Essays on Punishment

Corporal punishment is the intentional infliction of physical pain given to students for an offence committed. It may take several forms such as hitting, slapping, pinching, kicking, slapping and use of various objects. The main objective of applying corporal punishment is intended to reform behavior. However, it has been viewed as a result of both social and collective problems. For example, corporal punishment in schools is associated with reduced quality of school life among students. On the other hand, spanking is a form of discipline used on children. Also, it takes the form of deliberate striking the bottom of Continue reading...

Introduction

Sexual offenses are a social menace and affect the public health directly. The growing instances of sexual crimes and growing numbers of sexual offenders have emerged as a major issue. The government, policymakers, and law enforcement agencies are very apprehensive regarding this issue and want this issue to be resolved as soon as possible. A number of steps, including treatment of sexual offenders, have been taken in order to improve the situation. This paper intends to discuss several treatment programs that are designed for the sexual offenders.

Literature Review

McHugh and Rider (1981) in his article “Treatment of sex offenders with Continue reading...

Introduction

Many people are affected by maritime safety. A safe and efficient shipping network determines a significant part of the global population safety. The international management code for the safe operation of ships and pollution prevention (ISM code) was adopted in 1993 and was made compulsory in 1998. This code sets up safety-management goals and calls for safety management system to be established by the ship-owners or ship managers. Further, the company is required to develop a way of achieving the set goals; which include making available necessary resources required to offer support for the set objectives. The code also Continue reading...

Section 1: Proposal

Within the major profession of criminology, one recurring problem is the explanation of criminal behavior patterns and their relationship to crime, involving the subtopics of the sociological legal and psychiatric aspects of crime which contribute to defining and elaborating on criminal behavior.

Section 2: Body Sections

Casey, Sharon. "Elements of Psychological Maturity and Its Influence on Antisocial and
Criminal Behavior." The open criminology journal 4.Suppl 1-M1 (2011): 32-39.
This article by Casey explores the concept of psychological maturity in adolescents and how it relates to teen violence. The author explores the background information currently existing in the field of developmental psychology to Continue reading...

My Research group problem is about community based corrections. In these regards, there are instances the implemented so as to facilitate the functioning of parole services. As a matter of fact, aspects of parole are devised from existing theories that support issuing of punishment. It is the most advocated for punishment that takes due regards of instances such as correcting the individual while at the same time purposing to inform the community that the acts by a former convict are frowned upon and unacceptable. In as far as the agency is concerned, the following instances are manifested; the agency Continue reading...

What is a Tort and how does tort liability differ from criminal liability?

Torts are wrongful actions that may result to injuries or harm to another person or the person’s properties. These wrongful actions may provide ground for constitution of claim by the affected party. The main goal of tort law is to provide relief in case of damages sustained and, prevent others from committing related actions (Simons, n.d.).
Tort liability and criminal liability have substantive differences. While tort liability may result in punishment that mainly involves monetary payment of damages, criminal liability may result in punishment that involves both jail terms and, monetary payments. Additionally, in determining criminal liability, the Continue reading...

(Institute Name)

Introduction

Capital Punishment, also known as a Death Penalty, is a legal process by which a person accused of a crime is put to death. The term is derived from the Latin word “capitalis”, meaning beheading. Widely regarded as one of the most controversial topics of the 21st century, this paper focuses on the historical, moral and social aspects of the use of capital punishment. It covers all arguments both in favor of and against this form of punishment.

Historical Significance

Capital Punishment and Death Penalty Law is a centuries old phenomenon. The first death penalty laws were established in Continue reading...

Children, as our messengers into the future we will not be able to experience, are our most valuable resource. Hence, the serious threat juvenile delinquents pose to the current and future safety of the American society. Debates have aroused about parents’ legal responsibility for their minor children’s behavior, both civil and criminal. So far, there are laws established that hold parents only civilly liable, like the Parent Liability Child’s act, where the parent’s obligation is to pay, depending on the State’s maximum monetary amount, for damage done by their minor children until they reach the Continue reading...

Behavioral Psychology is one of the basic topics in psychology that looks into how people or animals behave the way they behave. Although, behavioral psychology is one of the foundations of psychology, teachers have observed that students find the topic a little difficult to understand. The topic tries to find an explanation why people or animals have their corresponding mental and physical reactions in response to certain stimuli. In behavioral psychology, the idea is that the behavior of people and animals can be both conditioned and results of either rewards or punishments applied to them. Further, it is also Continue reading...

