Essays on Constitution

Political science

Lawrence v. Texas is a litigation in 2003, which led to the cancellation of prosecution for anal sex between adults by mutual consent in the United States. In 1986, the Supreme Court has already analyzed a similar case in the state of Georgia at a legal investigation "Bowers v. Hardwick". Then the Supreme Court by the decision of five judges against the four acknowledged the appeal of plaintiffs for equality of all citizens before the Constitution ridiculous and left the law in force. When considering the case of Lawrence, it was not easy for the Supreme Court to take ...

In this interesting case, we have several facts. On the one hand, Mr. Daggett, representing plaintiff, Ms. Darcy, which is claiming that they have sufficient proofs for accusation Big Car’s Motion and its so-called supervisor, Clarence, for harassment, sex-abuse and that there was a hostile workplace environment for Ms. Darcy, their former employee. On the other hand, representing Big Car Motion company, Mr. Cheatam is trying to persuade that plaintiff do not have sufficient proofs for her claim.

Every Law system has many `black holes`` in which many facts swap in. However, we are learning how to respect ...

Introduction

Poland became the 2nd independent nation after the United States to adopt a comprehensively formulated constitution to define its government structure in 1791. The authors’ of Poland’s constitution found great inspiration from the philosophy and text of the United States constitution that had been adopted four years before. Similarity between the two constitutions is therefore very conspicuous.

In both constitutions, citizens are given almost the same nature of rights including the basic rights. The US and the Polish constitution guarantee the upholding of all civil rights and freedoms including political, social, personal, economical and cultural. Additionally, all citizens ...

Question 1

I am in agreement with the criteria used for constitutional democracy fundamentally because it considers the issue of whether or not the elements contained in the American Constitution, as practiced and amended in the current times, are more inferior or superior to the systems set by the constitution in terms of sequentially stable democracies. The criteria for evaluation focuses on political stability (especially remaining democratic), effective democratic rights protection, democratic fairness, fostering consensus building and promoting effective problem solving. The criterion also supposes the fact that there are various conditions that make it even easier for the entire system ...

Question A, 1.

When voting for constituency representatives to the Congress, citizens should prefer trustees over delegates. When representing the people, trustees apply their knowledge and wisdom to determine what is the best way to help develop or improve the lives of his constituents. The constituents forward their interests and concerns to the representatives and the representative prioritizes the concerns and acts upon them according to the approach he finds best suitable to approach the issue. Delegates on the other hand represent their constituents in the exact manner that the constituents want their concerns to be addressed. They relay the concerns of ...

Analysis of the Constitution

Constitution is a set of rules that govern a country. Modern country where the citizens understand and practice democracy, a constitution is very important. It can be a written or unwritten constitution. Written constitution is contained in documents while unwritten constitution is generally contained in the ‘hearts’ of the citizens. Initially when the Western powers were still ruling most of the countries, it was unnecessary to have a constitution for a country. This was because the western powers were using their own rules to govern their colonies. It was a common belief that most of the countries colonized had ...

The matters concerning gender socialization starts at birth and are experienced through the agents of socialization which include mass media, education, peer groups, and family. The repeated socialization that happens over a long period leads both the men and women into a false sense of acting naturally, rather than following the rules that have been socially constructed. Existence of gender stereotypes forms the basis prejudicial sexism and beliefs, which promote valuing of one sex over the other. Research shows that, in Russia, there is a wide wage gap, which is cannot be related to the lower qualifications of women ...

The American constitution grants the Congress the authority to make laws. A proposed law only becomes law after the approval of the senate and the House of Representatives. The creators of Congress ensured the body has more important powers than the Executive and the Supreme Court. Congress contains checks and balances to avoid the issue of absolute power on one branch and this led to the creation of the Senate and the House of Representatives (Haas, 2009). Congress has the empowerment of the constitution. Section 1 of the constitution state that all, “legislative powers vest in the Congress of ...

