Essays on Ottoman Empire

Peter the Great is considered to be the tsar, who has dragged Russia out of the medieval circumstances to such a degree, that by his passing in 1725, Russia was viewed as a main eastern European state. Peter the Great in his efforts to modernize Russia in the early 1700’s has brought together government, modernized the armed force, made a naval force and expanded the enslavement and subjection of the laborers. His residential arrangement permitted him to execute a forceful outside approach. Somebody might think that Peter the Great’s reforms were more cosmetic, however that is not ...

The Tanzimat reforms comprised of several reforms that were promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between in the 19th century between 1839 and 1876. The intention of these reforms was to preserve a weakening Empire. The reforms took place under the reign of Sultans Abdulaziz and Abdulmecid. These reforms in the Ottoman Empire had a high influence from European ideals and were aimed at transforming the functioning of the Empire in order to conform to ideals of a modern state (Davison, 2015). Edicts were thus passed to achieve this goal including the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane – The Noble ...

Introduction

Before the formation of states, the areas were always divided into realms. These were mainly vast lands that would always be formed primarily through the acts of acquisition. In the process of acquiring these new pieces of lands under their control, the emperors would always require that the inhabitants of these areas would always have to conform to their rules and ways of life. These may include issues such as religion, culture and even economic activities. The rise of Islamic empires throughout the world played a significant role when it came to matters of the spread of Islam throughout ...

Art, architecture, and design are very important clues for historians to figure out what exactly a civilization, culture and society valued. Architecture, in particular, is a very important part of a larger material culture which may be used by historians as clues to figure out what impact these decisions had on the larger culture and the way each society organizes itself. In this sense, it is almost nearly inescapable that each piece of art or building will not in some way or another influence our thinking regarding how each of these societies is organized. This is true everywhere around ...

In spite of the fact that World War I happened more than one hundred years ago, there are still many unanswered questions and a lot of controversy around it. The war started after assassination of the duke of Austria-Hungary Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, and shortly after the conflict between the two states, many other countries, including their colonies, were involved. However, many rulers were assassinated throughout history, and not every time such a huge conflict took place. In the case of World War I, tension had been growing for a long time before the explosion. With that said, ...

The Middle East is a vast region with many countries which are differently endowed with both natural and human capita l resources. The state institution and development of societal status have also evolved differently based on the past experiences of colonial and pre-colonial eras. The Middle East region is known to have suffered economic backwardness dating back to the seventeenth century. The state of economic conditions and social developments of the Middle East countries is quite similar to those of North Africa region countries particularly Egypt. The two regions were highly affected by the ruling of the Ottoman Empire ...

Throughout the course of modern history, numerous events have revolved around the Middle East, affecting the cultural perspectives of the people living there. For instance, the Russian invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent political maneuvering by Western/Arab nations spawned decades of bloodshed in the region, destroying both an entire generation of people and the viability of a nation. The creation of Israel in 1948 created a massive power shift in the region, as the Arab nations attempted to retake the territory but were soundly defeated, and again in 1967. The Second World War engulfed the North African Muslim countries, ...

Of the world’s many disputed regions, perhaps none is as unique as Kosovo. To be sure, depending on one’s national origin, ethnicity, religion, legal-historical perspective or political point of view, especially if you live in or are from southeastern Europe, Kosovo is either an independent nation or it is a province, albeit autonomous province, of the Republic of Serbia. The starting point to these differences in understand about Serbia is most likely 1389 and the Battle of Kosovo. Prior to that event, the region that is now known as Kosovo was under the control of the Serbian ...

There are different points of view on the reasons to begin the Second World War. On this work there will be considered two points, one of them was described by John A. Vasques. The other book to consider was Why Nations Fight by Richard Ned Lebow. According to Vasques, World Wars occur rarely, and their reasons are curious. There are classical reasons for war, for example, territorial conflicts. On the other hand, Lebow insisted in the idea of national significance. This may be delivered through the mass aggression or war But in fact, there were a lot of participants ...

