisions are considerably harsh, considering the time that the code was made, it can be considered as revolutionary. The code of Hammurabi was named after its author, King Hammurabi of Babylon. Historians believe that Hammurabi descended from the Sumu-abum dynasty of Ancient Babylon in 1894 B.C.. He ruled the city state of Babylon, the present day Iraq, between 1792 and 1750 B.C. Hammurabi was the sixth ruler of Babylon and ...

In my opinion, Marcus Ulpius Traianus or Trajan was one of the best Roman generals and emperors. He was an outstanding emperor with the behavior of a simple Roman citizen. He was the first emperor born outside of the Rome. His popularity among the soldiers could be compared only with the popularity of Julius Caesar and Marcus Antonius. During his reign, the Roman Empire reached its territorial maximum. He was born on 18 September 53 in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. During the reign of Nero Trajan’s father was included in the Senate. Trajan began his career during ...

[Author’s Name] The Nile River is located in the continent of Africa, towards the north east. It is the world’s longest river and is considered as the backbone of the existence and culture of North African states. The River Nile inundated the Mesopotamian region and helped it to flourish otherwise it would only be a devastated area without the Nile River. Mesopotamia is used to signifying "the land between rivers." It included some part of the Middle East amid and about the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In present times, this land is located in Iraq for the ...

Introduction

The Fertile Crescent is a region that is crescent shaped that contains a fertile land that is usually called the arid and semiarid in the western Asia, Nile delta of the north east of Africa and the Nile valley. James Henry Breasted who was an archaeologist named the term Fertile Crescent. The countries that lie in the Fertile Crescent are Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Egypt. In the modern countries are Kuwait, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria. It is presumed that education began since the human existence where parents pass on the traditions on values to their children who will do the ...

Called the “cradle of civilization”, Mesopotamia has seen the development of the first civilizations of the world. The Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians dominated the region for thousands of years and some of their discoveries have contributed to our own civilization. Two major revolutions took place in Mesopotamia. The first, the agricultural revolution meant that people stopped being hunter-gatherers, abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and settled in permanent settlements cultivating crops and domesticating animals. The second, the urban revolution, followed several thousands of years later, with the development of the first cities and the first urban civilizations. Writing ...

The Code of Hammurabi is the oldest legal document that we have that sets down a written code of legal obligations. Though there could be a prior written code, scholars have concluded that it is the oldest known record that we have in terms of a written legal framework to govern a society. (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2013). In our modern society the code of Hammurabi could be compared to the US Constitution in the sense that they are both written documents given to reflect the status quo of their time, and as such, they differ not in their legal application. Cultures of very ...

Mesopotamia is situated between Euphrates and Tigris rivers in an enormous expanse of delta. Actually, this is the area where the fountainhead of modern societies surfaced. Thus, the people of Mesopotamia discovered the value in dry land and started captivating it to draw nourishment, sustenance and provisions from it. Additionally, tanks for water storage started being a common thing in the area and they even discovered and started companies that could pump and tap oil from underground. Today, most of Mesopotamia is in what we refer to as Iraq. Thus, in many ways Mesopotamia is credited for the order present ...

Introduction

For a society to be considered developed, numerous factors have to be considered to for it to reach a certain level known as civilization. The various elements that are considered for the society to be considered civilized entail the presence of towns which plays a major role in the civilization process. The presence of towns in most instances creates demand pull economy, encouraging the high demand for food production to cater for the urban dwellers. Enough food production will encourage the minority in towns to engage in specialized professions such embroidery, artwork, blacksmith, construction, production of weaponry and the general administration that ...

Ancient Mesopotamians led a brutal existence, rocked by a long history of war over the control of fertile river valleys, which in light of the arid land that surrounded the region, meant life and death. The socioeconomic structure that emerged, in part out of necessity, ensured that women assumed domestic roles, but over time, these translated into massive gender inequalities. This paper asserts that women in ancient times as well as today belong to a lower class and have not been acknowledged for their contributions to the building of those societies and have not been treated equally then or today in Mesopotamia ...