Introduction

NEW YORK v. BURGER, 482 U.S. 691 (1987) 482 U.S. 691 is a leading case on the American criminal justice system. This paper intends to discuss the abovementioned case in detail along with the facts, issues, and findings of this case.

Brief Facts

Brooklyn based Respondent used to own a junkyard. He was in the business of dismantling automobiles and selling the dismantled parts. Police Officers of New York City department suspected his business and rushed at his premises on 17th November 1982. Police officers were in civil dress, and they wanted to conduct an inspection of the premises. Police officers ...

0ne of the questions that one should ask him or herself on this subject is what are taxes? It is fundamental for everyone to understand what taxes are and why people pay them. By understanding the concept behind the enigma, then one can conclude based on sound knowledge. In simple terms taxes is the percentage of money that the government takes from takes to support the services it offers such as security, good roads and education. Without taxes, no government in the world can function. This is because no government has its own money. A huge part of what ...

Gun Control

Introduction Gun control is a hot button issue in America and has been so for a substantial period of time. Proponents of gun ownership argue that the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution gives citizens the right to bear arms for the purposes of protecting themselves and their families. Therefore, all regulations regarding gun control must pass Constitutional muster. Opponents of gun ownership argue that guns are used to commit violent acts against others; therefore, the ownership of handguns and other firearms typically used to commit violent acts should be unlawful or heavily regulated in America. They believe ...

Introduction

In the early 18th century America was divided into 13 independent states each governing themselves. The US constitution, which upon being signed established the national government, came to be in September 17th 1787, approved by the delegates in attendance at the constitution treaty in Philadelphia. By signing the constitution it meant that that the 13 states are under one central government with three main arms; the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. This however was not supported by all and it’s what brought about the major conflict between two groups the federalists and the anti-federalist, who differed in ...

- Historical Documents In general, terms, the U.S Constitution is the country’s supreme law. It was adopted on 17 September 1787. However, it was not until 1789 that this constitution was ratified. During this time, it was ratified by only 11 states. Though authored by several personalities, Governor Morris who hailed from Pennsylvania has been credited as the man who chaired the committee that drafted the constitution. Other members of the committee included John Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison among others (Ritchie et al. 56). The Constitution was created for a number of purposes. Of major importance, ...

The Patriotic Act first came into effect after the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. At the time, it seemed like a very good idea and many Americans were in support of the act as they viewed it as a plausible way of deterring future acts of terrorism. Most of the country was still in shock after the devastation caused by the terrorist attack and naturally, they rallied behind what they thought was an effective response to this major setback. It is clear that the people at ...

California Government: Section Readings Key Points

Federalism as a System of Government The government of the United States of America is a federalist system which is composed of the federal governments, state governments, and local, county, city and township governments. The smaller governments are the creation of state government (See Greenberg, p. 44). “Federalism is a system under which significant government powers are divided between the central government and smaller units, such as states. A federal system can be contrasted with two other common types of government: a confederation and a unitary government. In a confederation, the constituent states get together for certain common purposes ...

Essay for Lesson 11: German Reunification

Introduction The division of Germany into West Germany and East Germany emerged as a stopgap solution for the woeful state of the nation following its defeat in the Second World War. With the United States (US) ultimately gaining full control over West Germany, East Germany increasingly became alienated towards it, as it went under the influence of the Soviet Union (USSR). West Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), rapidly grew into one of the most politically and economically influential nations in Europe representing the democratic interests of the US in the region, while East Germany, officially the ...

Part One

The United States has a comparatively long history and global changes, especially the World Wars shaped its global position to become a global superpower. This has enabled the country to enjoy unrivaled preeminence in weaponry, entrepreneurship, education and science and technology among others. Therefore, it plays an imperative role in dispute resolution and peace processes in many parts of the world. For example, it has largely been involved in dispute resolution, in the Middle East such as the India Pakistan dispute and the recent war in Iraq. The country has been considered as a source of democracy in the ...