Following the Napoleonic wars, there was a gentlemen’s agreement between both Britain and the French empire to largely stay out of one another’s way. Nevertheless, they still nearly came to blows on a number of occasions during the 19th century. Yet, the British and French Empires gradually came to see one another as potential allies, even if not as close friends. This relationship benefited both powers in very material ways. Both were concerned about the increasingly aggressive nature of Germany and the alliances it was forming, as well as the rising power of Russia under the Czar. ...

There is a wide accepted concept that after centuries of development, the Muslim world began to decline in the 15th century. Did it really decline? In this work I would like to illustrate the main trends of developments of the Muslim world in early 15 – early 20 century. We know that in part of the second millennium, and for five centuries later there were many Asian invasions in other regions of the world, wide expansion (Seljuk, Arab, Turkish). But then the stagnation began. Since the "golden age" of the Abbasid Empire, it has not changed territorially. And large areas ...

Introduction

Anthropology in Turkey is a rich context of gradual changes in people’s culture, social platform and political administration. Political and cultural heritage are among the key elements that have undergone the immense transformation. Efforts towards unification of the Turkish nation depicts change. These efforts led to the dissemination of Ataturk cult to unify the Nation. In the political realm, the first and second constituting declarations pivot the turning point. The 1990s saw the transformation of the PKK strategy with the aim of becoming a democratizing force in Turkey. This paper discusses the state of anthropology in Turkey, emerging ...

Introduction

The Armenian Genocide, which is otherwise known as Armenian Holocaust was the methodical annihilation of members of the Armenian minority within the borders of their native land which is now the Republic of Turkey. Historically, the Armenians are descendants of the ancient people even before the first century of the current era, and were the first nation to deeply adopt Christian culture, which makes them different from other people in the neighboring regions. Most of the genocide committed against the Armenians was carried out in 1915, and the rounding up and killing about 600,000 to 800,000 people ...

Tanzimat is the name of modernizing reforms in the Ottoman Sultanate from 1839 to 1876, when the first Ottoman constitution was adopted. The basic principles of the reform were set out in Hatt-i-Sharif, issued by Sultan Abdul-Majid on the 3 of November in 1839 while his accession to the throne. Unlike previous reforms, the main place in the Tanzimat occupied not military but socio-economic issues. The initiative belonged to the group formed by the bureaucracy, headed by Mustafa Reşid Pasha, who became the author of Hatt-i-Sharif. For several years he was ambassador in England and France, and then ...

Introduction

Contemporary academic analysis is concentrated on the issue of states’ emergence. The former is analyzed in different social, political, and economic contexts. Such state of affairs can be explained from the practical point of view, meaning nowadays there are many players at the international level which have recently appeared. However, in order to understand the nature of the aforementioned processes, the historical analysis is thought to be of great importance, since lots of contemporary phenomena took place in the previous centuries. Thus, in this paper, the correlation between the Sykes-Picot agreement, formation of the Palestinian identity, and creation of ...

The thirteenth century to the seventeenth century can be considered a period of ascendancy as there are many examples of dominance and the fight for superiority between various groups and empires: most notably through the Mongol Empire, the destruction of the Abbasid Empire, and the consolidation of the Ottoman Empire. In the thirteenth century, Mongol invasions were rampant all over Asia, leading through the Middle East and into Europe. They were sent by the Mongol Empire to gain territorial expansion across Eurasia and the Middle East. Mongol armies led by Genghis Khan invaded Iraq and Iran beginning in the ...

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was ruled from the top by a Sultan. A collection of taxes was an eternal problem in this empire so they came up with a tax farming system whereby tax collectors were employed to collect taxes in the entire empire. The system brought about various mistreatments and the poorest received very heavy tax burdens, they did not have the capability of avoiding taxes or bribe off the tax collectors. A segment of the population lived under the millet system and it consisted of the Jews, Christians and Religious minorities who run their own schools, local communities ...

Today, Syria faces a serious crisis. The country that once boast diversity is now engaged in a civil war bloodier than any war in history. Millions have been displaced and nearly a quarter million have died. The civil war initially rose as an Arab Spring. Arabs across the Middle East were seeking a democratic society. However, with the rule of the al-Assad family in Syria, violence is dominant and the country rests in a blood bath.

