Essays on Ottoman Empire.

The story majors within the coalfield of Zonguldak, which is situated along the Black Sea Coast. The area was well endowed with mineral deposits, and as the economy entered the steam age, there was the need for a continuous supply of coal (Quataert 15). The mines were discovered, and miners from the villages had to be employed to work in the mines. Donald explains the experiences that the coal miners had in the Ottoman Empire. The coal miners came from the Zonguldak villages and the work they did would be compared to those of slaves who were being colonized. ...

In the history of the Muslim Ottoman Empire during XVI - the beginning of the twentieth centuries - the era of social and political prosperity and its wreckage. National history of more than 20 modern Middle East countries, South East Europe, and North Africa is closely linked to the Ottoman Empire. In possession of the Sultans, Bogohranimogo State entered the territory of about 8 million sq. M. km. with a population of over 30 million. subjects. In the second half of ХIХ, the expansion of European states takes place in the Muslim East, which led to the transformation of ...

Abstract

It is well known that the debates on the religious topics are among the hottest in our time. Understanding the processes of possible differences can significantly smooth or eliminate the conflict altogether. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the relationships between representatives of different religions in different countries. Comparing these relations will help to identify possible scenarios for the behavior of the two sides and the possible outcome of the conflict between them. This paper examines the relations between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman ...

The impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Arab lands that it inhabited were many and varied, as the Empire was both long standing and powerful. The Ottomans influenced the Arabs’ religious lives, their understanding of and access to their lands, and their cultural understanding of themselves. A look at the impact of this time period is paramount to understanding the Arab countries today. The religious experience of Arabs changed significantly during and after the Ottoman rule. While they had been Muslim previously, there was a shift in the nature of the people’s understanding during the Ottoman occupation ...

Introduction

Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world. Primarily, the country is considered as a republic yet there are certain elements in Egypt’s political system that makes it less democratic than most established democracies in the world. While Egypt has a political system that features elected representatives, the country is non-secular. Officially known as the Arab Republic of Egypt, the country has adopted Islam as its official religion, which makes its political system quite similar to other Islamic states in the Middle East and on other parts of the globe. In this sense, Egypt’s political ...

(Student’s Full Name)

“If the Empire were to continue to exist, a new understanding of its problems and fresh solutions would have to be found.”—Norman Itzkowitz in Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, p. 108 quoted in Kevin Goodman’s “The Tanzimat and the Problem of Political Authority.” The above statement is made against the historical backdrop after the Ottoman Empire signed a “peace treaty” that ended a “six-year war, 1768-1774” with Russia, which was referred to as the Treaty of Kuchuck Kainardji (Goodwin 2). This represented a final blow in a “series of defeats” that took place ...

The Armenian Genocide is one of the vigorously contested incidents of mass murder in the 20th Century. The Armenian Genocide is alleged to have been the Ottoman government’s systematic extermination of the minority Armenian population. This occurred in the historic homeland of the Armenians which is within the territory of present-day Turkey. In spite of the many claims, the Turkish government denies it was a genocide. They claim it was a war which involved the mass killing of Ottoman citizens including Muslims and Ottomans. The Turkish government also claims that the number of Armenians who died in the ...

Introduction

The ‘National Merchant’ was connoted by the Young Turks and Unionists in a determined effort of competing with the non-Muslim merchants and dominating the national trade. This was as a result of the initial dominance of trade by the non-Muslim ethnic communities that was in existence during the Ottoman Empire. The members of the ‘National Merchants’ were devoted to the development and consolidation of their positions and the positions of national manufacturers through the consequent promotion of commercial activities of Muslim Turks. The corporations that were established afterwards had little or no affiliation with non-Muslim Ottomans. These corporations were ...

Several historians have studied the development of cities over the Balkans during the Ottoman period. The explorations shed light on how the urban planning in the Balkans looked like and whether those cities could be labeled either Ottoman or a Balkan. However, the Balkan urbanism in the Ottoman era does need a much more profound approach. With the decline of the Cold War period, there was a revival of ethnic, national and linguistic identities in many parts of the world. The result was a new channel of expression within a group and community that led to a conflict of ...

