Essays on Caliphate

Answer two questions

Answer two questions

The Islamic influence in Spain was a strong one lasting for a long period of time. Islam offered more than just a territorial succession to the public, but it was the religion that offered intellect and social structure as well as a great privilege to society. Islamic principles did conquer the thought, language and architecture of Spain, particularly in the cities of Granada and Al-Andalus. Islamic influence was deeply ingrained in the Spanish society. Hence it led to the development of Islamic thought that promulgated deep in the society, and much of the former Christian world ...

Throughout the course of modern history, numerous events have revolved around the Middle East, affecting the cultural perspectives of the people living there. For instance, the Russian invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent political maneuvering by Western/Arab nations spawned decades of bloodshed in the region, destroying both an entire generation of people and the viability of a nation. The creation of Israel in 1948 created a massive power shift in the region, as the Arab nations attempted to retake the territory but were soundly defeated, and again in 1967. The Second World War engulfed the North African Muslim countries, ...

Abstract

This paper reviews the historical background of Jihadi-Salafism from the time of the crusaders. Jihadi-Salafists are depicted as elements of the broader Salafi movement, social and religious reformers who desire to restore the original beliefs and practices of the first three generations of the Muslim religion. The current Jihadi-Salafists draw their motivation from the perceived attacks on the Muslim community since the beginning of the European colonialism in the nineteenth century and the termination of Ottoman caliphate during the twentieth century. The first part of the discussion includes an evaluation of the United States foreign policy and how it ...

Since its very inception, the Syrian conflict has become a threat not only for the local residents and neighboring countries, but also for the whole world. The IS militants crossed all limits in their radical methods of waging war against a number of Syrian and Iraqi peoples; moreover, "the Islamic State’s rise has shaped the battlefield in Iraq and Syria, as well as shifting alliances between the United States and countries in the region" (Phillips 351). Kurds, taking into account their minority over other nationalities, have become one of the main targets of the ISIS' troops. Kurds have ...

Military campaign in Syria, which Russia started in the end of September of 2015, naturally raised issues related to the goals of Russia in this conflict. Despite the fact that it was known earlier about Russian assistance to the government of Bashar al-Assad — it took many by surprise that Russians openly joined the war in Syria. Russia officially announced that its aim in Syria is to create an international coalition to combat the ISIL terrorist group. In practice, Russia has nevertheless focused on the attack on other armed rebel groups. This focus helped to ensure the sustainability of the ...

Comparison of Mustafa Kemal’s speech on the abolition of the Caliphate and Hassan al-Banna’s text Toward the Light

Every nation has its own unique history. There are some people called "the founders of nations" because they always leave a deep trace in the world history and in the population's hearts. Mustafa Kemal and Hassan al-Banna were those types of politicians, whose contribution to the histories of their countries is difficult to comprehend and appreciate. Both of them had to deal with religious issues during their political and social activities. Mustafa Kemal managed to divide politics and religion, Hassan al-Banna was eager to place religion on the top of all spheres of life. So we are going to ...

The Muslim movements after the Caliphate

After the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, and later the Caliphate in 1924, in the modern Muslim world began "non-Caliphate" period. This process was historically logical, because the theocratic form of government suffered a crisis in the Muslim world, where national movement and bourgeois relations were growing. Nominal power of the Sultan still existed, but only in name. In this situation, the Sultan resorted to Pan-Islamism policy, however corrupt administrative apparatus, a weak army and a weak economy, led this policy to the failure. By the early twentieth century in the country were rapidly spreading European ideas and values, ...

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

Background The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is a terrorist group that was formerly known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The group gained ground during and after the Syrian civil war between 2012 and 2014 where they got new recruits and resources (Wood, 2015). The group had close ties to Al-Qaeda that is another terror organization and was officially formed in April 2013 from it. Since then, ISIS has broken ranks with Al-Qaeda and has become one of the main jihadist organizations fighting the Iraqi and Syrian governments. The group also took ...

Abbasid Caliphate

During the time that Europe was still grappling with the Dark Ages, civilization and knowledge revolution was being adopted in Baghdad. In this regard, Muslim scholars were gathered in the House of Wisdom under the leadership of the Abbasid Caliphate. The House of Wisdom was instituted with the focus of promoting the translation of scientific related texts and concepts. They endeavored to conserve information related to classical civilizations which lay a basis for the formation of academic disciplines which still maintain their relevance in the current society. The Abbasid Caliphate sought to spread Islam through conquest and conversion in ...