1. What is the role of congress in policy making process?
A policy is defined as a course of action that is established by the legislature, executive or the judiciary to influence the behaviors and decisions of the citizens in a federal state. Policy making process is not a monopolized affair and, therefore, involves decisive interactions among all arms of the government and the public participation. The congress and the President participate mutually in the legislative roles to a greater extent. However, their roles are made distinct at some point. The Congress is mandated in Law making, representation of Continue reading...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the Continue reading...

Capital punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds are not pleased with the practice because it undermines humanity. Society being mixed of different people there are Continue reading...

Law

Arrest can be regarded as a form of deprivation of liberty of a person, which is a guaranteed right under the Constitution. This process shall deal with the use of force by the police officers that may result to a humiliating and demeaning course of action. Arrest has been regarded as a de facto punishment since it is done even before any trial proceeding takes place, and prior to the sentencing process which provides for punishment. Under the present rules, arrest can only be done by the police as a measure of last resort, after all other options had Continue reading...

Introduction

Everyday questions about people, how they think and behave take center stage. Understanding behavior and mannerisms are the purposes of psychology. Understanding behavior facilitates the comprehension of self. Further analysis purports the idea of not only predicting behavior, but also manipulating it. The ability to manage and manipulate behavior is a powerful tool and as with any power misuse can occur. If wielded properly, it can help advance human civilization by managing characteristics that are self-destructive and cultivating ones that are beneficial.

Description and Contrast

The manner in which people behave is dependent of the learning processes they undergo. One acquires knowledge, Continue reading...

Learning is one of the areas of human psychology that remains, to this day, hotly contested by researchers. Some claim that learning is one type of process, while others claim that learning takes place through a different process. Two of the leading theories regarding learning are the theories of operant and classical conditioning. Both have been studied extensively throughout the years, and each has supporters and detractors. Choosing a method for learning and teaching behavior is different from learning complex ideas and engagement in a classroom, but principles of operant and classical conditioning can still be used in these Continue reading...

Abstract

There exist numerous defenses to criminal charges. The defenses are usually used by the persons facing particular charges in a bit to negate the requisites of a crime, especially the aspect of intent. In criminal cases the general rule is that crimes are offences that are usually committed against the government. Every person is usually presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. As such, the burden of proof lies on the government to prove that a crime was committed and that the accused person committed the alleged crime. The prosecution side, which represents the government in a criminal trial, Continue reading...

In psychology, there is a learning theory that states that as we learn, we adjust the manner in which we perceive our environment and the manner in which we interpret the incoming stimuli. Consequently, all this alters the way we interact, or behave. It is from this theory that one learns about behaviorism. The latter is the study or our behaviors after exposure to given stimuli within the environment. This helps us in understanding the effects given stimuli have on us.
In the learning theory, we have classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, one learns to associate one Continue reading...

Introduction

The end of World War II has introduced an era where human rights were not only appreciated, but also considered inherited entitled. They were addressed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, as part of the International Bill of Human Rights, in December, 1948 (United Nations). According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9, no person should be subjected to “arbitrary arrest, detention or exile” (United Nations). However, during wartime, the Fourth Geneva Convention is used, so to define detainees. There are many contradicting viewpoints, as to whether an Continue reading...

Introduction

Capital punishment is one of the longest raging debates regarding punishment of criminals in the criminal justice system. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the death penalty, is a method of retribution against capital crimes by killing the perpetrator (Mandery, 2011). The death penalty has received severe criticism in recent years from civil rights groups, activists and pro-life campaigners. The main aim of this paper is to consider a variety of methods used to execute criminals, their history, their effectiveness and peripheral matters regarding this issue.
The death penalty is one of the oldest recognizable forms of punishment for Continue reading...

The Bayesian method, also known as Bayesian method, is an inferential rule that is commonly used whenever an update is required within any probability estimate (Cohen et al. 12-57). The estimates are done on hypotheses whenever additional evidence is in the process of acquisition. This technique is majorly used in statistics and more especially mathematical statistics. In most of the cases involving the usage of Bayesian method requires, that it be derived through statistical methods. The derivation is usually automatic and ensures that the method well in combination with other competing methods that could have otherwise been used. This Continue reading...

Literature

Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
Introduction:
Geoffrey Chaucer had skillfully adapted the methodology of frame within frame story telling was a process of storytelling that had only begun to evolve during those times. This method involved the putting together of stories of a number of people. In the main story there is the gripping tale of a group of pilgrims who have taken on the perilous journey together to a pilgrimage to Canterbury.
Among all the story tellers there are a wide variety among which some are of noble birth and a large number who are mere common folk. Continue reading...