I. Introduction Since the formation of the state of Kosovo, there have been disputes about the legitimacy of the state—some do not recognize the international legitimacy of this state to the current day. Kosovo faces a number of issues that are inherited from its long history of conflict; one of the key problems faced by the country and the future leadership of the country is the problem of security. Because of the conflicted nature of the territory, Kosovo faces significant internal and external pressures (Alexander 14-19; Shaw and Štiks 91). The entire region is war-torn, and this conflict ...

Essay for Exam

The success of liberalism is resulted from many different factors. A vast part of Europe overcame revolutions and rebellions in 1848-1849. These actions were swiftly suppressed by the own regular army as in France or with the help of invited Russian army as in the Habsburg’s Empire. The suppression caused dissatisfaction among the population. It was clear that the new legislative measures are needed to hold people and centralize the states. Besides, the system grounded on the aristocratic privileges could not exist anymore. The economic and industrial progress as well as urbanization and capitalism development also played a great ...

The Field Of Struggle for State Power to Understand Of Ethnic Group in the Southeast Turkey

The Kurdish community is a minority group living in Turkey. They are believed to be the largest ethnic group that are not recognized by any state. Because of this reason, they have been involved in a continuous struggle with the government of Turkey. They have been fighting for the right to be recognized and appreciated by the Turkish government (Kaya, 2011, p.15). This paper will give an insight look into the causes behind the struggle in relation to Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the field.

Pierre Bourdieu was a sociologist, philosopher, and anthropologist from France. He was born on August 1930 and ...

In 1929 my grandfather took the train that runs along the Mediterranean coast from Haifa in the historic Palestine, to the city of Beirut in Lebanon. He did so to catch a ship taking off to Brazil, the New World. There was a strong wave of migration to the new world, even though the only way of traveling at that time was by ship, and this took over three months to reach the port of Rio de Janeiro.

Once at the new land, officials referred to my grandfather as the Turku, even though he was, in fact, Arabic. They did so as ...

The territory of the modern Romania in the middle ages was captured by the Slavs (VI century), Bulgarians and Hungarians in the IX century, the Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century. In the XIV century, the territory of present-day Romania was formed by two feudal principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the XVI century. In the XVI century, the Transylvanian principality was founded, which has left the Hungarian authorities and recognized the suzerainty of the Turkish sultan. In comparison with other Balkan territories, captured by the Ottomans, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania retained greater ...

Main actors were the Entente, which included the Russian Empire, the French Republic and the United Kingdom; and the Central Powers, submitted by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Germany wanted war exactly as much as France or Britain. Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were slightly less interested, provided that they were the weakest links in the conflict. The proclamation of war took place against the background of the Franco-Prussian War, when France suffered a catastrophic defeat. This has become a national disgrace. In addition, France agreed to pay Germany an indemnity of 5 billion francs. To a large ...

Mr. Nick ideas of holding virtual meetings in Ottoman Empire is a good idea since the company is growing up fast at a rate of 12% annually. According to Mr. Nick the virtual meetings are going to reduce the expenses incurred in transport, meals and accommodation as the Ottoman Empire has several regional outlet around Chicago. The company day to day business is going to run as per company requirement because no activities are to be interfered with. Virtual meeting will help the staff to think critical and air their views without the fear of facing other. Through this the company ...

The Ottoman Empire embraced the ruling and subject classes and divisions by social affiliations. Each social group was often different and diverse based on wealth and rank in the society. The level of literacy in Ottoman Empire rose due to the presence of Christian, Jewish, primary and secondary schools. (Quataert 169).The architecture of the rural homes consisted sufficiently comfortable stone built houses. In the urban areas, the wealthy class lived in modernized and adequately furnished houses. The poorer class consisted of houses built with stone, which were plastered with cow dung (Quataert 156). The homes among the ...