Pan-Islamism

The evolution of the contemporary nation states across the entire Arab world is an interesting, yet, distressing process. Almost a century ago, a majority of the Arabs were part of the Ottoman Caliphate or the Ottoman Empire, which is actually a vast multi-ethnic state based out of Istanbul. Currently, the Arab political map appears more like a highly complicated jigsaw puzzle. A manifold and convoluted course of incidents that took place during the early 1910s brought the Ottomans Empire to an end, while also resulting in the emergence of many new states whose borders apparently spread throughout the Middle ...

ISIS

I. Introduction The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or ISIS, also known as the Islamic State, has recently risen to fame in the last few years. It has taken a stronghold over parts of Syria and Iraq, and is well-funded by the revenue streams of the oil and gas fields of the areas it controls, and receives donations from around the world. Its leader, Abu Bakr Baghdadi, has recently proclaimed the group to be a caliphate, thus assuming control over all Muslims around the world. It is urgent that the United States and its allies put a stop ...

[The Course]

Adolf Hitler was the head of the Nazi Party in Germany and the Chancellor of Germany during the period from 1933 to 1945. In 1934 Hitler became a Führer of Germany, which meant that he in fact became the dictator of Germany. Hitler was initiator and central figure of the World War II and Holocaust (genocide of Jews). Information about Adolf Hitler is worth saving, because it has a lot of lessons to learn. In particular, the period of Nazi rule in Germany showed, how important it is to be a responsible citizen. Hitler demonstrated the ...

Pan-Islamism denotes a move towards achieving Islamic unity for all Muslims under one state, commonly referred to as a caliphate. The idea of a caliphate was first conceptualized during the time of Prophet Muhammad, who was seen as the de facto spiritual and political leader of all Muslims. In the modern era, the idea of a Muslim caliphate was popularized by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (jrank.org). He was an Islamic philosopher and political activist. He worked as an advisor to the King of Afghanistan in which it has been documented that he advised on the resistance of Britain's advances in ...

Al Qaeda

The 9/11 terrorist attacks prompted the United States government to declare “War on terrorism.” Various Islamist extremist terrorism groups claimed responsibility for the attacks, including Al Qaeda. Broadly speaking, Al Qaeda and other radical Islamic terrorist groups oppose US involvement in the Middle East and want to quash Western values and culture. What makes the “War on terror” relatively unique is that the enemy is not constrained by particular geographical boarders but is cut along ideological lines. The structure and internal organization of these terrorist groups pose unique challenges for the United States. The origins of Al Qaeda date ...

Civil wars and domestic conflicts tend to have devastating effects on a country. Wars negatively affect a country’s political, economic, and social sectors. The Syrian civil war, which started in 2011, is stated as one of the worst conflicts of the modern times. The fighting, which started as revolutionary protests but escalated into civil war, has affected both Syria and countries neighboring Syria. The conflict has resulted in one of the greatest humanitarian crises experienced in modern times with the death toll reaching up to 250000 people. Other than the high death toll and displacement rates, the Syrian ...

Abstract

As a Buddhist, I did not know much about Muslims, their sects, and beliefs. During the course of an interview session with my friend, Turki, a Muslim from Saudi Arabia, I learned a lot about the two main sects of Islam, Sunni and Shia Muslims. I got a better understanding about the religion and culture of Islam, Sunni and Shia Muslims, and their history. Historically, there used to be only Sunnis. However, following the death of the fourth caliphate of the Rashidun, the sect of Shia is born. The views of companions of the Prophet are actually a very ...

Terrorism is one of the biggest Global threats. Terrorists are born out of communal discord, financial instability, oppressive governments etc. The Jehadi Terrorists are communal terrorists who fight for their own interpretation of Islam. The ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is a Sunni extremist group, formerly known by the name of Al-Qaeda, renowned for its terrorist activities all over the globe.

The ISIS practices and propagates Jihad, a form or religious war against other religious and cultural states and uses extreme interpretations of the Qur’an as ...

