Essays on Convention

Literature Review:

In order to recognize the right of people to seek asylum from persecution in another country, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was introduced in order to determine refugee rights, state responsibility and refugee protection. The Convention was lauded for establishing a system for refugee protection, however, experts have divided opinions with its continuous use in the 21st century. There are experts stressing the need to repeal the Convention due to its outdated, inconsistent and limited nature. Other experts argued that the Convention should be retained due to the possibility of revitalizing the reform and the Continue reading...

Introduction

Many people are affected by maritime safety. A safe and efficient shipping network determines a significant part of the global population safety. The international management code for the safe operation of ships and pollution prevention (ISM code) was adopted in 1993 and was made compulsory in 1998. This code sets up safety-management goals and calls for safety management system to be established by the ship-owners or ship managers. Further, the company is required to develop a way of achieving the set goals; which include making available necessary resources required to offer support for the set objectives. The code also Continue reading...

Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention of 1787 was a significant day in the history of the United States. Constitutional Convention set the future course of action for the national and state governments in the United States of America. Diverse factions and delegates from federal and state governments participated to formulate a constitution for the United States. Different factions represented at the Constitutional Convention with wide difference over numbers of issues, however, they all overcame the difference and finalized the American Constitution at the Constitutional Convention.
American Constitution has been the foundation of the United States government for over two centuries. It defines Continue reading...

Abstract

Alternative dispute resolution has been hailed by many people for the crucial role it plays in finding solutions to disputes outside the courtroom. By definition, arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution technique that takes place out of the legal courts. In this kind of dispute resolution, a third party reviews the facts and evidence of two parties and imposes a legally binding decision. The fact that the parties to a dispute have total control over the process makes it more admirable as compared to the judicial process. The parties have the ability to make their own schedules and choose Continue reading...

Introduction.

Everything we do has a limit. Limits are put to define the extent to which we can do certain things or even the extent to which we can move from a particular point. Boundaries are physical barriers which separate different areas. They are usually in the form of walls, roads, paths and so on. Therefore, maritime boundaries and limits are connected with the ownership of valuable resources and coastal state jurisdiction over foreign shipping. Inaccuracies and uncertainties over such sensitive issues are best avoided. There are numerous international disputes over limits and boundaries, some of which could endanger peace Continue reading...

Introduction

The end of World War II has introduced an era where human rights were not only appreciated, but also considered inherited entitled. They were addressed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, as part of the International Bill of Human Rights, in December, 1948 (United Nations). According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9, no person should be subjected to “arbitrary arrest, detention or exile” (United Nations). However, during wartime, the Fourth Geneva Convention is used, so to define detainees. There are many contradicting viewpoints, as to whether an Continue reading...

International Labor Organization

Introduction

The international labor organization is a UN agency dealing with labor issues. It specifically aims at ensuring decent working conditions for all laborers by implementation of the international labor standards. Currently, there are 185 member states who have subscribed to ILO. The International Labor organization has managed to make significant achievements to improve the international employment standards through its operations. It has been able to formulate widespread international labor codes by adopting and drafting various recommendations, standards and convention agreements. Since its inception in 1919, the International Labor Organization has consistently sought to guarantee and define the rights Continue reading...

The Philadelphia Convention 1787

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The United States came into existence when thirteen countries on the Atlantic coast jointly rebelled against the colonialism policy of an empire where sun used not to set. The British had to face strong aggression from North American colonies against the promulgation of various acts and political and economic expansion on the American hemisphere. The independence was declared on July 4, 1776 and prominent personalities among the founding fathers George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison took charge of the new born confederation of United States of America. George Continue reading...

Introduction

As indicated by many scientists,( what is the authority for this, which scientists, book or journal article) the reduction of greenhouse gas emission requires a global consolidated effort with participation from all the countries across the globe. At least, those countries responsible for emitting the maximum amount of greenhouse gas are expected to comply with the cause. The current environment regime as governed by Kyoto Protocol is not helping in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, Kyoto Protocol, due to differentiating between developed and developing countries, has come under heated criticism from all corners. Common but Differentiated Continue reading...

Women's Suffrage

Introduction
Voting right for women seems a very logical action now but it was not the same 200 years back. In fact, there were no voting rights granted to women anywhere in the world till the 19th century when men were only allowed to vote in all democracies. United States was notan exception either. As per the documented history, Lydia Taft of Massachusetts was the first woman to be allowed to vote in town meetings during 1750s (Bridgman and Mills 1994). New Jersey had a law that restricted a person from voting on the basis ofa minimum level of Continue reading...

