Essays on Ottoman Empire

Part I

During the 17th century, the European underwent a social, political and economic transformation as compared to the Arab worlds. This meant that the British increased in population at a higher rate as opposed to the Arab, improved technologically and economically also (Clancy and Smith 34). This brought a superiority complex between the two worlds with the Europeans proving to be the dominant in many instances. This made the Arabs to start looking forward to the ways and culture of the European. This greatly influenced the great reformations in the Arab Empires hence inviting the British to their land in

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During the late 18th century, the power of the Ottoman Empire Began to decline, this is when the Eastern Question emerged. The Eastern Question in the European history refers to the political problems that came about once the Ottoman Empire started falling apart. The Eastern Questions does not refer to a particular question but refers to the many problems that came by once the Ottoman Empire declined in the 18th,19th and 20th Century. These problems were mainly on the European territories that were subjects of the Ottoman Empire; they were experiencing instabilities after the collapse of the empire.

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In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Egypt and Qajar Persia embarked on ambitious project to reform their countries. The empires wanted to develop form the Stone Age to the modern ages. This saw the improvement of their arm including their arsenals, the banking systems, decriminalization of homosexuality and the introduction of secular laws. There were major projects introduced all-round the empires including development of infrastructure and the economy in general.
They sought the help of the Europeans as they needed funds to finance their projects. This led the empires to sign treaties and agreements that will

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Introduction:

This paper is about a particular object in the Houston Museum of Fine Arts. I have chosen the item known as ‘Glazed Fritware Bottle’ from Iznik in Turkey dating from the 16th Century and pertaining to the Ottoman Empire. The paper will attempt to analyse the object in detail with regards to its form, line, shape, color, texture, mass and composition and will also provide a detailed artistic appraisal of the object. The Glazed Fritware Bottle carries catalogue number: Lns 327C and is part of the famed Al Sabah Collection of Kuwait, which is on permanent exhibition at the

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Introduction

This paper analyzes the fall Europe into the dark ages (middle ages) after the collapse of the Roman Empire while the Islamic world entered into a golden age of learning and culture. In relation to the paper discusses the social, cultural, political and religious factors which accounted for the transformation of a largely Bedouin society into the center of the world learning while the collapse of the roman empire led to nearly a thousand years of backwardness among Europeans.

Analysis

Western medieval studies considered the beginning of the collapse of the Middle Ages the Western Roman Empire at the end

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire is one of the major forces that shaped the political, economic and the social arena of most of the countries in South Eastern Europe. Weidenfeld (1995) asserts that the might of the empire was not only felt in Europe but also in many parts of African Islamic states and in the Middle East (p.45). Osman I. was the founder of the Empire in 1299. It grew from a small state called Constantinople (now known as Istanbul) to the mighty Empire. From scratch to larger empire, Ottoman Empire was faced by numerous challenges during its rule. This

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Apparently it is of essence to denote that, though Albania is a country that has the aptitude to develop economically and politically. Their capacity to engage in beneficial associations is evidently suppressed due to their earlier engagements (McCormick and Jonathan 47). In essence, being part of the Ottoman Empire that was predominant in 17th century affected Albania in many apparent ways. Though Ottoman Empire was developed for as good course as it may give the impression. Times associated with it are deemed unproductive and unrefined considering that it had a lot of biases that technically alienated non-Muslim countries (Bogdani

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The institutional affiliation

This caesardom was established by Turkic tribes in Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire has existed from 1299 to 1923, in other words, more than 600 years. Its title comes from the name of Sultan Osman I, the founder of the dynasty of the Ottomans. The empire reached its peak of influence during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Many causes contributed to the rise of the new powers. For example, the Millet System. It was a legal court refered to personal rights, in which some communities could rule according to their own rules. The Millet System of Islamic law has

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How do you explain a shift in the historical trajectory of the Muslim world from a period of ascendancy between the fifteenth and the seventeenth century to a period of decline and European domination from the eighteenth century on?

Introduction

History offers us a wide variance and mosaic of human activity. The human civilization has emerged from simple hunting and gathering techniques for basic survival to an era of increasingly complex and modern machinery and technology. This journey of man through history has unravelled a series of struggles and has witnessed the rise and fall of different civilizations and empires.

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In 1820s the Ottoman Empire experienced significant financial difficulties, which resulted into a considerable increase in the interest rates. Therefore, the state took various strategies to deal with the problem, including through tax-farmers in tax collection. It is during this time that the Galata bankers rose to prominence (Pamuk, 226). Galata bankers were the moneyexchangers (sarrafs), who gained popularity during the 18th century, and grew to large financials. They took advantage of the financial difficulties of the state, especially in addressing the short-term and long-term financial needs. The Galata bankers are known to be providing financial help to the

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Introduction

Studies are showing that the decline of the Ottoman Turks Empire in spite of the interferences to save it has always concerned the responsiveness of historians. Furthermore, the decline which begins in the second part of the 19th century is actually though to have been as an outcome of differing social and political aspect in the empire in addition to the financial condition of the empire. Other studies have mentioned that it was led to the discharge of the ottoman rulers by the Europeans as experienced rulers who could lead the empire to reconstruction. The empire was confronted with

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Brief history of Saudi Arabia

Historic area of the Arabian Peninsula, which now occupies the western Saudi Arabia, is usually called Hijaz and Najd. At the beginning of the VII century Muhammad’s prophetic mission began in Mecca, where the Meccan pagans denied it. After 13 years he moved to Medina (Yathrib), inhabited by Arabs and Jews. A peace treaty was signed with the latter. Gradually, Arabs all of the Arabian Peninsula became his followers.