Mesopotamia holds a significant place and value in terms of history. It is significant on account of its cultural, political, architectural, and geographical existence. The region consisted of modern day multiple countries. The overall region was spread across the Mediterranean and mountainous areas of the region. It is amongst one of the first few river civilizations based and established along the major rivers of that region. The word Mesopotamia in itself means “between rivers” (Armstrong,3). Based on its rich cultural affiliations and influences its traces and influences can be traced in the other Middle Eastern civilizations as well and ...

A complex society and a classical society and their effect to the world

The world societies have been transforming since the beginning of history. The earliest forms of societies were of a rather complex nature. These eventually gave way to more classical societies that later paved way for the current modern societies. Several factors which included in most cases political and economic contributed to the transition inherent in these societies. The complete change of government structures from the complex to the classical societies could not go unnoticed. This change had a rather significant transformation to the human society as a whole. This paper will analyze two ancient societies, Mesopotamia a complex society and the Roman ...

Several scholars have studied the different cultures and traditions that existed in the ancient times before civilization as it is considered to have been developed. In these studies, some of the scholars have included the ways of life apparent in the societies of that period and the factors that affected the main developments that happened in those days. Some of the aspects of livelihood often studied include the rites of passage that one went through, the different roles of the different people in the society, their feeding habits, their marriages and family structures among many other factors. These studies ...

Introduction

The modern practices and belief systems are traceable to ancient societies. These modern societies are a product of the evolution of the ancient civilizations through a period spanning many centuries. The modern society has not replicated the ancient civilization; it has modified the ancient practices to fit the current needs and geographical conditions. The modern social systems in art, fashion, religion, language, science, economy and political administration have their foundation in the ancient ideologies. One of the ancient civilizations that have a profound effect to the modern society is the ancient Mesopotamia. Through its successive insightful and visionary leaders, it emerged as ...

What were the settlements and lifestle of the people living in during the Mesolithic (i.e. Kebarans discussed in Ristvet, Ch 2)? The settlement and lifestyle of the people who lived in the Mesolithic period comprised of people who had a nomadic lifestyle .They were hunter gatherers who had adopted fishing as one of their characteristics. What are the consequences of farming, in terms of both physical health of people and changed social relations, economics, etc? (Diamond 1987 and Ristvet Ch. 2) The adoptability of farming brings forth the improvements of the health of people .farming enables ...

Mesopotamia is comprised in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Here, a very impressive culture developed beginning with the year 6.000 BCE. Akkad and Sumer are the most important kingdoms which emerged on these lands. These civilizations’ development was closely connected to geographical and climatic specificities of the area. The weather in the area is very hot, rains are scarce and the two rivers often cause floods. People had to develop irrigation systems to be able to cultivate the land and thus, to survive (Ross-Nazzal, 2015). Another important cultural characteristic is the polytheistic belief. Both the geographical location ...

Mesopotamia referred to the region in the eastern Mediterranean Sea which was bound in the Northeast by the Zagros Mountains and the Southeast by Arabian Plateau. In the modern times, this land forms parts of Iraq, Iran and Turkey. Mesopotamia was watered by two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and it is famous for its association with the invention of the wheel as well as being regarded as the cradle of civilisation characterised by the mixture of cultures. As a land with many cultures, it is here that many works were developed and written that there is impact is ...

Significant environmental/geographic factors that contributed to the development or expansion of the United States

The two environment/geographic factors that I consider most significant to the development and expansion of the United States include the vast fertile plains of the Mid-West Region and the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The Mid-West Region, which is also referred to as the ‘land of farms’ is considered as one of the most important farming areas in the United States. This region is endowed with conducive climate and natural resources, which are important for the economy of the region. Along with farming, the area harbors a prosperous manufacturing industry. The Mississippi and Ohio rivers are a home to several towns and ...