Counterfactual History: What Ifs of the Gallipoli Campaign

Introduction Although counterfactual history is concerned with what didn’t happen, it acts as a manifestation of what did. Without a doubt, counterfactual history challenges the traditional academic ways of thinking with regards to risk management in the historical analysis. It explicitly inflates the range of plausible explanations by focusing on the number of possible outcomes. In doing so, there is a threat that a multiplicity of chaotic perspectives, each facilitated by chance and contingency might open up. In the case of the Gallipoli Campaign, the following questions may be asked if the Ottomans did not win at Gallipoli:

Would the Republic of Turkey still have been established?

Would the Russian ...

Essay for Exam Chapter 18

With the curtains drawn on Napoleon’s conquests, the entire European continent had to be restructured to balance power and collectively suppress revolution in 1815 and so the Concert of Europe was set up to meet from time to time under the leadership of Austrian foreign minister Clemens von Metternich. Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia who emerged as victorious powers sent delegates to Vienna to organize this reconstitution forming the Congress of Vienna. Count Metternich allowed Prussia and the Kingdom of Netherlands to grow and a large number of small states were grouped to form the German Confederation. At the ...

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My name is Selim. I am from the Ottoman Empire where I worked as a Cassoum with my job description entailing property handling for the orphans in my city. The city of Salonica was my home, where I lived with my wife, three sons, and my sister-in-law. You should know my house was one of the largest in the city standing on a pleasantly vast property with an incredible view of the city and its residents. It is no wonder the government moved so fast to posses it upon my exile. ...

The Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was one of the most extensive empires in the history of the world. The Empire encompassed three continents and was only exceeded by the Mongol and the British empires. Prior to the 1905 revolution that led to Russia becoming a constitutional monarchy, the Empire was an absolute monarch. It was an elitist state and remained as such prior to the World War I. The leaders often paid no attention to the public opinion regarding foreign policy. Policies were made on the basis of the evaluation of the leaders. As such, the Russian government operated in accordance with ...

Part I

During the 17th century, the European underwent a social, political and economic transformation as compared to the Arab worlds. This meant that the British increased in population at a higher rate as opposed to the Arab, improved technologically and economically also (Clancy and Smith 34). This brought a superiority complex between the two worlds with the Europeans proving to be the dominant in many instances. This made the Arabs to start looking forward to the ways and culture of the European. This greatly influenced the great reformations in the Arab Empires hence inviting the British to their land in the 19th century. ...

The Turkish independence war led to the birth of the Republic of Turkey. The post-colonial government was expected to be a bastion of freedom and civil liberties. The Ottoman Empire had been defeated in the First World War, and the Sultanate abolished. The Turkish people formed the Turkish National Movement to wage war against the allied nations to grant independence to Turkey. A nationalistic government was formed in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne, which led to the establishment of the Turkish Republic. After independence, the government was considered to be despotic in relation to the human rights. The Kurdish ...

This article is about the artistic efflorescence in the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan’s court was considered a ‘court studio’, the center of art production. The Ottoman Emperors encouraged the architectures, calligraphers, goldsmiths and other related artists to work through rewarding them with gold and other precious items, in return. Road system was designed, and other architectural decisions were taken to improve the systems of the state. According to the Ottoman history, in their daily lives many sultans wore simple clothes, in accordance with Islamic precepts. Later Mehmed promoted and ordered special fancy clothes for the King’s Family ...

During the late 18th century, the power of the Ottoman Empire Began to decline, this is when the Eastern Question emerged. The Eastern Question in the European history refers to the political problems that came about once the Ottoman Empire started falling apart. The Eastern Questions does not refer to a particular question but refers to the many problems that came by once the Ottoman Empire declined in the 18th,19th and 20th Century. These problems were mainly on the European territories that were subjects of the Ottoman Empire; they were experiencing instabilities after the collapse of the empire. ...

In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Egypt and Qajar Persia embarked on ambitious project to reform their countries. The empires wanted to develop form the Stone Age to the modern ages. This saw the improvement of their arm including their arsenals, the banking systems, decriminalization of homosexuality and the introduction of secular laws. There were major projects introduced all-round the empires including development of infrastructure and the economy in general. They sought the help of the Europeans as they needed funds to finance their projects. This led the empires to sign treaties and agreements that ...