Part 1

The sergeant, new recruits, ladies, and gentlemen, I welcome everyone to this important day. I am going to address the protections that provided to citizens against aggressive police behavior. The misconduct and corruption cases by police disrespects the human stipulated by the constitution. The law protects the citizens from all forms of bribery, civil violations and extortion. The law is against police misconduct and allows citizens to sue the police for any violations of their rights. The police forces are accountable to any form of brutality they induce to citizens. Section 18 U.S.C. § 241 [2000]) protects the citizens from ...

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has an estimated population of 180 Million people. Out of this, 97% professes Islam as their religion of choice. Religious minorities, which constitute the remaining 3%, include Christians, Hindus, Jews, and Buddhists (Enloe, 1986). The politics of the country restrict religious freedom and the constitution endorses Islam as the state religion. There are provisions in the constitution that allow the minorities to perform their religious practices. I visited and lived in Pakistan for nine months and the experience I had was shocking. I witnessed religious persecution in various parts the country as extreme militant ...

Introduction

The Brandy bill was enacted and passed in 1993. The provisions of the bill are that individuals undergo thorough scrutiny before they can be allowed to purchase and carry firearms within the United States. This is attributable to the need to give firearms to responsible people who cannot use them appropriately to avoid havoc within the society . However, this bill has been criticized larges since its incorporation simply because different people have different opinions regarding the people. While some view it as an appropriate measure to control the ownership of the dangerous weapon, others view it as an infringement ...

Introduction

In the history of the United States of America, there have been many cases when the Constitution of the country has been violated. One of the most significant cases, regarding the issue of violating the Constitution of the United States of America, is the case Schenck vs. United States. The case was heard on the third March, 1919. This essay is devoted to the analysis of the case. The essay will be divided into several parts. The first part will be devoted to the issue of the case. In this part, I will outline the main peculiarities of the ...

Article Research

Introduction In the late 1820’s, the Northern Carolina became more industrialized as the Southern remained non-developed. The Congress had passed a high protective tariff in 1828 that made the southern states more furious because they thought the tariff only benefited the northern states. The southern claimed that high tariff on imports were imposed to them leading to increased costs of importing products. Bradley Hays saw the Southern states sympathy to South Carolina’s position on the tariff rejected as the cause of federalism (Hays 221). Eventually, the doctrine of nullification was introduced that provided an insight to the ...

The State of Texas has had several constitutions through its history, all of them were product of specific historical contexts. It has kept, however, many of the original provisions proposed in the first draft, even some that would conflict with our national Constitution. It is considered to be a long and poorly organized document, where responsibilities are not clearly defined and that is difficult to interpret . It is also very restrictive and has many unenforceable provisions known as deadwood, that have been tried to be modified in several occasions . The Texas Constitution includes features that are very similar of ...

In recent years, the issue of US health care became a topic of immense debate and criticism due to the proposals of the government to provide full health care benefits to the uninsured and its possible impacts to those with regular health care. Proponents believe that it is the federal government’s duty to provide all of its citizens quality health care especially if they are unable to pay the premiums. Universal health care would also incite an upkeep of development with citizens now able to stay healthy. However, opponents stress that the government should concentrate on other pressing ...

The State of Texas has had several constitutions through its history. It has kept, however, many of its original provisions, even some that would conflict with our national Constitution. It is considered to be a long and poorly organized document, where responsibilities are not clearly defined and that is difficult to interpret. It is also very restrictive and has many unenforceable provisions known as deadwood. The Texas Constitution includes features that are very similar of those found in the national Constitution. The powers are separated in executive, legislative and judiciary branches, and there are provisions that limit the government ...

Ivana Susic

Before Federation (prior to 1901), Australia was not a nation; each of the British colonies was its own self-ruling state. Each had separate laws and regulations and functioned effectively as a separate country. Those colonies were: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia, the last one to join (Singleton et al. 2013, pp.55-56). According to “Federation 1890-1910” published by the government of Western Australia (n.d.), that state had delayed its decision because it had seen such rapid changes in the previous decade, including the discovery of gold and a population increase from 50,000 to ...