Saudi Arabia map

In 632, Arab Caliphate with its capital in Medina was founded. It engulfed almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. As a result of voluntary annexations and conquests by the IX

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Battles of the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires

The Middle East has long been seen as one of the richest regions in the world, not just for its riches, but it was also rich of centuries-old traditions and history that has shaped mankind. The region became known as the epicenter of world trade with the establishment of the Silk Road and sea-lanes connecting Eurasia together. It was also in the Middle East wherein religions and ethnicities were created and diversified, transforming societies and cultures throughout the globe. Many nations have attempted to take this very diverse and rich land, however, the region was only controlled by a

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Introduction

Kemalism can also be referred to as either Ataturkism or The Six Arrows. It is Turkey’s founding ideology. It represents the sweep of social, political, religious and cultural reforms that resulted to the consideration of Turkey citizens as equals regardless of religion as they created a national, unitary and secular state from the Ottoman Empire. In essence, this is a political ideology established by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founding father and the president.

Short Summary

Kemalism is a philosophy that focused on modernization in the sense of guiding transition between multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire to the secular, multi-religious and the unitary

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The Ottoman state was a total monarchy in most of it years while in existence. The sultan was at the top of hierarchical ottoman governance with political, judicial, social, military, and religious capacities executing services under different titles. Religiously, as the chief executor, he was accountable only to God’s law- sharia. This paper seeks to compare and contrast the character/characteristics and policies of Mehmet II, Selim I and Suleyman I.
The Janissaries comprised of young Christians who were rewarded handsomely to keep the loyalty to the Sultan. Mehemet certified independent religious communities to give its members freedom religiously

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The Arab-Israel conflict history has a level of convenience elasticity due to inability of objectively presenting the timelines of the events, in regard to the conflicts. The term Arab is not used in reference to a self collection of a certain society, for example, in Palestine. Rather Arabs are mostly centered in various states, in Asia such as Saudi Arabia, Palestine, United Arab Emirates among others. However, Arabs are also centered in the North of Africa and fragmented in various countries around the globe. The Arab-Israeli conflict can trace its roots in the 18th century when Zionist movements were

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Education was a key factor in the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire. During the peak of its rule in the 15th to 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire covered much of modern day Europe and stretch in part of Asia and Africa. This paper briefly describes the empire then discusses the processes that contributed to its westernization.

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire began with the reign of Muhammad II in 1481 and lasted for close to five centuries until its collapse in 1918. During the peak of its power in 16th to the 17th century, its territory included present day Turkey, Egypt,

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The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) and the Mughal Empire (1526-1858) both constituted the large Muslim Empires established by the Turkish speaking rulers who migrated from the central region of Asia and conquered the lands that were previously harmed due to the invasions by Mongols. They effectively employed the gun-powder arms and ammunition for establishing their ruler over the regions which were extremely diversified on the basis of religions and ethnicity.

The Ottoman Empire

In 1453, the religious warriors of Islam called ghazis successfully conquered Constantinople that was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The ottoman Turks made Constantinople as their capital and named

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Taking into account the sources of Islamic law, what changes did the ulama in Persia undergo during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) that would have direct influence on the Iranian Revolution of 1979?
Shah Abbas (or Abbas I) hated sunnies and he suggested a new denomination to people: Twelver Shiism. Shah Abbas and many other traditional religious people were against any change in Iran. They wanted to follow the belief of Shiism.
The Ulama (the respected religious people with religious degrees) was trying to unite the belief of Shiism and the philosophy of Aristotelian and neo-Platonic. The

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Ottoman Empire rose from the thirteenth century to the 1923. Just like many other empires, for instance, Habsburg, Ottoman rule was dynastic whose character and territories were determined by its administrative power and military capability. The Turks conquered many territories and converted them into Islam. This was accompanied by successive revolts from the conquered lands, which spurred the Ottoman repression policies. This polices were meant to respond to the ongoing revolts and prevent future uprisings. This paper seeks to explore the various repression policies implemented by the Ottoman rulers during 1820s to 1918.
Denial policy was a significant policy

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There is a great contrast in these 16th Century documents between the way a European observer described the wealth, power and confidence of the Ottoman Empire at its height, and how the Aztec records in The Broken Spears were filled with a sense of doom and despair as the relatively small Spanish force under Hernan Cortez approached their capital of Tenochtitlan. In the former case, the Turks already had conquered the Near East and the Balkans, and the Europeans were not at all certain they could ever defeat them or even fight a successful defensive action against their large

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