The massive pyramids of Giza:

Question 1 options:

Were the only pyramids ever built in ancient Egypt, and likely their construction was so expensive that it led to the collapse of the Egyptian state

Were the invention of King Tutenkamen, and contained the wealthiest burials ever excavated by archaeologists

Can trace their architectural development from earlier stepped pyramids of Djoser and earlier mastaba morturary architecture

Were built entirely of mud brick and mortar by Egyptian slaves

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Question 2 (2 points)

Domestication and the transition to agriculture happened as an independent event:

Question 2 options:

simultaneously at the end of the ice age in 5 different parts of the ...

Religion was the basic unifying factor and source of unity between Mesopotamia and Egypt. The nature evidently explained the divine forces in work and every person in these two societies worked towards the goal of serving the gods. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians had a sole believe that the laws guiding them descended from the gods to the ruling kings. These kings then administered the laws to the people with the core support of the priests. The priests then revealed the will of the gods to the kings and the people.

Art and religion are like one thing for the artists ...

The Epic of Gilgamesh is usually an epic poem from Mesopotamia written within 2000 BCE. This poetry is one of the ancient literature works in the history of human. According to the scholars, epic of Gilgamesh originated from Sumerian poetry collected in the Akkadian epic in 18th century BCE. The poems were translated by George Smith and then first published in 1870. George Smith was a British Assyriology. Epic of Gilgamesh consists of eleven sections or tablets which are made up the main body. Later, a 12th tablet was added but it is not that recognized although it is not sequential. ...

Mesopotamia is believed to be a land that’s between two rivers. Ancient Mesopotamia was occupied by different people with different cultures, wealth, gender, and religion. This therefore, brought about conflicts and warfare because of inequality. It is a fact that ancient Mesopotamia was growing and due to trade others became wealthy while others remained poor. The laws were made by the elite who made it possible for it to benefit them. In the laws when a poor person commits the same crime as the rich person they will be given a harsher punishment compared to the rich person. The education system was ...

Egypt

Egypt is one of the ancient and fascinating civilizations of the world, located in the valley of Nile. Menes is believed to unify Egypt and Memphis was made his capital circa 3000BC. The king was considered next to god, he was above all the priests and sole owner of whole Egypt. Early society of Egypt was polytheistic, Egyptians used to believe in many gods. God Ptah was famous throughout the country. They also used to worship falcons, dogs, cats, crocodiles considering them the representatives of various gods. In ancient Egypt a larger part of the society was involved ...

History as an academic subject can simply be defined as the study of past events in a chronological order. History is very wide and it only deals with things that happened in the past. Those who study history is referred to as Historians. This paper tackles a few historical questions.

What is meant by the term ‘Romanization’? Was military force the primary means of achieving the ‘pax Romana’?

The term Romanization can be defined as a process through which those who were conquered by the Romans were made or were assimilated to become like Rome. It was used by the Roman Empire to spread their influence to other populations. The Romanization was made possible through processes such as the spread ...

The patriarchal society of the world has always aimed to keep the women of the society under subjugation. The societal institutions of nation states have devised their ways of keeping the women in passivity over the span of history of human civilization. Even in the era of feminist movements, the situation of women in the society is that or inequality and subordination in comparison to the domination of the males. Women in ancient times as well as today belong to a lower class and have not been acknowledged for their contributions to the building of those societies and have not been ...

The term “hydraulic” refers to waters or liquid in motion and originated from the word “hydra,” a Greek term that means water. A hydraulic civilization is an empire that controls its population through controlling the supply of water. The environment determines the kind of civilization needed in a specific geography. Climate and natural resources play a crucial role in economic processes. Thus, controlling the supply of an available resource allows monopoly and power to be established and maintaine by the government. The government in hydraulic civilizations is a distinct and permanent institution that ensures and monitors that water supply are properly distributed. ...