Democracy, Rights, and Empire

Thesis Europe has seen it all; revolutions, plague, recession, famine, revolts, and invasions, and this was why, when opportunity came knocking at their doors, the few powerful nations of Europe, adventured to expand and control their business interests far from their shores. In order to understand how and why this transpired, one needs to go back in time and understand Europe as it was in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Background

The Rise of Europe between 1500 and 1850 was largely accounted for by the growth of European nations which shared their borders with the Atlantic, and in particular, ...

PART I:

Britain played a crucial role in shaping the economic and political history through the way it colonized various countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The aspects of European imperialism are shown clearly how it influenced the economic and political activities in the countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Several forms of European imperialism were reflected between the period of 1750 to 1914 in countries like Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia. Napoleon brought a great influence and impact in Egypt while French colonization in Algeria contributed to the way various economic and political forces were shaped in such countries. ...

Introduction:

This paper is about a particular object in the Houston Museum of Fine Arts. I have chosen the item known as ‘Glazed Fritware Bottle’ from Iznik in Turkey dating from the 16th Century and pertaining to the Ottoman Empire. The paper will attempt to analyse the object in detail with regards to its form, line, shape, color, texture, mass and composition and will also provide a detailed artistic appraisal of the object. The Glazed Fritware Bottle carries catalogue number: Lns 327C and is part of the famed Al Sabah Collection of Kuwait, which is on permanent exhibition at the museum. There ...

Essay for Lesson 1: The 1848 Revolution, the Second Reich, and the First World War

Introduction Prior to 1871, no notion of a unified Germany has ever existed. Yet, the inevitability of the unification of the thirty-nine German states and cities that used to be independent from the control of one another into a single national entity under the Second Reich did not transpire without attendant internal and external power struggles. Given the variety of circumstances that allowed for the rise of a unified German state, it is noteworthy to pay further analysis to the role of Germany under the Wilhelmine Period – the period when Emperor William II ruled (1890-1918), in the buildup to the First ...

Introduction

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict has been among most notable longstanding conflicts in world history, mainly because its controversy centers on the sovereignty over the land known as Palestine but currently occupied, in large part, by the Jewish people as Israel. Both sides have proved uncompromising – Palestinian Arabs, whose population include Muslims and non-Muslims (Christians and Judaists), claim that Palestine has been their homeland for so many years, while Jews support their claim for the establishment of Israel over Palestinian lands on account that such form what they call the Promised Land. With no solution currently in sight, both Palestinians and ...

[Professor]

Iran and Turkey are predominantly Islamic countries. Women since time immemorial share the same sentiments of male domination and severe violence and non-participation. On the other hand, both countries have women’s movements that are still in place up to this day. Both of the movements have ebbs and flows but they were able to withstand the wrath of patriarchy, and most importantly, they were able to fight back. From being marginalized and subjected to state fascism, women in Iran and Turkey are now enjoying some of the fruits of the long-running women’s movements. Their dreams of ...

Mehmed II, son of Murad II (1403-1451), was the third son and in contrast to his brothers who were born from the noble Turkish women, he was born to a slave mother. Mehmed received a good religious education and served as governor. His father Murad, a successful conqueror and skilled administrator, sought to move away from the control. In 1444, he made Mehmed the Sultan but under the tutelage of Khalil. Since 1448, Mehmed took part in all the important campaigns and administrative activities of the state (Freely, 2009). Mehmed II, as well as many outstanding representatives of the Ottoman dynasty, ...

Introduction

This paper analyzes the fall Europe into the dark ages (middle ages) after the collapse of the Roman Empire while the Islamic world entered into a golden age of learning and culture. In relation to the paper discusses the social, cultural, political and religious factors which accounted for the transformation of a largely Bedouin society into the center of the world learning while the collapse of the roman empire led to nearly a thousand years of backwardness among Europeans.

Analysis

Western medieval studies considered the beginning of the collapse of the Middle Ages the Western Roman Empire at the end of the 5th ...