History of Syria

Originally, Syria consisted of a large amount of land that is now many countries today, including Syria itself, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel. The ...

Sovereign Statehood Is A Modern Fiction That Has Been Universalized Through Imperialism And Decolonization. Critically Analyze This Statement Using Examples From More Than One Part Of The World

Introduction

Sovereignty in international relations is a concept that indicates that a state is constitutionally independent. In politics, a state is considered sovereign if it exists in a legal, absolute, and unitary condition where the state is equal to other states in international law and is not answerable to any other foreign state (Biersteker and Weber, 1996). A sovereign state has clearly defined borders within which people reside and the government of ...

I would like to start my analysis by introducing a little bit the movie background and how it was filmed. Almost all members of royal family of Jordan are Arabs related to the Hashemite dynasty, who consider themselves to be direct descendants of Prophet Muhammad. The exception is Prince Ali Bin Al-Hussein which is maternal Circassians. Sometime ago he came up with the idea to make a film about the Circassians living in Jordan. Choosing the director for the movie, Prince did not hesitate for too long. He called Mohy Quandour, who was living in London, known as many-sided ...

Example A

During the Holocaust many pieces of art were stolen from the Jewish people by the Nazi party. One of these paintings is known as The Women in Gold. The painting was originally known as Adele Bloch-Bauer, but the Nazi’s changed the name so it could be displayed (Stamberg, n.p.). In changing the name they in essence stripped the painting of its Jewish identity just so they could excuse the fact they wanted to hang the painting for themselves. The subject of the painting, Adele Bloch-Bauer was the wife of the wealthy sugar tycoon, Ferdinand Bloch (Stamberg, n.p.). During ...

Introduction

During 1509 and 1513, the Ottoman Empire went through a civil war that was fought between two brothers, Ahmed, and Selim I, sons of Bayezid II, as they wanted to get the ruling authority after their father. Both had a lust for power, and they led this civil war with the support of their followers and pushed the Ottoman Empire into social and political unrest. The civil war caused loss of thousands of lives. It could, therefore, be argued that the civil war did not the purpose of fighting for the rights of people. In fact, it was initiated ...

The Muslim movements after the Caliphate

After the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, and later the Caliphate in 1924, in the modern Muslim world began "non-Caliphate" period. This process was historically logical, because the theocratic form of government suffered a crisis in the Muslim world, where national movement and bourgeois relations were growing. Nominal power of the Sultan still existed, but only in name. In this situation, the Sultan resorted to Pan-Islamism policy, however corrupt administrative apparatus, a weak army and a weak economy, led this policy to the failure. By the early twentieth century in the country were rapidly spreading European ideas and values, ...

Post-Classical History

Some of the terminologies that explain the post-classical world include the post-ancient era, the pre-modern era or the post-antiquity era. The post-classical is the immediate period after the classical world and the period preceding the modern history. The classical period happened in two time periods depending on the different continents in the world. The time periods include the years between 200-500 and the year’s between1200-1500. In this era, Han, Rome, and Gupta experienced the spread of the major religions of the world. It is during this period that Buddhism and Christianity spread while the Islam religion emerged. Religions ...

Introduction

The Armenian Genocide, which is otherwise known as Armenian Holocaust was the methodical annihilation of members of the Armenian minority within the borders of their native land which is now the Republic of Turkey. Reports revealed that the victims reached over a million Armenians who were rounded up by the Ottoman authorities. Historically, the Armenians are descendants of the ancient people even before the first century of the current era. Moreover, the Armenians were the first nation to adopt deeply adopt Christianity in their culture, which makes them different from other people in the neighboring regions. Accordingly, there are ...

Introduction

The medieval Islamic city was influenced by the enthusiastic patronage of art and architecture, examples being Mamluk rulers and the amirs of the Mamluk era. The architectural projects from this period comprised of both small and multifaceted complexes. The buildings helped the society in many ways and could be used to hold important functions, religious and commercial activities amongst others. Buildings were developed in the form of mosques, hospitals, kuttab, and Kurf amongst others. The architectural projects demonstrated the urban and artistic order that was significant in ensuring that the fundamental pillars of Islam were observed within the society. ...