Susan B. Anthony was one of America’s greatest reformers, organizer for woman suffrage. One of her unique talents was her ability to unify women and motivate them to work relentlessly for a particular goal. She was able to develop strong teamwork which endured through numerous disappointments and downfalls. It has been suggested that she was gifted with an undaunted valor, fortitude and spirit of personal sacrifice which were essential in her singular work than in any other ever assumed (Harper 605). Susan B. Anthony will always be considered the commander-in-chief of the freedom of women because she dedicated Continue reading...

The rhetorical situation refers to the context of rhetorical event that consists of many events at play that include the issue at hand, the audience, and several constraints. Scholars provide two different schools of thoughts on the audience. One school of thought argues that situation determines the situation, which also creates the rhetoric. Conversely, the other situation argues that rhetoric creates a situation by making issues subjects to the situation. In this paper, we take the situation as an important player in rhetoric analysis using Obama speech at the 2004 Democrats convention in Denver.
Blitzer’s argument on rhetoric Continue reading...

Introduction

Australia’s economically developed status attracts tens of thousands of refugees to the country each year, and this trend poses a range of socio-economic threats to nation. In response to this social problem, the Australian governments under Labor and Liberal parties have been adopting a tough stance towards the refugee arrivals at Australian coasts by boats. Since the increasing number asylum seeking claims has been a sensitive issue in the Australian politics, the political parties always tend to meet the interests of Australian citizens in this regard. This paper will critically evaluate the Australia’s asylum seeker policy, government Continue reading...

The People's Republic of Bangladesh – is a country in South Asia, formed on the place of the former Pakistani province – East Pakistan. Its political leaders on March 26, 1971 announced the creation of an independent state called Bangladesh, which means “Country of Bengal”.
Bangladesh is located in the Northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, bordering the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. It lies on the border of India to its west, north and east, and is neighbor to Myanmar to its south-east.
On a surface area of Bangladesh, which comprises of 148,998 sq. km., more than Continue reading...

The United States Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) states that children accused of crimes has the right to fair court trial. Several articles in the convection stipulate fair process in America’s juvenile courts. The due process provides a good framework for judicial hearing that relate to the guilt and innocence of the children. Latest development in the legal fraternity offer techniques that have the capacity to scrutinize the child’s brain. This technique produces detailed images on the child’s brain that respond to different stimuli (Henggeler et al 44). This technology guides the judges Continue reading...

Are political conventions obsolete?

Political conventions in the United States have been a political culture that has been exercised both at a grass-root and federal level for a long time. As a stable democracy, the United States' political terrain is competitive. This necessitates the formulation of competitive platforms that leaves no leeway for counter-partisan criticism. Political conventions have been used to demonstrate that each party has a clear framework of the policy windows that they intend to formulate if elected to office. The just concluded Democratic and Republican national conventions was a clear indication that each party is geared to persuade and convince Continue reading...

DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE (2006) International Court of Justice

Abstract

The case between Djibouti and France arose from a dispute where the former accused the latter of failing to honor an international letter rogatory. In the letter, Djibouti requested France to send them records and documentation of the investigation into the murder of a French judge, Borrel. The issues presented in this case are whether France violated its responsibilities stipulated under the Manual Assistance Convention by refusing to execute the letters received from Djibouti, and whether France breached the requirements and obligations relating to cooperation, which are outlined by the Treaty Continue reading...

Introduction

Cultural heritage refers to the sites, tangible objects, knowledge, stories and other manifestations that are handed down from generation to generation and regarded as a constituent part of a particular group of people (UNESCO, 1972). In 1972, the World Heritage Convention was adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with the aim of facilitating cooperation between nations to protect heritage, wherever it exists in the world, that is of “such outstanding and universal value that its conservation is important for current and future generations” (UNESCO, 1972). Accordingly, signatory states are required to identify, protect and Continue reading...

The respondent`s argument that in commodities trade any deviation from the contract is considered to be a fundamental breach, thus giving the possibility to avoid the contract, is without merit.
The contract between claimant and respondent does not have any characteristics inherent to a commodity trading; the transaction itself is inconsistent with the requirements of commodity market. Commodities are substitutable goods produced by large number of producers in bulk quantities (Windsor, 2010). Coltan, on the other hand, is not a commodity; it is a non-substitutable material produced by a limited number of producers and used for the production Continue reading...

Torture as a form of weapon has been in practice since ancient times and is a common tool used by the military to extract crucial information from enemy informants and spies. In the US, torture takes place at several different levels. Domestically, the US prison systems are the primary locations where select prisoners can be elaborately tortured in many different ways without the outside world having any knowledge of such happenings. This paper, however, will focus on the known use of torture in the past administrations, torture methods used by the US Military (especially offshore), some of the rules Continue reading...

Research question one.