The Islamic State must not be regarded as a terrorist organization alone. The group has evolved into a well-run political machine and a potent military force. The group believes in a twisted translation of Islamic law as an anchor political belief and demands that this particular world view be imposed on Muslims as well as peoples of other ‘inferior’ religious beliefs. Founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the group was originally called as the “Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), the first regiments of the IS fought against the US military in the aftermath of the downfall of Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein. The IS ...

- The Ibadis believed that Caliphs were tyrants. - They disassociated themselves with all of the Caliph’s except `Umar b. `Abd al-`Aziz. - When Mu`awiyah became Caliph a new era of Islam with Umayyad reign began. - The independence of Oman was expected to change due to the new rule. - Oman and the new Caliph had no relationship at all. - The rulers of the two nations did not see each other as any kind of threat so they did not see sense in using valuable military resources in any kind ...

Islam

1. A Critical Comparison of the Positions of Sayyid Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh against that of Sayyid Qutb Regarding Knowledge, Islamic Law and Science. Sayyid Al-Afghani and Sayyid Qutb represents two distinct schools of Islam. While Al-Afghani’s time was way before Qutb’s, it is rather ironical that the latter of the two men held the more fundamentalist beliefs on Islam. In fact, Qutb is regarded as one of the most important figures in the advancement of Islamic fundamentalist belief, while Al-Afghani is viewed by many as the founding father of Islamic modernism. Being a ...

The Differences between Sunni and Shia

Introduction Islam is a religion of Muslims promulgated in Arabia by the prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) in the seventh century C.E. A person can convert Islam by saying Shahada – There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger. These words contain the core meaning of Islam. Islam was born through properthood of Muhammad (S.A.W.) and the Holy Quran is the book of Islam. The Quran contains 114 chapters and it was built up with the revealing of Muhammad (S.A.W.). Islam can be divided into three periods: the time before Islam – “The Time of Ingratitude” or “al-jahiliah” when people ...

Images and livestream video clips of American military vehicles getting blown up and dead Americans--both military and civilian--laying dead on the ground in the vicinity have saturated both the international and media. Such images underscore the barbarity and savagery that has become so widespread in the Middle East. Often, such images are disseminated via the news and mass media as well as the internet in order to galvanize new supporters against the United States by discursively framing the American military, coalition forces, and civilians abroad as not indefatigable. The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIL) is an extremist ...

Al-Qaeda and ISIS.

Introduction In the ongoing issue that the country has dealt with in the issue of terrorism, we as a country have been a force to deter from our normal lives and focus on the safety of the nation. The two Jihad organization are the most dangerous group there is in the world that can affect the way of life. In the current time knowing that this organization is out there people should do what is necessary to find out the difference between the two groups. The ongoing problem that these two organization have brought terror and hate too countries have ...

If to take a look at the phenomenon of Islamic civilization, mainly at the architecture, urban planning and poetry, the importance of art in the Islamic world becomes clear. Great masterpieces of Islamic civilization, Islamic architecture in the clearest way answer the question of what Islam is. These buildings have in their proportionality, harmony, tranquility and serenity the most important features of the Islamic message to people. Of course, all kinds of Islamic art: architecture, fabric production, etc., borrowed many of the technologies and methods from different civilizations, in particular, from Ancient Iran and Byzantium. But all of them ...

The rapid advance of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) against Iraqi forces represents yet another critical milestone in Iraq’s turbulent recent history. The policy options available to the United States are complicated by the regional dimensions of the conflict and the divergent interests of key players, most notably Iran, Syria, Russia, a loose coalistion of Western countries and Sunni-regimes in the region. While most of the policy options may be framed as a search for the “least bad” policy to address this quagmire, there may be a path worth exploring to transform the situation into a rare opportunity ...

One of the world’s greatest cultural contact experiences in history involved the spread of Islam from its original base to the Middle East and Arabian Peninsula to a host of areas in Europe, Asia, and Africa (Hill, 23). Islam appealed to people from a variety of cultures and societies and brought important changes because of the contact and often in some respect merging with the already established local belief systems. Muslims established new cultural contacts from 700 CE because of far-reaching trade, conquests, and missionary activity (Hill, 23). The Muslim world’s dimensions were well established by 1450 CE. Islam’ ...

Extreme Islamic Terrorism.

Abstract This article is a research article about Extremist Islam Terrorism or commonly known as the Jemaah Islamiyah. The article focuses on the background of the Jemaah Islamiyah, their origin and organization and how they are involved in the global terror attacks. The article also focuses on the founders and members of the Jemaah Islamiyah and the terror attacks that they have been linked to over the years. Also, the article will include the methods that have been put in place by the terror victim countries such as the United States of America in order to stop the terror ...