Now it is time to give careful consideration to the nature of corruption that is the case in the USA. Pepys (2) notes that corruption within the system of justice may be defined as the use of management reserves or public authority to one’s own advantage or for personal gains resulting in an inappropriate legal protection of citizens and delivery of judicial services. In a broad context, the system of justice embraces judges, police, prosecutors, public defenders, court personnel, private bar, and a variety of court decision enforcement agencies, such as, for example, penal institutions. Whatever the variety Continue reading...

The discipline of children has been a growing concern for the parents and educators as well as authorities. Parents are constantly striving to shape the discipline and gender roles of their children through different initiatives. Additionally, educators and policy formulators are striving to ensure that, these gender roles are reinforced as well as learned in the schools. Different studies have indicated that, most parents in the United States and in different countries of the world do not spend much time with their children. These children are either left at home with their care takers or sent to day care Continue reading...

Health care costs are very expensive in America. In 2010, the national health care spending was 17.9% of the nation’s GDP, a very high figure compared to other developed countries in the world such as Canada and the United Kingdom (Koch 2013). In comparison, these countries are even providing universal health coverage to its citizens. Over the years, the US have adopted several mechanisms for paying for health care in America. Medicare was established in 1965 through an act of Congress. This is a health-insurance provided to persons who are at least 65 years old and eligible for Continue reading...

Part I Question 2: Ontological arguments

Ontological arguments are a category of philosophical arguments that support the existence of God using ontology. There are many arguments classified under the category of ontological. Normally ontological arguments normally start a priory theory about how the universe is organized. The argument states that if it is true that the universe is organized, then it will give reasons as to why God must exist (Schlesinger, 85). They rationally support God’s existence. The ontological argument that God exists was first created in the proslogion of Anselm (1033-1109). Immanuel Kant was the first person to call the argument ‘ontological.’ Kant Continue reading...

Today, many educators initiate the use of recommended strategies to equip students in the field of creative writing to avoid plagiarism. This is because plagiarism is viewed to be among the emerging problems in education. There is evidence that various learners are victims of plagiarism. To win this war, essays, and various academic works have been generated to influence students to realize the need to avoid plagiarism in their academic works. Scott Jaschik is among those people to have emphasized a creative way in writing for learners and students in post secondary level of education.
Scott makes the use Continue reading...

Texas Judiciary is one of the most flawed Judicial Systems in the world. Those holding Judicial positions campaign to get elected. This includes court Judges to the Attorney General. The elections are partisan involving two major political groups, the Democrats and Republicans. The political affiliation of the judges and other holders of office affect their competency. This has been displayed in past rulings where judges do not seem to follow substantive or procedural law in making their verdicts (Dead Wrong, 154).
During the campaigns, candidates are funded by their parties. This consequently that when a candidate is elected to Continue reading...

Sigmund Freud uses the societal function of shaping the behaviors of individuals in the society to conform to the codes of conduct and behavior. He indicates that the society in which we live seeks to restrain our aggressive impulses. While confirming that the society installs a self-control mechanism in the individuals, which he calls the superego, Freud indicate that this internal watchdog masters the desire for aggression. Sigmund Freud also indicates that individuals in the society subdue and redirect their aggression towards their own ego once they are forbidden from expressing their desire for aggression externally. In the theory Continue reading...

Contemporary American society currently faces a number of truly divisive issues regarding personal freedoms and liberties. These debates hold such a sway in society that they often become the deciding factors in political contests of all levels. Consequently, the topics themselves, such as abortion, gay marriage, gun control, and healthcare, are well known to the average person, even if all the facts concerning them are not. However, of these issues, perhaps the most important is the legality of the death penalty as constitutional form of punishment. This extra form of retribution should not be continued in the United States Continue reading...

INTERGENERATIONAL NATURE OF CHILD MALTREATMENT

(Name of Student)
INTERGENERATIONAL NATURE OF CHILD MALTREATMENT

Introduction

Intergenerational child maltreatment has been a taboo topic in previous research on child abuse with very little research undertaken on the topic despite the gravity of the issue in modern society. Intergenerational child maltreatment will form the topic for this research study, with exploration of the forms of child abuse and to examine the patterns of child maltreatment and adaptive coping to the numerous forms of child abuse among survivors of the vice. The hypothesis for this research will therefore be: experiencing more types of abuse would determine the relation between Continue reading...

Question 1

One of the causes of lack of effective management is that my age is an issue to some of the members of the management team. Additionally, they feel that I do not have the experience that is required for such a position. Additionally, they feel that they have already developed a comfortable working and communication relationship with their line managers, which makes them handle their duties well since they feel that their issues are directly heard at the headquarters. They seem to think that reporting through me may be inefficient and that their issues that they raise may be Continue reading...