Steve Dedmon, a member of the State of Florida wants to use the Quran instead of the Bible as stipulated in the US constitution as the text with which he will affirm his Oath of Office to House of Representatives. House Rule 1.01 states that the only text recognized for swearing in a new member is the Bible. Should a person use a text other than the Bible, he would be barred from performing any function of the House. Relying on the case of Powell et al v. McCormack, the members would be stopped from excluding Dedmon from sitting ...

Steve Dedmon, a newly elected representative member from the State of Florida declined to use the bible in affirming his allegiance to perform his duty as a congressman. This has sparked several debates across the country given that House Rule 1.01 provides that the only text that can be used to take an oath is the Bible. The House of Representatives, in such circumstances, chooses not to recognize such a member in their capacity. In addition, such a member is barred from performing house duties. In fact, Congress has the power to expel a member of the House. However, ...

Please pick one change you would like to make to the constitution, draft an amendment and explain why your amendment will be beneficial The clause that excludes all people who do not have a United States born parent or who do not have the so-named natural born Americans bothers me a great deal. This status is one of the requirements that an individual has to meet before running for the presidency in the country. The eligibility requirements are set for two offices, the president and vice president’s office. However, the constitution does not classify the natural born citizen ...

The case of Marbury v. Madison

The American legal system is Anglo Saxon and significantly different from the continental legal system, with much broader powers of the Supreme Court, which does not recognize the justice of other countries. The American judicial system is known for being based on the case law, and because of the time the Supreme Court had more weight, while at the end of the judicial power did not become competent to say what law is. The entire American public sovereignty is divided into three mutually independent, equitable, and consistent powers. Framers of the Constitution are, insisted on the independence of the ...

The Roman Empire is one of the most noteworthy segments of the history of the West. It is known for its influence not only among the western countries, but also the rest of the world. Perhaps, the most striking aspect of the Roman Empire is its transition from a Republic to Emperorship, although most historians argue that it was still an empire during the era of the Republic. Following the collapse of the Republic, the Principate emerged (Blois & Spek, 2008). Various factors contributed to this transition, most importantly the crises and civil wars in the Late Republic which eventually ...

1. Federal vs. State Level The clearest difference between the United States (US) federal constitution and the Arizona state constitution is their jurisdictional operation. The federal constitution operates throughout the US, while the Arizona state constitution operates only within Arizona. Provisions under the federal constitution operate at the national level; no state constitution within the US may impede or contradict any of the provisions therein. On the other hand, the Arizona state constitution addresses matters specific to Arizona, although the provisions therein are in compliance with the federal constitution. One could not claim that the Arizona state constitution, as ...

The American revolutionary war officially came to an end in 1783 after Paris Treaty, and there was a growing discontentment and frustration with the articles of confederation. There was a growing desire for reforms to replace the confederation, which was expressed by General George Washington in writing after the end of the revolutionary war. Even after the war, there was an observation of growing disillusionment, characterized by an intense political environment in the 1780’s. During the period under the rule of the articles of confederation, the founders of the nation were undermined in their creation (Behn, 2014). The ...

The constitution is an important element in any given country because it gives law and order to the people and the systems of a country. Given that state governments have to be guarded by the constitution, Texas enacted a constitution to govern the state and was ratified in 1876. There are four main features of the Texas constitution that make it unique among other states. Firstly, the document emphasizes on the importance of legitimacy through enacting laws and regulations for the people to follow and honor in their day to day lives (Dunmuir 98). Secondly, it organizes the state ...

The history of the formation and development of the American federalism is interesting because, in spite of all its specific features, it largely reflects the general trends that are inherent in any federal state. Such, for example, as a struggle between the center and the subjects of the federation for the rights and powers, as the trend towards centralization of power, and so on. In other words, it indicates the urgency of the problem of the relationship between the central government and form part of any complex public education. In 1775 the thirteen American colonies of England raised a ...