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poetry that originates from Mesopotamia. It is among the earliest known literature in Mesopotamia. Many scholars believe that it originated from a series of Sumerian poems, and legends about Gilgamesh who is the protagonist. It is known to be the oldest recorded story in the human history that is over 4000 years old. The story portrays Mesopotamia’s society in the third millennium B.C.E vision of after life. In addition, the story tells shows the reader how the people in Mesopotamia believed in the gods, and offered sacrifices for their prayers to ...

Background of Islamic Faith

In the VII century BC most of Arabia was a desert inhabited by tribes of nomadic Bedouins. However, on the fertile lands along the shores of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean were scattered permanent settlements, from where originated caravan routes across the sands to the cities of Syria and Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Due to the caravan trade, there flourished rare oases along the trade routes, including the small towns of Mecca and Medina, which in the history of Islam were destined to play a key role.

Prophet Mohammad was born in Mecca, in the family of camel driver. Upon ...

Compare and contrast at least two Fertile Crescent cultures. Discuss ways in which the various cultures influenced each other. Also, identify specific examples of ideas, beliefs, and knowledge, moving from one culture to another. Continue by exploring the impact it has had on our culture today.

The Sumerians and the Babylonians both lived and flourished in the area around the two great rivers of Tigris and Euphrates thousands of years before our times. We usually call this area Mesopotamia as it lies between two rivers. It is situated in modern day Iraq (British Museum). Although Sumerians and Babylonians flourished ...

Introduction

In their publication (Jean Louis & Frederic Hitzel) indicates that a vast pan-Islamic state of the Turks started its expansion in the small Turkish emirate location within the boundaries of the present republic of Turkey. It extended to North Africa, some part of Middle East and southeast Europe. It had also gained temporal authority over secluded overseas lands in the mode declarations paying of allegiance to the Sultan and Caliph. The publication further indicates that the empire was the pivot of interactions connecting the Eastern and the Western world for six centuries. This Ottoman Empire was an Islamic successor to ...

Writing started by people using their fingers to count things they purchased. The finger counting developed into a sign language where people from different languages started using numbers displayed by hand to eye in a physical observation. It was after a long time that sign language evolved into written numbers. Other people at the time were using tallies which were generated from stone or wood carving notches. Since Mesopotamia was a city with inhabited by many people from all walks of life, it thus goes without saying that it hosted farmers, hunters, and fishers. Uruk being the southern Mesopotamia largest settlement was made ...

Historians have also been inquired by the question of human’s origin and development of his existence on the Earth. There exist different theories covering this question but every group of scientists tries to prove the verity of their hypothesis using really interesting and exciting evidence. And the authors taking into consideration the urgency of the topic wrote thousands of books. One of such books is written by an American world historian, geographer and professor at the Temple University Howard Spodek. His book “World’s history” (2010) describes the most possible precise data of the human’s origin, ...

How is language related to writing? Human civilization has miraculously journeyed from pictographs, to alphabets, and through an exciting myriad of richly endowed spoken languages from around the world. The topic initiates an interesting discussion. It correlates to culture, communications, and ancient art origins – all within the historical context. Fascination, pertaining to an exploration of the world of language and writing interrelationships, fosters in-depth thinking and a curiosity about visual forms. This paper largely discusses the history of writing with a commentary on pictography and alphabets. The idea embodied in the research required for this document seeks to nurture a better understanding ...

The code of Hammurabi, which appeared around 1800BC, contains 282 clauses to the subject of Bottomry. Bottomry was a loan obtained by the owner of a ship to finance the ship’s voyage. The clauses tells about the Mesopotamian society which was marked by political, economic and class divisions. They marked the beginning of a civilized group of individuals and influenced their behavior significantly. Therefore, the paper will discuss three clauses which include 22, 23 and 25 by highlighting their significance in the 1800BC and in the 21st century. Prohibitions against robbery are seen in virtually in every society and it ...