The term “Salafism” has been derived from Arabic word Salaf having meaning “the past”. It shows the time of caliphs in Islamic history who applied the Prophetic model by following Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) in his footsteps and presented this correct way of life to people. So all those Muslims who were guided by these caliphs and they lived their life as per Prophetic model also became part of salaf. Islam spread under the authority of different Muslim dynasties from Ummayad to Abbasid. Salfism took theological meaning and then it was known as ahlal-Hadith during caliphate of Abbasid. During his ...

Background of Islamic Faith

In the VII century BC most of Arabia was a desert inhabited by tribes of nomadic Bedouins. However, on the fertile lands along the shores of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean were scattered permanent settlements, from where originated caravan routes across the sands to the cities of Syria and Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Due to the caravan trade, there flourished rare oases along the trade routes, including the small towns of Mecca and Medina, which in the history of Islam were destined to play a key role.

Prophet Mohammad was born in Mecca, in the family of camel driver. Upon ...

Iraq

Introduction Iraq is a country that is located in Western Asia. According to the website of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Its official name is the Republic of Iraq. It is surrounded by the countries of Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria. Its capital is Baghdad, which is also its largest city (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). According to the website of the White House, the country, however, enjoys a narrow coastline of length on the northern section of the Persian Gulf, which is adjacent to the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain, otherwise known as the Tigris-Euphrates River System, the home of the Fertile ...

Prophet Muhammad ibn Abd Allah has been able to carry on Islam religion during (ca. 570-632) in western Arabia. After the death of the prophet, caliphs have succeeded him as leaders that claimed political authority over the Muslim community. The period of the caliphate, Islam as a religion has undergone civilization around the world. The Near East period captures the historical view of Islam in its early development. In the historical setting around the sixth century, two empires controlled Arabia these included Byzantine Empire in the west and the Sasanian Empire in the East. Small players in the political ...

Introduction

Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS) was previously a part of the Jihadi group, Al-Qaeda, working under the name of Al-Qaeda. But soon after several internal conflicts and issues, the Syrian hub of Al-Qaeda cut off their roots with them and renamed them as ISIS (Al-tamimi, 2014). They announced their formation officially in April 2013. From then, it has emerged as the main jihadist group which is launching highly active operations and fighting the government of Iraq and Syria as well. The territory of ISIS covers the land area of thirty-five thousand square miles. This size of land ...

Personal Essay

My Name is Fulan Alfulani. I was born and raised in Abu Dhabi. Given that education has become an integral factor in achieving success in today’s world, I decided to study abroad after getting my high school Diploma in my country. As a result, my family and I decided that it would be best if I studied in an Anglophone country where I would not only be proficient in speaking and writing in English, but also the fact that the US has high quality schools. Thus, after finishing high school I decided to apply to an American university because ...

First recorded raid by Danes in Anglo-Saxon England-787

Otto crowned emperor in Rome-1962 William the conqueror defeats the last Anglo-Saxon king-1066 Capture of Toledo from Muslims-1085 Death of Basil II, emperor-1025 Terms, people, events Carolingian Renaissance: this refers to the period under which the ancient literature, education, art, and architecture from Italy was intensified across the entire Europe during the reign of Carolingians.

Counties: refers to the land ruled by count or countess in ancient Europe.

Marches: refers to the regions on Italy Feudalism: is the complex network of relationships between landholding and the obligation to provide service to the lord. Fief: refers to the estate that is held by a superior through military ...

The Muslim Brotherhood

Egypt has been a hot topic in world news for the past couple of years, especially on the uprisings that led to the removal of two of its presidents and the presence of the Muslim Brotherhood. Considered as the country’s most powerful political force, the Muslim Brotherhood had been reported to have exercised its significant influence to advocate its ideology and shift Egypt as it is seen today. From the time of its inception, its ideology and present status, it was visible that the Brotherhood was not just a political movement, but an encompassing social movement set on changing the ...