Influence of Britain and Australia on Middle East during the Great War

The Great War, or the World War I, saw its end in 1918, but even after 86 years, there is no end in sight to the violence that it triggered. The end of the War influenced and shaped our modern world to an extent like none else. Although the reflection of today’s development, as a whole, traces its route back to the decisions taken during and post-World War I, the one place where the violent results still echo is Middle East. Middle East had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire since four decades. By the end of 1914, ...

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire is one of the major forces that shaped the political, economic and the social arena of most of the countries in South Eastern Europe. Weidenfeld (1995) asserts that the might of the empire was not only felt in Europe but also in many parts of African Islamic states and in the Middle East (p.45). Osman I. was the founder of the Empire in 1299. It grew from a small state called Constantinople (now known as Istanbul) to the mighty Empire. From scratch to larger empire, Ottoman Empire was faced by numerous challenges during its rule. This article ...

How Muslim Brotherhood began as a religious institution

The Muslim brotherhood is also called the Muslim brethren or The Society of Muslim Brothers. This is an Islamic organization that has a political approach to Islam. It was founded in the year 1928 in Egypt by cleric Hassan al-Banna after the Ottoman Empire collapsed. The organization has been strongly linked to the reign of terrorism that has been downplayed by many Muslims in the world. They state that the organization only has an Islamic political approach in the country and therefore they do not involve themselves with violence. Many terror groups have been linked with the organization across the ...

Apparently it is of essence to denote that, though Albania is a country that has the aptitude to develop economically and politically. Their capacity to engage in beneficial associations is evidently suppressed due to their earlier engagements (McCormick and Jonathan 47). In essence, being part of the Ottoman Empire that was predominant in 17th century affected Albania in many apparent ways. Though Ottoman Empire was developed for as good course as it may give the impression. Times associated with it are deemed unproductive and unrefined considering that it had a lot of biases that technically alienated non-Muslim countries (Bogdani and John ...

Colonial cities were built by colonists and used for different purposes in the countries that they conquered. Most of them were used as central trading centers where the colonists performed trading activities with other countries. They had the diversity of culture because of the mixed cultures that were represented by their colonists and trade partners. Colonial cities were built by colonialists and most of them remain so to this day, with only a few adjustments. Johannesburg in South Africa is an example of a city that was built by colonialists and is at the top of the hierarchy among the most ...

Introduction

On February 28th 1998 an armed conflict ensued lasting until June 1999 in Kosovo. The warring parties were namely the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army constituted of Kosovo Albanian rebels. The former was operating under the auspices of the Montenegro and Serbian republics while the latter had the ground support from the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Albanian forces. According to Christian Nielsen’s Ethnic Cleansing: Kosovo, conflict traces its roots to the historical contentions dated back to 1939. It is in this year, that Serbian and Ottoman forces went to war ...

Introduction

History of the Ottoman Empire is saturated with different thrilling events. The release of David Lean's movie “Lawrence of Arabia” made it possible for the general audience to see how the British Empire campaigned during World War I to achieve independence for the Arab countries from the Ottoman Empire. The movie, however, does not answer the question why the British troops supported the Arabs and why the Turkish chose Germans at their allies. The movie also does not explain what the mission of Lawrence of Arabia in the deserts was. Other prominent authors have widely speculated on the themes ...

The terms Deep State has been derived from the Turkish origins Derin Devlet that is defining the phrase Deep State as A State within a State. Turkish people understand this phrase to be having a unique meaning, which is an anti democratic approach of running the country or the state. To give it some clarification, (although the idea of a deep state is very vague even for the people residing in the state i.e. Turkey), deep state is actually a group or collection of people with similar agendas and thoughts, mostly seen to be ill natured, who have connections with the ultra nationalists ...

The institutional affiliation

This caesardom was established by Turkic tribes in Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire has existed from 1299 to 1923, in other words, more than 600 years. Its title comes from the name of Sultan Osman I, the founder of the dynasty of the Ottomans. The empire reached its peak of influence during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Many causes contributed to the rise of the new powers. For example, the Millet System. It was a legal court refered to personal rights, in which some communities could rule according to their own rules. The Millet System of Islamic law has been ...