I have selected the 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote speech given on the night of Tuesday, July 27. The 2004 Democratic National Convention was held at the FleetCenter, which is currently the TD Garden, based in Boston, Massachusetts and began on July 26th and was to run till 29th.
The convention was the initial to be held since the infamous terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. At the time of the convention, there was a memorial event to honor the unfortunate victims of the attacks. It was at this convention that Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts was nominated for Continue reading...

Abstract

Genocide must be stopped everywhere in the world and Cameroon is a good place to start. Genocidal criminal activities can cause death as well as physical and mental injuries. Forcing children to move out of their home, an attempt to commit genocide, conspiring and/or incitement to commit genocide and complicity in genocide are all covered under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. Cameroon has experienced genocide and attacks by the Central African Republic are one example. The international community needs to intervene to stop the genocide and to organize legitimate elections. In order to promote Continue reading...

THE PROCEDURE FOR BRINGING A CLAIM UNDER THE CONVENTION

Chapter III of the ICSID convention, regulations and rules covers conciliation (World Bank Group, 2006). Section 1 to 3 of this chapter specifies the process of conciliation from the request, formation of the conciliation commission and the eventual conciliatory proceedings. Section 6 deals with the recognition and enforcement of an award.

Conciliation

According to this chapter, MTP Petroleum shall lodge an official request in writing to the Secretary General of ICSID. The Secretary General shall copy the same letter to the other party to inform them of the impending process (Reed, Paulsson, Blackaby, 2010). The request shall include the issues Continue reading...

The American revolutionary war officially came to an end in 1783 after Paris Treaty, and there was a growing discontentment and frustration with the articles of confederation. There was a growing desire for reforms to replace the confederation, which was expressed by General George Washington in writing after the end of the revolutionary war. Even after the war, there was an observation of growing disillusionment, characterized by an intense political environment in the 1780’s. During the period under the rule of the articles of confederation, the founders of the nation were undermined in their creation (Behn, 2014). The Continue reading...

The period between 1777 through to 1791 proved significant to the US history owing to the various constitutional changes that shaped the constitution to be what it is today. The meetings and discussions of the Continental Congress realized the need to created written rules. The result was the Articles of Confederation that was drafted and passed by the Continental Congress on 11th November, 1777. The Article of Confederation created the functions of the national government (US Department of State - Office of the Historian). However, the article created a weak central government that prevented most individual states from exercising Continue reading...

History

The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 although the first draft had been written by Benjamin Franklin during the Revolutionary War. The Articles organized the colonies into a weak confederation of more-or-less independent states (Sturgis, 2002). The United States of America became a new nation but unfortunately in the mid-1780s an economic depression forced a serious challenge for the national government to find solutions to the economic problems. The Articles of Confederation did not include taxation power or any other power that would provide income for the national government. The meaning of an American democracy became a debating Continue reading...

CRC was adopted by the UN in 1989. It is an internationally recognized instrument adopted by UN members, which urges nations to act in a particular way with regards to children. The convention seeks to protect children from violence, exploitation, guarantee nutrition, free compulsory primary education and secure adequate health care among other essential child rights. The convention gives emphasis to the child’s best interests given the fact that they are the most vulnerable people in the society. Given the good intentions enshrined in this convention, almost all UN member states have adopted the convention, with the exception Continue reading...

Alexander Hamilton was the leading architect of the federalist model of government, which asserted the need for a strong centralized national system. As such, he stood in opposition to the likes of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who espoused the doctrine of states’ rights. Hamilton’s brilliant legal mind produced some of the most important interpretations of the U.S. Constitution, a document the writing and ratification of which was spearheaded by Hamilton. Hamilton also wrote more than half of the Federalist Papers, the book that provides the philosophical basis for the Constitution. Hamilton insisted on the need for foundational Continue reading...

"H.W. Brands, Miracle at Philadelphia" Summary
H.W. Brands’ essay “Miracle at Philadelphia” is a narrative account of the Constitutional Convention that took place in Philadelphia in 1787 at the Pennsylvania State House. The essay contains names of the prominent delegates, including Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and James Madison, who attended the convention. Initially, “[t]he Convention was to be kept a profound secret” (Brands 122). A majority of the delegates had once been a part of the Continental Congress, and were familiar with the restrictions that the Articles of Confederation had placed on the national government. Brands’ Continue reading...

1. Running for office is a major production in the U.S. Explain how our system of
nominations and primary elections works (for either a Congressional or a Presidential candidate), including information about how candidates are chosen and how they run their campaigns, and about the role of the Electoral College.
The United States Government is a democratically appointed government and therefore there is set procedures to guide the process of presidential nominations to the final elections. While there is no exact prevision for the nomination process in the United States of America Constitution, the National Convention system has been Continue reading...