ANALYSIS AND EXPORATION OF ASIA MINOR BY HORATIO SOUTHGATE

<Student’s Name>

Asia Minor, the area which is located in the north-western part of Asia and includes Anatolic peninsula, Mesopotamia and surrounding areas, has always been a crossroad of civilizations. The history of the region pretty much reflects the history of mankind. From Hettic and Phinician tribes to Egiptians, from Ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans to modern Turks, Kurds and Arabs – hundreds of nations have crossed the land or settled down there. The importance of geopolitical and economical status of the area was understood of leaders of various nations throughout the past three thousand years. Being a bridge ...

There is a broad chronological development of the world civilization across ages. Understanding the development of the concept of civilization requires that we explore the conditions that independently of holistically allow the sophistication of human developments. Several elements that are distinctively different need to combine before a community of human beings can be said to have developed to a sophistication level, basically referred to as civilization (Buckle 24). Initial stages involve the emergence of settlements in the form of towns or cities/marketing centers. Settlements can establish under circumstances of efficient food production among a large group of minority in the community especially when ...

The Sumerian Civilisation is perhaps the world’s oldest civilisation. By 3000 B.C., the civilisation had gained currency in the better part of Mesopotamia. It is essential to note that Sumer, which was in Southern Mesopotamia, would develop faster than the better part of Mesopotamia hence gain credit as the initial inductors of the civilisation of the world. The Sumerian civilisation was manifested in government, religious and cultural circles. However, the larger civilisation can be attributed to the nexus of operations between religion and government with priests wielding influential control that saw them become government leaders. Culture was radically ...

The archaic Athena period saw the leadership bestowed on rulers and the subject did not have a chance to air their grievances. The army was supposed to force people into obeying what the rulers thought to be right and ought to be followed by their subjects. States that did not support or join Athens were conquered, and at times were burnt down to ashes. The war captives were sold to slavery to provide wealth to the state and the ruling class. The classical period saw a change in leadership in Athena and Greece as a whole. Democracy was introduced in running government ...

The following report will be based on the ancient Babylonian Numeration System. It has a great deal of mathematics involved and continually relates to modern everyday life experiences. The history behind this number system goes way back to the ancient times when it first originated in 1800 BC. (Babylonian Numbers, n.d)

Babylonian mathematics developed from Mesopotamia, the country between the Euphrates and Tigris, known as Iraq today. In the late nineteenth century archaeologists began digging in the ancient city of Mesopotamia, and thousands of clay tablets were discovered in evidence of ancient civilizations. There was some recognition of the relation ...

A vigorous and appealing narrative history, presenting the ordinary regular threads in the traditions that gave birth to ours. It is the first level in a daring latest series that narrates the stories of all the grassroots of the world, attaching historic occurrences from Europe to the Middle East to the far coast of china. While still weighing the distinctiveness of every region, Susan Wise Bauer gives both extensive capacity and vibrant attention to the personal lives that provide flesh to theoretical declaration regarding human history. A number of maps give an obvious geography of grand occurrences, whereas the timelines ...

Islamic Dress Code

The roots of the Islamic veil can be traced to 13th Century B.C. in Mesopotamia which was by then symbol of social class to the natives and not religion (Sultan-ul-Qalam, 2006). The veil was a distinctive feature between the women in the royal harem and their ordinary counterparts. It was mandatory that all the Women in Assyria, Mesopotamia, put on the veil to cover their heads with the exemption of the prostitutes. For Assyrian schoolgirls, it was an obligation that they put on the veil at all times in the conformation of the Muslim Sharia Law. This was at a time ...

1.It is true that agriculture has been one of the greatest inventions in the history of mankind due to the impacts it has brought to the world. Due to the competition between humans and animals agriculture has brought dependence and food security against the ever diminishing natural resources. Agriculture led to the invention of fire that has had substantial positive effects on the human livelihood in terms of domestication and other uses of fire. The invention of transport and communication means has also had big and positive impacts on the human life to a bigger magnitude. These inventions have enabled ...