U. S. Supreme Court case The United States Supreme Court was established according to Article III of the Constitution of the United States in 1789. It is the highest federal court in the United States and has the final, decisive decision along with its appellate jurisdiction over all state and federal courts. The Supreme Court of the United States is invoked to observe the U. S. Constitution and the Amendments to it. A flamboyant example and a landmark about the role of the U. S. Supreme Court (Supreme Court) is Miranda v. Arizona (384 U. S. 436 (1966) case. ...

Introduction

The provision of the right of the citizens to participate equally to the processes of the government is what we know as democracy. Giving the recognition to public participation is one way of showing to the people that their voice matters and that the government values their insights. However, there are countries in the world that do not believe in democracy and so they have been governing their respective territories with other political ideology. Some would subscribe to the implementation of federalism, communism, socialism, capitalism and such. Though they have been subscribing to such ideologies with enough reasons behind, ...

It was just before 1500 that the Europeans discovered the New World or the American continent conquering and dwelling in new lands. It is these settlements that led to the transformation of the physical and cultural landscape of America (Vile 78). The main entrants into America were the Spanish, Portuguese, French, English and Danish. These European powers divided America amongst themselves, displacing the native red Indians as they settled in various areas. The colonization led rise to new civilizations, cultures and later on states that translated to the merging of the European traditions and Native American institutions and people. ...

When studying the ways humanity has tried to organize itself politically, one must start by reading what the ancient Greeks wrote. They gave a good account on how life ought to be conducted in their city-states. Aristotle´s ideas gave foot to many of today´s modern theories, such as the constitution, the separation of powers and democracy. But he, like many of his contemporaries, seemed to be more interested in the quality of the rulers than in the quality of the rules. This paper will describe what should be the best configuration of the state according to Aristotle ...

In 1777, in the midst of the War of Independence, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, a document of a constitutional nature, which defined the United States as a confederation and fixed the powers of the central bodies. However, the document made a central government very weak, as well as giving a veto to each state. George Washington figuratively called the Articles of Confederation as 'ropes of sand'. Therefore, quickly began to emerge proposals to amend the Articles. The process of the ratification of the Constitution of the United States began September 17, 1787 In his ...

Many pundits and historians perceive the years to 1781- as the most vital period in the American’s history. The period saw the formation of American states after successful rebellion against the British colonial rule. These free colonies for effective governance had to form frameworks that would see to it stability and development prevailed. The Articles of Confederation was the ultimate basis for the creation of proper governance systems. This primary constitution had been ratified by all free states in 1781 even before the ceasing of the Revolutionary war (Smith &Ronald 671). These laws however deemed short in meeting ...

The Americans are deeply divided, within themselves and among themselves on the democracy subject. Democracy is sometimes taken to be the highest value in America (Miller, 1991), but at other times, democracy is construed to be a nightmare in the nation. Pure and untainted democracy is said to lead to persecution of minority communities by the majority. Essentially, democracy is responsible for holding of prayers in schools, banning and labeling of records and books, emergence of restrictions on drugs, abortion, sex, and alcohol. Additionally, democracy has been responsible for fueling of racial segregation and unwarranted discrimination. On the other ...

The period between 1777 through to 1791 proved significant to the US history owing to the various constitutional changes that shaped the constitution to be what it is today. The meetings and discussions of the Continental Congress realized the need to created written rules. The result was the Articles of Confederation that was drafted and passed by the Continental Congress on 11th November, 1777. The Article of Confederation created the functions of the national government (US Department of State - Office of the Historian). However, the article created a weak central government that prevented most individual states from exercising ...

Constitutions are documents that serve to establish the legal and institutional framework of any political system . The government bodies and their powers and scope are established in the constitutional text. The constitution of the United States has some basic principles such as the separation of powers proposed by Montesquieu, provisions that put some limits that provide protection to citizens against arbitrary government actions, and guarantees political freedom and equality under the law . These characteristics are shared by most constitutions, at least formally, but they can differ greatly in their implementation. This paper will contrast the Federal constitution and the ...