The development of the Zionist movement created a powerful Jewish community in Palestine. Zionism describes a type of Jewish nationality. The people from this nationality believe that their survival, both physically and culturally is only possible if they return to their ancestral home. The ancestral home of Zionists is Israel. If they do not return to their homes then, they have scarce chances of surviving in the world. In the beginning, the group was more of a nationalist movement, seeking liberation so that they can go back to the ancestral home (Anita, 67). The movement began as a way of reminding Jews of ...

What led the British to occupy Egypt in 1882? Besides the fact that it was the result of colonial expansion, and the spirit of colonialism was fueled by British imperial hegemony, what benefits did Egypt have financially for England? In this paper, the factors that took place before the British occupation, the actual occupation itself, and its aftermath, will be discussed from the point of view of economic history. Cotton, the American Civil War, an overspending khedive, the Suez canal construction, jockeying Europeans countries, and the cosmopolitan makeup of 19th century Egypt all play a part in the story. In ...

(Insert Institute) An increase in population and wealth led to the creation of governments and in turn saw to the rise of powerful empires. Said empires have since been recorded among the most influential domains in the history of the world. Consequently, as one empire rose to power another fell in the hands of their enemies thus creating a form of competition amongst neighboring domains. For instance, Greece was a colony of the Ottoman Empire until the Greek War of Independence that lasted between 1821 and 1831 (Masters and Agoston, 2009, p. 240). Therefore, the empires rose to power depending ...

Le Corbusier’s design for a city of three million people was has been adopted by many cities in today, mainly because of its modernized plan. The architecture designed by the theorist has incorporated the economic, cultural and political parts of the city but still keeps its design modernized and sophisticated. The contemporary city of three million people appreciates the use of space between where every division has a specific function. The divisions will be based on characteristics of the function or role they wish to provide. The divisions in this case are referred to as fields, which can be identified ...

Introduction

The sixteenth century was marked by the rise of two hegemonic powers, the Ottoman and the Habsburg dynasties, which created many history pages because of their rivalry. The Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry was generated by several causes such as their hegemonic intentions of dominating new territories, their plans of settling their religion (Muslim versus Christian) in the conquered territories, their believed affiliation with the Roman Empire, or their millenary pride of ancient civilizations, which will be further elaborated within this essay.

Body

Being the two greatest powers of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg dynasty practically divided the world ...

How do you explain a shift in the historical trajectory of the Muslim world from a period of ascendancy between the fifteenth and the seventeenth century to a period of decline and European domination from the eighteenth century on?

Introduction

History offers us a wide variance and mosaic of human activity. The human civilization has emerged from simple hunting and gathering techniques for basic survival to an era of increasingly complex and modern machinery and technology. This journey of man through history has unravelled a series of struggles and has witnessed the rise and fall of different civilizations and empires. This struggle has been incessant ...

Part 1

1. Why was control of the region important to the British and French? The original purpose of the British in controlling the Persian Gulf coast was to protect its strategic sea route to its empire in India. The safety of the region and the coast from piracy and other forms of conflicts, including conflicts between and among sheikdoms, jeopardized the free flow of trade in the region. To ensure the free flow of trade by freeing vital sea routes from piracy and conflicts, the British entered into a treaty with the sheikdoms in the Persian Gulf outlawing war within ...

Introduction

Understanding the dynamics of Crimean War changing the European occurring over 150 years ago changing European history proved the undoing of the international system existing in Europe for a significant period aligned to how the prevailing rules European leaders conducted foreign policy and maintaining the peace. Until the onset of the Crimean Wars in the early 1850s, Europe’s five major powers engaged in a “complex” practices in dealing with allaying potentially dangerous confrontations. One example of the outcome of the Crimean War was the disassembling of the pact between the conservative Russian, Prussian, and Austrian monarchies known as the ...

<Student’s name> Turkey is the first secular state of the Muslim world, has put the problem of state- radical transformation of the political system on the principles of Europeanization of political democracy and a market economy. This country has shown that people centuries adherent of the Islamic religion and culture, able in one form or another to perceive and develop self these institutions, values ​​and attitudes to achieve significant progress in the economic, social and political development. In this context, Turkey has a very complex, convoluted and difficult journey, which began in the first half of the XIX ...