Should Punitive Damages Be Introduced in International Law?

Introduction
Different countries often have different legal policy in both their criminal and civil law systems. These differences often arise from differing social, economic, and political climates that lead to fundamental policy differences. In the area of civil the law differences in legal systems of different countries often reflect the individual countries’ beliefs as to the types of claims that should be recognized. Furthermore, legal systems across the globe often differ about the types of damages they are willing to recognize. One area in which there is a significant difference in the type of damages one can be awarded Continue reading...

Individuals with high social status are the associated with white-collar crimes, and this occurs especially in the context of their jobs. The legislature is reluctant in taking actions against these crimes since they least prosecute and investigate these crimes. The legislature seems to neglect the cases as the public gets less concerned with these types of crime. Due to ignorance in prosecution, the U.S congress formulated laws and statutes in the 1980s. The legislature has a challenge when it comes to dealing with corruption, frauds and corruption on the officials (Dorpat, 2007).
The crimes against persons involve murder, rape, Continue reading...

The business sector is one of the most challenging economical sectors in the global market. To be concise, the manufacturing sector is one of the most challenging business sectors the market. There are a lot of factors that are considered while making business decisions. These factors include, financial decisions such as cutting down on costs and improving sales.
The Foxconn Company is a company that deals with the Apple Company. The company manufactures i-pods and i-pads for the Apple Company and it works collaboratively with other leading technology firms. The company has been surrounded by multiple controversies concerning employee Continue reading...

Faustus began his early life a very contented man. As a knowledgeable scholar, he found enough justification to live happily. The chorus at the very beginning offers an insight of how he (Faustus) was raised and groomed by his parents and kinsmen to achieve a doctorate in theology. “Of riper years to Wittenberg he went, whereas his kinsmen chiefly brought him up. So soon he profits in divinity, The fruitful plot of scholarism grac’d, 4, That shortly he was grac’d with doctor’s name, Excelling all those sweet delight disputes In heavenly matters of theology;”(Marlowe, 5). Continue reading...

(School/University)

Capital Punishment as Public Policy: Bane or Boon?

In the philosophy of those that advocate for the implementation of capital punishment as a form of public policy in crime deterrence and punitive criminal agenda, the crime should befit the punishment. If a life has been taken, then the life of the one who took that life must be the “payment” for the crime. In the United States, the implementation of capital punishment as a crime deterrence policy is still much in force; of the 50 states in the Union, only 14 have abrogated the use of the death penalty in their criminal laws. However, with the Continue reading...

(School/University)

Rehabilitation of mentally ill in prisons and jails: issues and concerns

The California Department of Corrections (CDC) in 2005 added the term “rehabilitation” as a part of the agency’s official title, becoming the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, or the CDCR. However, the change in title did not result in a change of philosophy in the treatment of prisoners in the United States. Though the reintegration of the methodology of rehabilitation officially entered the regime of the CDRC, there is little or no evidence that the methodology has significantly changed (Berkeley- University of California, 2009, p. 277).
Berkebile (2010, p.1) reported that by 2009, California’s penal Continue reading...

Introduction

Psychology is a vast field. There are many laws, principles, and theories that govern the train of thoughts of psychologists and mental health professionals working in the field. Basically, psychology is a branch of science that is concerned with the academic and applied discipline of studying behaviors and mental functions of animals, which in this case, would be humans. Psychology is not only concerned with studying the behaviors and mental functions of an individual because it may also aim to study the behaviors and mental functions of a group or population. The objective of this paper is to discuss Continue reading...

Reflection 1: Reflect on the relevance for management practice of Lukes’ three dimensional model of power. Illustrate your points with suitable examples.
According to Lukes, there are three fundamental faces of power. Each face of power offer something different to the individual who is trying to attain that power, and people in different positions use the different faces of power differently to ensure that they retain control within their own personal sphere. The first face of power is what happens when someone wins an argument. For instance, if a parent wins an argument against their child, they have the Continue reading...

According to sociological and criminological studies, social problems, namely poverty, race, and punishment are interconnected. Different scholars have developed five core arguments regarding the interconnection of these problems. The first is that criminal victimization and sanctions perpetuate stratification and poverty. The understanding of this argument requires an exploration of the current trends in criminal punishment by poverty status and ethnicity. It also demands an examination of how victimization patterns vary across races and how sanctions affect future chances at life. Criminal sanctions are usually inflicted by a state; however, the determination of the severity of the sanctions needs justification ( Continue reading...