Institutions

In this paper, two central ethos for the public administrator will be looked. They are; the constitutional ethic presented by Kennedy, et.al. that makes the case that a public administrator should be guided by the Constitution in any managerial discretion decisions s/he makes. The second one is the argument Fredrickson makes the case that social equity should be the ethic that guides decisions in cases of administration discretion. This paper will compare and contrasts the two ethos. The first etho ensures that the administrator works and makes their decisions basing on some action, but they should follow the guidelines ...

The Denmark government is a constitutional monarchy and parliament democracy. The constitution monarchy is a government whereby the sovereign power given to the people was outlined in the governing constitution. Parliament democracy describes a situation where the parliament had an pivotal function in the government. Ministers in the cabinet handle the government affairs. A prime minister heads the cabinet was headed by the cabinet and as a whole they are responsible for their decisions and actions to Denmark`s parliament. The members of the committee have a formal title which is the minister, and they head different portfolio in ...

Introduction

In the last couple of years, the role of the United States and another democratic government has expanded dramatically. Currently, the government used new and vast roles that lacked in the previous years in an effort to produce a productive men and women of the society. In the past, leaders used totally different methods of leadership compared to the modern leadership styles. New and improved methods of leadership are introduced as the world enters the diverse situation. The society requires a lot from the government, which they must fulfill in order to gain trust from the society. People living ...

Undeniably, Morocco is the most significant regional allies around the Globe. It has been experiencing a number of political issues that has made it difficult for proper political administration. However, Morocco has been very successful in its operations as a partner in trade activities, as well as, in counterterrorism. It is one of the lucky African countries that receive considerable U.S. aid for its businesses, development, as well as, bilateral trade and international investment. The Assistance received from the US has helped the country to thrive in its economy following the 2006 Free Trade Treaty. As a country, Morocco ...

Justice Brennan and Attorney General Meese’s views on judiciary

The exchange of views between Attorney General Edwin Meese and Supreme Court Justice William Brennan on the role of the judiciary to interpret the U.S. Constitution has become a partisan political debate since the issues that were raised are more concerned with politics than substance of the law. In fact, the argument of Attorney General Meese on the jurisprudence of original intention explained that the Supreme Court should be restored to its proper role in American government. Meese had pointed out that there is failure on the part of the present Supreme Court to provide proper respect to the ...

<INSTRUCTOR’S NAME> <COURSE NAME> All his life, he followed a life surrounded by the Catholic Church that prepares him to become ordained as a priest. His name is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and born as Criollo (Tuck, Miguel). Miguel later on developed and progressed as a strong advocate for social and political change. His advocacies strengthened because of his intellectual inclinations. His dedicated faith in the Catholic Church led him to acquire and rise to higher ranks; however, there were questions about his egalitarian views (Tuck, Miguel). He has seen and witnessed how poor people struggle ...

The aspect of citizenship in the United States of America endured a tough period due to high limitation engaged by the government. Critically, the federal constitution of America indicated that it conferred equal rights to every citizen regardless of gender among other divisions where legal and valid in the country. To the contrary, the citizen sreaped nothing from the provisions of the constitution. Critically, genderd is crimination and segregation took the priority to minor the females in the society. Information denotes that women play 40% of the nations activities apart from the family matters (Waltz, 50). Therefore, such an ...

One of the biggest barriers to oversight is the lack of data. The oversight exercise cannot be exercised when the necessary and essential information about a particular policy is not available for scrutiny. Therefore, the lack of information/evidence makes the oversight exercise worthless since adequate examination of how the implementation exercise cannot be performed. Additionally, scrupulous and corrupt civil servants and oversight members can make these data disappear so that the civil servants in charge of the administration of policy cannot be held accountable. The oversight was to take the legal action against civil servants for failure to implement ...