The oud is an object of fascination and wonder for the audience and one of desire and passion for the musician and artist. The instrument is ancient, always undergoing transition and has the potential to transcend political and spatial boundaries in the modern world. It is representative of the rich and diverse cultures that have shaped its modern forms and variations. The instrument is now being understood more in western countries and its influence on western music and musical instruments is undeniable. This paper will discuss the history of the instrument within the evolution of string instruments. It will ...

In the “Dialogue of Civilizations” symposium in Guatemala, several historians and archeologists studying cultures of ancient civilization such as those of the Maya, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley and Egypt have found that their huge monuments were built for three major reasons: as sources of religious and moral nourishment, entertainment and beauty. For spiritual purposes, one can note that monumental structures like the Tikal Temple in Guatemala, Temple of Horus at Edfu, the Luxor Temple in Egypt and the Great Budha Statue were built for religious and moral purposes. The Taj Mahal monument in India is considered one of the beautiful ...

There have been different mythical beliefs concerning afterlife. After life refers to life after death and as such, different societies have different beliefs of where the dead go once they pass away. In our case here, we are going to do a comparison of the beliefs that exist in the people of ancient Mesopotamia and the Odysseus’ nekyia. The people of Mesopotamia had the notion that the dead lived on in a dusty, bleak underworld referred to as the Dark Earth. They had the belief that any cave, pit, or pond could be an entrance to that place. They believed ...

2) Introduction Looking back on the history of how communication was developed, it is unimaginable that the generations today reached the level of development in the language and scripts. From the cave paintings of the Homo sapiens to the pictograms in Mesopotamia that tells stories through pictures in a chronological manner and to the revolutionary alphabet that simplified and decreased symbols. This is a revolution in the field of communication as it combined several symbols to form words and sounds.

Body

Communication did not just develop overnight. It went through a long process of development until we can speak words, write characters ...

Many civilizations throughout history could claim to be the greatest. Several Chinese dynasties contributed to the mysticisms and sciences that mankind now enjoys. The Europeans gave the world much of the art that the is still cherished in museums throughout the world. South American civilizations, as well as civilizations in Africa constructed conventional tools used for hunting. More progressive were the Roman and Greek civilizations, that gave mankind theater, the Olympics, and a love of the universe. However, before all of these civilizations could be appreciated, there had to be the Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia. The Sumerians were the greatest ...

Human beings, that were once referred to ‘’Tool using animals’’ have a long history that dates back to 2 Million years ago. However, the major source of economic development was initiated after the process of agriculture came into existence. Post the arrival of Agricultural era, Paleolithic Human largely survived on hunting animals using the tools that were directly derived from nature or were marginally modified using wooden hafts or handles by these groups. It is because of their high reliance solely on hunting, seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Robbes, described the Paleolithic life as ‘’Nasty, Brutish and Short’’ However, the very ...

Human beings, that were once referred to ‘’Tool using animals’’ have a long history that dates back to 2 Million years ago. However, the major source of economic development was initiated after the process of agriculture came into existence. Post the arrival of Agricultural era, Paleolithic Human largely survived on hunting animals using the tools that were directly derived from nature or were marginally modified using wooden hafts or handles by these groups. It is because of their high reliance solely on hunting, seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Robbes, described the Paleolithic life as ‘’Nasty, Brutish and Short’’ However, the very ...

Introduction

Many companies, organizations, and institutions depend on information for their managerial functions. Information is becoming a valuable resource that is derived from the processing of raw facts, figures, and raw data; the unprocessed information is known as data. As companies and organizations continue to grow and expand, the amount of data required to process the needed information also becomes voluminous, resulting to data deposits that have the probability of developing. The data deposits that have the profanity to grow up quickly have to be controlled. With the growth of big data in organizations for a long period, there has been the ...