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was one of the world’s largest empires with history dates back to the Islamic medieval period from the 10th to 11th centuries. The main religion of the Ottoman Empire was Islam and most of their architecture and art was based on the religion as well. The beautiful buildings that exist today were the relics of the old Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was originally founded in 1299 by the tribe who distinguished themselves as Oghus Turks under the rule of King Osman I. Ottoman empire stretched from the mainland Turkey and controlled various countries in ...

The Middle East was part of the great Ottoman’s Empire which had enormous power and influence. The Empire was located in Constantinople the old Roman city. This great Islam empire ruled and dominated most of what had been the Roman empire in the North Africa. The Ottoman Empire also covered a large portion of Europe since the year 1400 and in the years of 1500 the Muslim world dominated the world economy. In 1700s the ability of the Middle East, then the great Ottoman Empire to wage war had considerably reduced. An Empire that made income from wars ...

The Ottoman and the Habsburg territories were the two major talked about empires that formed distinct categories in the Europe. The Mediterranean surrounded the two. Rooted in the Sunni Islam, the Ottoman Empire occupied the eastern and southern Mediterranean. On the other hand, with the Roman Catholic Christianity as their religion, the Habsburg Empire covered the western and northern Mediterranean. Though similar in some ways to the socio-economic ways, however, both the empires comprised of varying many different ethnic and religious groups. (Pál and Geza 47) Inalcik narrates that “Ottoman judiciary the judges were the administrators in the ...

The recipe for Greek mussaka and good advices I received from my neighbor who originates from Greece. Mussaka is a main course dish that is prepared in all countries of the Balkan Peninsula and is considered as a national meal in every one of them. The difference is in the meat and some people, according to taste add two egg yolks in the bechamel sauce and change the bottom or both layers with potatoes. The word béchamel has a French origin and it came much later with many other words as names to the similar things, prepared in ...

This essay seeks to explain more on various world economies to include, Ottoman, Safavid, Qajar and North Africa. These savings had existed before the modern global economy came into existence. On the eve of world war 1, Ottoman empire comprising of present day Turkey, Syria and Palestine, Iraq and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, originates from early times of the reign of Suleiman who was the Magnificent. He led the country into becoming one multinational, and lingual country that had Western Asia, North America, Caucasus and South East Europe under their rule. It had a period of economic reforms ...

Miners and the State in the Ottoman Empire: The Zonguldak Coalfield 1822-1920

The story takes place within the coalfield of Zonguldak, which is situated along the Black Sea Coast. The area was well-endowed with mineral deposits, and as the economy entered the steam age, there was the need for a continuous supply of coal. The mines were discovered, and miners from the villages had to be employed to work in the mines. Quataert explains the experiences of the coal miners had in the Ottoman Empire. The coal miners came from the Zonguldak villages, and they worked under deplorable conditions. The miners had a difficult lifestyle since there was no free medical ...

AbuZayyad, Ziad. "Unraveling Arab Regimes Pave The Way To A New Middle East With Islamic Prospects". Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture 20/21.4/1 (2015): 46-52. Print. Barr, James. A Line in the Sand. London: Simon & Schuster, 2012. Print. James Barr is an experienced journalist in the field of politics, severally traversing the Middle East and Arab countries in Europe and Africa. He has several other books on the politics of Arab countries such as “The Secret War in Arabia”. In this book, Barr discusses the short rule of European powers in the middle-east and what led to their ...

Pan-Islamism

The evolution of the contemporary nation states across the entire Arab world is an interesting, yet, distressing process. Almost a century ago, a majority of the Arabs were part of the Ottoman Caliphate or the Ottoman Empire, which is actually a vast multi-ethnic state based out of Istanbul. Currently, the Arab political map appears more like a highly complicated jigsaw puzzle. A manifold and convoluted course of incidents that took place during the early 1910s brought the Ottomans Empire to an end, while also resulting in the emergence of many new states whose borders apparently spread throughout the Middle ...