Introduction

The presence of power signifies authority over a given territorial regime. Government plays a significant role over its citizens at any given time, the US government is divided into two; the national and state government, this is due to the presence and sovereignty of the constitution (Stuart, 5). This paper aims at evaluating the range of responsibilities and power that the state government has over its citizens. The citizens are obliged to owe unlimited obedience and respect to the state government, this is due to the scope of responsibilities that it exercises over its citizens. The state government of ...

Law 4900

4:10 pm Introduction In the United States (US), the judiciary holds the authority to conduct constitutional decision-making, in which they interpret the US Constitution accordingly whenever they confront specific cases that involve its provisions. There are at least three approaches to constitutional decision-making: originalism, living constitutionalism and minimalism. Each of the three approaches of constitutional decision-making have different ideological bases – originalism deems the meaning and intent of the framers of the US Constitution as important, living constitutionalism takes into consideration the various societal changes and minimalism emphasizes the importance of case-specific interpretations, being perhaps the most moderate approach. While ...

On November, 6, 2014 “The New York Times” published an article with the title “Court Upholds Marriage Bans in Four States”. This article appeared in the electronic version of the newspaper and presented the news about the situation of banning the same-sex marriages in four states (Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee and Kentucky). The problem arose this summer, when federal judges have recognized the prohibition of same-sex marriages in a number of states as unconstitutional actions. Thereby, the cases were referred to the federal appeal court (United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit) that “upheld the right of four ...

Essay Questions

1) Transaction costs are ones which refer to the consumption of effort, time as well as other resources that are necessary for reaching all sorts of collective decisions. Whereas, conformity costs refer to the extent by which all collective decision persuade people to perform or participate in activities and talks which the people want to avoid. The government overcomes this problem of unnecessary costs, collective decision making and coordination by creating institutional designs which involve trade-offs between conformity costs as well as transaction costs. This, in turn, allows the government to decide as well as act accordingly and rather ...

1) From the book, collective decisions determine collective goods or collective action. Collective goods are items that shared among the parties involved. An example from the document is the usage of a family car between the parent and children. Collective actions are the different tasks divided among the affected parties. An example from the context is parties coming together to solve a crisis even though they have a problem cooperating (Kernell, Jacobson and Kousser, pg. 3). 2) A republic is a democratic country that places power on the elected leaders (pg. 34). It applies to the USA government because ...

The constitutional scholar and radio host presenter Mark Levin culminates as an author of the book, “The Liberty Amendments: Restoring the American Republic.” The author of the book invokes Article V of the constitution that sets out methods for amendments that intend to rein in a reckless, unruly, and usurpations federal government highlighted in the 10th Amendment. McCarthy, (2013) assert that Levin undertakes this project to preserve and restore the constitutional republicanism and the civil society and prevent federal Leviathan authoritarianism. According to Levin, Statists achieved the process of disfiguring the compact constitutional order (Levin, 2014). Framers of the ...

Introduction

The principle of democracy and promoting the rule of law are two aspects modern constitutions seek to achieve, whether at state or federal level. Democracy connotes majority consensus on the part of the citizens in defining and shaping key issues. It would be inaccurate to assume that the American constitution is inherently democratic (pure democracy for that matter). Essentially, elections are carried out by the majority of the citizenry who choose officials (Chiappinelli, 2007). These officials are given the responsibility of determining the country’s direction. This way, democracy is transformed from the determination of many to where few ...

The ratification of the national constitution was the founders' political response to excessive democracy

The American Revolutionists have difficulties in unifying the United States which comprises of colonies which are newly independent. The constitution was approved in the convention in 1787 and the states will be responsible for the ratification. Ratification of the constitution is very important during that time since it could result to the division of the United States if it did not happen. However, debates have arises and separated the nation into two political parties which is the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (Wood, 2003, p. 164). The Federalists are the ones that favored the centralized government that is provided in ...