The Middle East is predominantly an Islamic society. Muslim art and architecture is heavily influenced by the religious attitudes. There is prejudice against pictorial representation of animal figure and human being due to the Prophet Mohammed teachings that are against idols and idol worship. This attitude influenced the development of geometric and stylized designs. Muslims have excelled mostly in the fields of architecture and decorative arts (Choueri 88: Ham 176: Graber 1). Islamic artists draw their inspiration from many sources: inspiration was drawn from Byzantine, Indian, Chinese and Persian models. These craftsmen then made their models in original and ...

Technology and geography are unquestionably the most important factors that have influenced many of the nations, even the current super power and those among the developed nations. However, few people really understand how the current civilization came about or where it started and the people who have benefited the most. Of importance to note is that almost everything in our daily life has an element of technology; from listening to a sermon in church, to going to international war, from the activities of the farmer to the deals of a great cartel swindling his countries money. One of the notable effects ...

With the advent of nomadism in China, Mesopotamia, and Native Indian, community experienced well controlled in terms of the economies’ health. It was not until community experienced inner problems such as municipal conflicts, starvation, or a malfunction in the army company, that the nomads action successfully. Generally, they would do this in small-scale separated strikes, not in one frustrating trend. Continuously raiding the plants, taking the animals, and losing the plants, the actual basis for community, over a period of decades would induce a further malfunction in the government, economic system, and protection. This, of course, would cause to further raids, more ...

- What was the hijrah (emirgration/migration) that Muhammad and his followers made, and why was this such an important event in Muslim history? The “Hijrah” – is the Prophet Muhammad's and his supporters` flight from Mecca to Medina, where the first Muslim community was founded in 622 AD. Basically, “hijrah” in Arabic language has got a meaning of relocation from one place to another. As a religious term, the word "hijra" is used in cases of relocation of believers who are oppressed in their homeland and deprived of freedom of religion, to other regions where there are more favorable conditions for ...

It is interesting that art was part of the way people chose to express themselves, even from the beginning of human history. People we view today as primitive and uncivilized were able to produce naturalistic representations of the world. This is seen in the wall-paintings that have been found in fifty caves in France and Spain. On the other hand, pieces of sculpture, like that of a Woman from Willendorf, are not realistic but focus on specific aspects of the body that were associated with fertility. The first great architectural monuments come from the Neolithic period, can be found ...

- It has been suggested that agriculture has been one of mankind’s most important inventions, second only to our learning to use fire. Do you agree or disagree? What other human inventions are of this magnitude? What would have happened to our species if we had not invented agriculture? Was the invention of agriculture inevitable? The agricultural revolution in the Neolithic Period was one of the most important changes in human history, except perhaps for the Industrial Revolution that began in the 18th Century. In the present-day world, the computer, information, genetic and cybernetic revolutions should also ...

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The epic of Gilgamesh is a heroic poem originating from Mesopotamia. It exists in twelve tablets that have since been translated into different languages including English. Gilgamesh ruled Uruk around 2700 B.C.E. and his fame, according to history, survived because of the major building projects that took place during his reign and his reports on the teachings of Utnapishtim (Sandars). The story revolves around the lives of King Gilgamesh and Enkidu the wild man. The two are great friends until Enkidu dies and Gilgamesh decides to seek immortality in a bid to escape ...

The birth place of Judaism is in modern day Iraq. It has been known by many names throughout history. In ancient times it was called Sumer the positioning of Ur of the Chaldea and the birth place of Abraham. Tigris and Eu-prates meet at a place with a very famous name Babylon. Where the rivers part is known as Assyria not to be confused with modern day Syria. This region is the birthplace of civilization. The civilization that developed and were highly advanced in terms of mathematics and even law. The religious culture was very pagan that included human sacrifice.

It ...