The essays aims to show if and how national identity finds its reflection in architecture. Turkey is the country handpicked for this particular scientific purpose inasmuch as it a solid example of a multicultural state acknowledged at political and legal levels. More importantly, it has a rich history of multiculturalism. Istanbul and Ankara are the primary examples of architectural tendencies. The essay carefully traces the evolution of western influence and the rationales behind the cultural dialogue in the days of the empire, which allows understanding the nature of possible national identity erosion in the modern Turkish architecture. The brief ...

Question One

The Hashemite family incorporates the Royal families of Iraq, Hejaz, and Jordan. This family belongs to the Hasanid Shariffs of Mecca. Hussein ibn Ali Al Hashimi as the amir of Mecca and Grand Sharif was also the custodian of the Muslim holy places. In 1908, Abdul Hamid II appointed him as such and he was after that together with his sons Faysal and Abdullah allowed to return to Hijaz, which is now present-day Saudi Arabia. During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire cooperated with the Central Powers in fighting against the Allied countries. This collaboration allowed Hussein as ...

Why the Middle East is considered Eurocentric?

The Middle East is considered Eurocentric as it is the term used to consider the word from a European perspective a consideration of European culture preeminence. The term was a consideration of European exceptionalism mainly taken from western civilization according to Owen (2002). It was popular in the setting of decolonization.

What members are considered part of the modern day fertile crescent?

The area is part of a the Middle-East that curves in a quarter moon like shape from the Persian Gulf to the modern day countries like Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Syria while also incorporating southern Iraq according to Issawi (1988).

In 1914, what modern day countries did France, Britain and Italy control?

Syria was colonized by the French and Iraq, ...

The Republic of Turkey officially and fully supports the denial of the Armenian Genocideб it spends huge funds on the PR campaign of denial of genocide of the Armenians. Turkish government has sponsored universities, which provide credence to the Turkish position. To destroy traces of the Armenians in Turkey, Turkish government has systematically destroyed the monuments of Armenian architecture. The denial of the Armenian Genocide in Turkey is a continuation of the policy of Turkey Republic during the reign of Ataturk, who has denied mass killings of Armenians. Turkey's attempts to fraudulently minimize the number of Armenians living in ...

Pan-Islamism denotes a move towards achieving Islamic unity for all Muslims under one state, commonly referred to as a caliphate. The idea of a caliphate was first conceptualized during the time of Prophet Muhammad, who was seen as the de facto spiritual and political leader of all Muslims. In the modern era, the idea of a Muslim caliphate was popularized by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (jrank.org). He was an Islamic philosopher and political activist. He worked as an advisor to the King of Afghanistan in which it has been documented that he advised on the resistance of Britain's advances in ...

[Full Name of the Student] Two main ways in which States in the Middle East are formed. Examples from three countries. One of the first and main ways in which Middle Eastern states were formed was by revolts from local conservative tribal leaders and Ottoman feudatories. The examples of Saudi Arabia and Jordan are worthwhile in this regard. Both States currently occupy territories that were a part of the Ottoman Empire. They are ruled by royal dynasties that have their origins in tribal chieftaincies that originally owed allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. After the First World War, as part ...

The story majors within the coalfield of Zonguldak, which is situated along the Black Sea Coast. The area was well endowed with mineral deposits, and as the economy entered the steam age, there was the need for a continuous supply of coal (Quataert 15). The mines were discovered, and miners from the villages had to be employed to work in the mines. Donald explains the experiences that the coal miners had in the Ottoman Empire. The coal miners came from the Zonguldak villages and the work they did would be compared to those of slaves who were being colonized. ...

In the history of the Muslim Ottoman Empire during XVI - the beginning of the twentieth centuries - the era of social and political prosperity and its wreckage. National history of more than 20 modern Middle East countries, South East Europe, and North Africa is closely linked to the Ottoman Empire. In possession of the Sultans, Bogohranimogo State entered the territory of about 8 million sq. M. km. with a population of over 30 million. subjects. In the second half of ХIХ, the expansion of European states takes place in the Muslim East, which led to the transformation of ...

Abstract

It is well known that the debates on the religious topics are among the hottest in our time. Understanding the processes of possible differences can significantly smooth or eliminate the conflict altogether. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the relationships between representatives of different religions in different countries. Comparing these relations will help to identify possible scenarios for the behavior of the two sides and the possible outcome of the conflict between them. This paper examines the relations between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman ...

The impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Arab lands that it inhabited were many and varied, as the Empire was both long standing and powerful. The Ottomans influenced the Arabs’ religious lives, their understanding of and access to their lands, and their cultural understanding of themselves. A look at the impact of this time period is paramount to understanding the Arab countries today. The religious experience of Arabs changed significantly during and after the Ottoman rule. While they had been Muslim previously, there was a shift in the nature of the people’s understanding during the Ottoman occupation ...

Introduction

Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world. Primarily, the country is considered as a republic yet there are certain elements in Egypt’s political system that makes it less democratic than most established democracies in the world. While Egypt has a political system that features elected representatives, the country is non-secular. Officially known as the Arab Republic of Egypt, the country has adopted Islam as its official religion, which makes its political system quite similar to other Islamic states in the Middle East and on other parts of the globe. In this sense, Egypt’s political ...

(Student’s Full Name)

“If the Empire were to continue to exist, a new understanding of its problems and fresh solutions would have to be found.”—Norman Itzkowitz in Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, p. 108 quoted in Kevin Goodman’s “The Tanzimat and the Problem of Political Authority.” The above statement is made against the historical backdrop after the Ottoman Empire signed a “peace treaty” that ended a “six-year war, 1768-1774” with Russia, which was referred to as the Treaty of Kuchuck Kainardji (Goodwin 2). This represented a final blow in a “series of defeats” that took place ...

The Armenian Genocide is one of the vigorously contested incidents of mass murder in the 20th Century. The Armenian Genocide is alleged to have been the Ottoman government’s systematic extermination of the minority Armenian population. This occurred in the historic homeland of the Armenians which is within the territory of present-day Turkey. In spite of the many claims, the Turkish government denies it was a genocide. They claim it was a war which involved the mass killing of Ottoman citizens including Muslims and Ottomans. The Turkish government also claims that the number of Armenians who died in the ...

Introduction

The ‘National Merchant’ was connoted by the Young Turks and Unionists in a determined effort of competing with the non-Muslim merchants and dominating the national trade. This was as a result of the initial dominance of trade by the non-Muslim ethnic communities that was in existence during the Ottoman Empire. The members of the ‘National Merchants’ were devoted to the development and consolidation of their positions and the positions of national manufacturers through the consequent promotion of commercial activities of Muslim Turks. The corporations that were established afterwards had little or no affiliation with non-Muslim Ottomans. These corporations were ...

Several historians have studied the development of cities over the Balkans during the Ottoman period. The explorations shed light on how the urban planning in the Balkans looked like and whether those cities could be labeled either Ottoman or a Balkan. However, the Balkan urbanism in the Ottoman era does need a much more profound approach. With the decline of the Cold War period, there was a revival of ethnic, national and linguistic identities in many parts of the world. The result was a new channel of expression within a group and community that led to a conflict of ...

I. Introduction Since the formation of the state of Kosovo, there have been disputes about the legitimacy of the state—some do not recognize the international legitimacy of this state to the current day. Kosovo faces a number of issues that are inherited from its long history of conflict; one of the key problems faced by the country and the future leadership of the country is the problem of security. Because of the conflicted nature of the territory, Kosovo faces significant internal and external pressures (Alexander 14-19; Shaw and Štiks 91). The entire region is war-torn, and this conflict ...

Essay for Exam

The success of liberalism is resulted from many different factors. A vast part of Europe overcame revolutions and rebellions in 1848-1849. These actions were swiftly suppressed by the own regular army as in France or with the help of invited Russian army as in the Habsburg’s Empire. The suppression caused dissatisfaction among the population. It was clear that the new legislative measures are needed to hold people and centralize the states. Besides, the system grounded on the aristocratic privileges could not exist anymore. The economic and industrial progress as well as urbanization and capitalism development also played a great ...

The Field Of Struggle for State Power to Understand Of Ethnic Group in the Southeast Turkey

The Kurdish community is a minority group living in Turkey. They are believed to be the largest ethnic group that are not recognized by any state. Because of this reason, they have been involved in a continuous struggle with the government of Turkey. They have been fighting for the right to be recognized and appreciated by the Turkish government (Kaya, 2011, p.15). This paper will give an insight look into the causes behind the struggle in relation to Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the field.