In 1820s the Ottoman Empire experienced significant financial difficulties, which resulted into a considerable increase in the interest rates. Therefore, the state took various strategies to deal with the problem, including through tax-farmers in tax collection. It is during this time that the Galata bankers rose to prominence (Pamuk, 226). Galata bankers were the moneyexchangers (sarrafs), who gained popularity during the 18th century, and grew to large financials. They took advantage of the financial difficulties of the state, especially in addressing the short-term and long-term financial needs. The Galata bankers are known to be providing financial help to the state ...

Olympe de Gouges: she was a French political activist and playwright whose abolitionist and feminist writing reached a large audience. Her play writing career began in the early 1780s at a time when France experienced increased political tension. She immediately became an advocate for improving the conditions of slaves in French colonies and also began writing political pamphlets. She is known in history as among the first feminist who demanded that French women be awarded equal rights as French men. In her text “Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen” written in 1971, Olympe de Gouges challenged the notion ...

Introduction

Studies are showing that the decline of the Ottoman Turks Empire in spite of the interferences to save it has always concerned the responsiveness of historians. Furthermore, the decline which begins in the second part of the 19th century is actually though to have been as an outcome of differing social and political aspect in the empire in addition to the financial condition of the empire. Other studies have mentioned that it was led to the discharge of the ottoman rulers by the Europeans as experienced rulers who could lead the empire to reconstruction. The empire was confronted with ...

ANALYSIS AND EXPORATION OF ASIA MINOR BY HORATIO SOUTHGATE

<Student’s Name>

Asia Minor, the area which is located in the north-western part of Asia and includes Anatolic peninsula, Mesopotamia and surrounding areas, has always been a crossroad of civilizations. The history of the region pretty much reflects the history of mankind. From Hettic and Phinician tribes to Egiptians, from Ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans to modern Turks, Kurds and Arabs – hundreds of nations have crossed the land or settled down there. The importance of geopolitical and economical status of the area was understood of leaders of various nations throughout the past three thousand years. Being a bridge ...

The Code of Hammurabi – it is one of the oldest monuments in the sphere of ​​legislation. It is a black basalt pillar on which cuneiform inscriptions on the classic Babylonian dialect of Akkadian are located, which include two hundred eighty-two articles from various areas of law. The Code of Hammurabi was created by the king of Babylon Hammurabi, who reigned in round 1793-1750 years BC and made Babylon the biggest cultural, economic and political center of Asia Minor of those times. The Code of Hammurabi – is one of the most important sources of the ancient Babylonian law and of the ...

Brief history of Saudi Arabia

Historic area of the Arabian Peninsula, which now occupies the western Saudi Arabia, is usually called Hijaz and Najd. At the beginning of the VII century Muhammad’s prophetic mission began in Mecca, where the Meccan pagans denied it. After 13 years he moved to Medina (Yathrib), inhabited by Arabs and Jews. A peace treaty was signed with the latter. Gradually, Arabs all of the Arabian Peninsula became his followers.

Saudi Arabia map

In 632, Arab Caliphate with its capital in Medina was founded. It engulfed almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. As a result of voluntary annexations and conquests by the IX century ...

Egypt lies in the Northern part of the Continent Africa and is significant on number of accounts. This significance is based upon the political, geostrategic, historic and religious factors. It shares its borders with various other important countries of the region along with other strategic zones such as rivers and mountain ranges. It shares its borders with Libya on one side, Sudan on other corner, Israel along the coastal lines of Red Sea and parts of it touch upon the Mediterranean Sea as well. The world Famous River Nile also encompasses the inner waters of Egypt.

While modern ...

If the attacks of September 11 accomplished anything it was this, that great attention was focussed on Western and Islamic relations and their glaring differences in the way they handled political, social and religious values. The West is associated with words like secularism, individual freedom and tolerance, the Islamic world is associated on the other hands with words like collective rights, despotism and intolerance. The east and the west are separated by things like ‘clash of civilizations’ and these differences can be attributed to some of the irreconcilable differences and natural clashes. What makes these clashes all the more ...