An Islamic state refers to a type of government primarily governed by Islamic religious law. Islamic religious law typically refers to the Sharia law that deals with diverse aspects of societal issues. The First Islamic State under Muhammad (622-632) was based on Sharia law. Topics addressed under Sharia law under secular governance include politics, crime, and economics. The law also addresses issues of personal nature, such as diet, hygiene, sex, prayer, moral behaviors, as well as fasting. Different cultures, though, interpret the law differently, but are all governed by it as the supreme law. To many Muslims, the law ...

Introduction

The history of Spain, like that of most ancient civilizations, will make for a riveting tale that would leave one in utter amazement at the phenomenal fetes that the modern-day humanity had to go through to get where it is now. Lying on the north of Africa and at the frontier of Europe, Spain is arguably one of the oldest countries of Europe. Through her story, one is bound to be fascinated by the many groups that invaded and inhabited her. In the prehistoric years, groups from North Africa, the Celts and the Eastern Europe made the Spanish Peninsula. At ...

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Introduction

During the 1200s, Islam has proven itself as a dominant religion throughout parts of Asia, Europe and Africa, now collectively known as the Middle East. Islam has encountered numerous challenges to its integrity, particularly from the Roman Catholics through the Holy Crusades, which eventually collapsed during the late 1100s through the Islamic liberation of Jerusalem. The Islamic civilization proved groundbreaking not just in religious affairs, but also in terms of establishing intellectual potency and political strength within all influenced territories. The city of Baghdad, now the capital of present-day Iraq, stood as ...

Write a 700-word essay exploring the intellectual gifts of Islam. In the end, what was Islam’s attitude towards the discoveries of ancient scholars and how did that relationship spark the Renaissance Perhaps, when thinking over what Islam gave essential to mankind, the first item comes to mind is a giving a significant unity to people practicing this religion. According to Islam, all of humanity comes from God, being a kind of a single family. All people are equal. People differ in a national belonging, skin color, eye shape and origin, as Allah has divided the people on these grounds only for distinguishing each ...

- What was the hijrah (emirgration/migration) that Muhammad and his followers made, and why was this such an important event in Muslim history? The “Hijrah” – is the Prophet Muhammad's and his supporters` flight from Mecca to Medina, where the first Muslim community was founded in 622 AD. Basically, “hijrah” in Arabic language has got a meaning of relocation from one place to another. As a religious term, the word "hijra" is used in cases of relocation of believers who are oppressed in their homeland and deprived of freedom of religion, to other regions where there are more favorable conditions for ...

Introduction

Islam is undoubtedly a religion that has considerable expanse in influencing several aspects of life, given that it is one that involves due prescription of rules based on pertinent belief-systems. Therefore, it is noteworthy to emphasize that the formation of Islam provides the imminence of forming an Islamic form of government. As it stands, the Islamic form of government has profound origins on the growth of Muslim followers since the emergence of Muhammad as the proponent of Islam. This study explores the historical antecedents behind the formation of the Islamic government, with emphasis on the importance of those in explaining ...

ABSTRACT

Suicide bombing and other forms of terrorism are tactics, not goals or strategies, and since the Afghanistan War began in 1979, the main political, religious and ideological purpose of men like Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki was to overthrow the regimes in Muslim countries that were allied with the Western powers and restore the medieval Islamic Caliphate based on Sharia law. They used terrorist methods at any time and in any countries that they thought would best accomplish their overall purpose, and also searched for countries in Africa, East Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia where they ...

The Islamic Golden Age is a historical time that lasted before the 1258. It is an Abbasid period in existence before the Mongolian invasion and conquest of Baghdad. Islamic Historians trace the beginning of the period to the 8th century. It lasted between Muhammad’s eras in 700 AD to 1200 AD. It is one of the most important periods in the Islamic history in which developments during the period brought about an Islamic Renaissance and contributions to the uncivilized period. The Abbasid Caliphate (Muslim religious leaders and a succession of the prophet) ruled over the Muslim subjects in Baghdad, a new ...

Introduction

Mosaic is a simple form of art and technique that mainly uses small tiles (tesserae) or/and pottery pieces to make large portraits on different flat forms which includes walls, frames and floors (Paul 12). Mosaic technique has been adopted by many cultures globally such as in Rome, Greece and in Middle East. The main form of art used in the areas is cladding. Cladding is preferred since its effective and the artwork formed by cladding is long lasting. History and Popular beliefs have it that, in the Middle Eastern architecture is heavily influenced by the middle ages Roman and Byzantium ...