Abstract

Several accounting principle have been put in place to ensure that the financial statement presented to users are free and fair. The principle of consistency ensures financial statements are prepared using the same principle year after year. Materiality concept ensures that only valuable information is included in financial statement. Principle of disclosure ensures that all valuable information is included in preparation of financial statement. Then the principle of conservatism makes sure that losses are recorded when foreseen while profits must be earned before recording.
The fixed asset register keeps eye on all fixed assets of a firm. The Continue reading...

When referring to a person as an ‘enemy combatant,’ it is typically in the context of a war between states, particularly when one state is holding a military officer or member of the opposing state. It is state that is normally afforded fewer rights and privileges as a prisoner of war, and is often used to be able to punish or interrogate prisoners without needing to give the individual the treatment and rights that are offered them in the Geneva Convention. Before 9/11, an enemy combatant was defined by the Supreme Court as an agent who has come Continue reading...

Should Punitive Damages Be Introduced in International Law?

Introduction
Different countries often have different legal policy in both their criminal and civil law systems. These differences often arise from differing social, economic, and political climates that lead to fundamental policy differences. In the area of civil the law differences in legal systems of different countries often reflect the individual countries’ beliefs as to the types of claims that should be recognized. Furthermore, legal systems across the globe often differ about the types of damages they are willing to recognize. One area in which there is a significant difference in the type of damages one can be awarded Continue reading...

Analysis of Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in

Analysis of Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in Air, Water, Food Chain and Humans in United States
Introduction
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are synthetic organic chemicals, which are persistent in environment. Its long-range transport leads to global pollution. These materials are lipophilic and they are accumulated in the food chain as they are found in fish and marine mammals (Arnot & Gobas, 2006). These toxic materials are spread in environment through different human activities. They pose adverse effects on air, water, food chain and humans. In United States, over the last two decades there has been a continuous declining Continue reading...

Adoption is an alternative way to having a family. A child is given a new family when their birth families cannot support them or are absent from their lives. For most people, adoption is the only way to have a family life. Adoption has been popular in the US in the recent decades. In the United States, there have been 677,000 private domestic adoptions, 661,000 foster care, and 440,000 international adoptions (Vandivere, Malm & Radel, 12). There are different types of adoptions for every type of family and each has its own processes and rules.
The process Continue reading...

Why Study Accounting?

People have varying reasons as to why they study accounting. According to Don Balla in the article “Top Five “Top Five Lists” of reasons to Study Accounting” (Balla, 2014), these reasons are:

What is accounting?

Accounting has different varying definitions. However, the familiar explanation is that it is the technique of recording financial transactions. According to Harold Averkamp in his article, “what is accounting”, it involves; storing of financial transactions, andsorting out these transactions, retrieving them. Summarizing the transactions, as well as presenting the data obtained in different reports and analysis is also a process of accounting. Accounting has various parts i.e. Continue reading...

The Constitutional Convention was one of the major political events in the history of the United States of America. It took place in Philadelphia from May 23 to September 17 of 1787 where delegates met to brainstorm on the weak links in the central government that were present under the Articles of Confederation. The remarkable Convention is largely known to have been the brainchild of the present US Constitution, a constitution that has made USA the most admired and stable democracies globally. The delegates met to amend the Articles of Confederation that presented a wide variety of challenges to Continue reading...

Question One: Drug Trafficking

Latin America has been for a long time a geographical hub for drug production and trafficking. Bolivia, Columbia and Peru are the major producers whereas countries such as Mexico, Caribbean and a large part of Central America provide the routes and avenues for the illegal transportation of drugs to Europe and North American Countries. In most parts of the world, submarines are highly sophisticated military artillery available only to the armed forces. Columbia happens to be an exception of this normalcy. Drug cartels have embraced the new advancement in military technology to transport drugs. The Columbian Navy captured a Continue reading...

Introduction

In Australian jurisprudence it is widely acknowledged that treaties ratified by the government do not assume direct incorporation into Australian law. In most nations or states, treaties are generally not considered part of domestic law unless and until the legislature enact them one way or another. In Australia, the situation is no different. In absence of a legislative process a treaty cannot create rights or impose obligations on the citizenry and residents. But this scenario does not mean that prior to incorporation treaties will not have any effect on Australian law. On the contrary, the Australian High Court held Continue reading...

Death Penalty for Juveniles:

The application of death penalty for crimes committed by child offenders is strictly prohibited under the international human rights law. Still, there are several nations using this law and are executing juvenile offenders. As against the total number of executions conducted globally, executions of juvenile offenders are few.
The infliction for the death penalties for juveniles, and the number of nations applying it, have been gradually reducing over the past decade. Further, the practice of the execution of minors at the time of their crime has been directly opposed and prohibited by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Continue reading...