Pierre Bourdieu was a sociologist, philosopher, and anthropologist from France. He was born on August 1930 and ...

In 1929 my grandfather took the train that runs along the Mediterranean coast from Haifa in the historic Palestine, to the city of Beirut in Lebanon. He did so to catch a ship taking off to Brazil, the New World. There was a strong wave of migration to the new world, even though the only way of traveling at that time was by ship, and this took over three months to reach the port of Rio de Janeiro.

Once at the new land, officials referred to my grandfather as the Turku, even though he was, in fact, Arabic. They did so as ...

The territory of the modern Romania in the middle ages was captured by the Slavs (VI century), Bulgarians and Hungarians in the IX century, the Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century. In the XIV century, the territory of present-day Romania was formed by two feudal principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the XVI century. In the XVI century, the Transylvanian principality was founded, which has left the Hungarian authorities and recognized the suzerainty of the Turkish sultan. In comparison with other Balkan territories, captured by the Ottomans, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania retained greater ...

Main actors were the Entente, which included the Russian Empire, the French Republic and the United Kingdom; and the Central Powers, submitted by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Germany wanted war exactly as much as France or Britain. Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were slightly less interested, provided that they were the weakest links in the conflict. The proclamation of war took place against the background of the Franco-Prussian War, when France suffered a catastrophic defeat. This has become a national disgrace. In addition, France agreed to pay Germany an indemnity of 5 billion francs. To a large ...

Mr. Nick ideas of holding virtual meetings in Ottoman Empire is a good idea since the company is growing up fast at a rate of 12% annually. According to Mr. Nick the virtual meetings are going to reduce the expenses incurred in transport, meals and accommodation as the Ottoman Empire has several regional outlet around Chicago. The company day to day business is going to run as per company requirement because no activities are to be interfered with. Virtual meeting will help the staff to think critical and air their views without the fear of facing other. Through this the company ...

The Ottoman Empire embraced the ruling and subject classes and divisions by social affiliations. Each social group was often different and diverse based on wealth and rank in the society. The level of literacy in Ottoman Empire rose due to the presence of Christian, Jewish, primary and secondary schools. (Quataert 169).The architecture of the rural homes consisted sufficiently comfortable stone built houses. In the urban areas, the wealthy class lived in modernized and adequately furnished houses. The poorer class consisted of houses built with stone, which were plastered with cow dung (Quataert 156). The homes among the ...

Counterfactual History: What Ifs of the Gallipoli Campaign

Introduction Although counterfactual history is concerned with what didn’t happen, it acts as a manifestation of what did. Without a doubt, counterfactual history challenges the traditional academic ways of thinking with regards to risk management in the historical analysis. It explicitly inflates the range of plausible explanations by focusing on the number of possible outcomes. In doing so, there is a threat that a multiplicity of chaotic perspectives, each facilitated by chance and contingency might open up. In the case of the Gallipoli Campaign, the following questions may be asked if the Ottomans did not win at Gallipoli:

Would the Republic of Turkey still have been established?

Would the Russian ...

Essay for Exam Chapter 18

With the curtains drawn on Napoleon’s conquests, the entire European continent had to be restructured to balance power and collectively suppress revolution in 1815 and so the Concert of Europe was set up to meet from time to time under the leadership of Austrian foreign minister Clemens von Metternich. Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia who emerged as victorious powers sent delegates to Vienna to organize this reconstitution forming the Congress of Vienna. Count Metternich allowed Prussia and the Kingdom of Netherlands to grow and a large number of small states were grouped to form the German Confederation. At the ...

(Insert Institute) (Insert Course) (Insert Date of Submission)

My name is Selim. I am from the Ottoman Empire where I worked as a Cassoum with my job description entailing property handling for the orphans in my city. The city of Salonica was my home, where I lived with my wife, three sons, and my sister-in-law. You should know my house was one of the largest in the city standing on a pleasantly vast property with an incredible view of the city and its residents. It is no wonder the government moved so fast to posses it upon my exile. ...