Essays on Vaccination

History of dengue

Dengue is described by the World Health Organization (n.d.) as a fast emerging pandemic viral disease with worldwide prevalence. The viral disease was initially traced to the epidemics in Java and in Egypt in 1779. Some literatures trace back the virus and its vectorsto the Chin Dynasty. It was hypothesized that the disease occured in the Western hemisphere in the midddle of the 17th century and believed to originate from tropical America. However, some researchers would point out that the accounts of dengue outbreaks were traced back during the 18th and 19th century in Southeast Asia.The dengue outbreaks in ...

Sjogren Syndrome(SS) is an autoimmune disease that causes lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, primarily lachrymal and salivary glands. Simply put, it is a chronic immune disorder in which white blood cells of the patient attack saliva and tear glands. At times, glands that keep the vagina moist are also attacked resulting in vaginal dryness. In normal cases, humans' immune system generates antibodies to attack harmful material as virus and bacteria. Putting the cart before the horse, the immune system in SS patients starts producing autoantibodies and autoreactive cells that start attacking those very body parts that they are ...

Nurse Home Visiting Programs

Nurse home visiting programs are used by public health nurses who work with families in communities. The nurses make visits to assess the needs, health status, and the environments in which the families are living in order to make the appropriate interventions and provide the available resources (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, & Hanson, 2015). The nurses assess the environmental status, such as paint conditions, aged houses, and dangerous equipment in playgrounds that pose safety hazards. The families benefit from the visits by getting recommendations such as the installation of fire extinguishers and smoke detectors in the houses. The nurses also ...

Diabetes mellitus in itself is considered an endocrine issue. When determining the priority diagnoses for an admitted patient, however, it is important to consider taking an all-encompassing perspective with regards to the pathophysiology of each patient and address each issue accordingly. The priorities in the selected aggregate for diabetes mellitus are as follows: Firstly, there is the situation of unbalanced nutrition often evidenced by increased urinary output (or dilute urine), recent weight loss and a decrease in muscle tone, disinterest in eating, diarrhea and an increase in ketosis. Some of the pathophysiological factors that may have led up to ...

Kansas City Metro Areas

General overview The majority of facilities supporting the homeless are shelters, thus they may have the waiting list. Moreover, there is an eligibility criterion and the list of requirements, i.e., a candidate shall prove employment search, or have dependents.

HOMELESS POPULATION

(816) 483-9927 http://sheffieldplace.org/, Executive Director Email: ST Eligibility Criterion: single mothers and homeless families. Homeless mother with up to five dependent children, or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Services provided include housing and transitional programs for mothers, children and families. The organization is linking the homeless with employers and housing. Services are suitable for urban immigrants and ethnic minority ...

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Geriatrics refers to the study of health and care of older population. It is a branch of medicine or social sciences dealing with special care to older people by preventing and/or treating their diseases and managing their disabilities, so that they would be able to live a good life. However, there is no standard rule for considering someone to be in geriatric population. A physician, who specializes in geriatrics, is known as geriatrician. Several studies have been done to improve the quality of life of older people having different diseases or disabilities. One of the most ...

Hepatitis B virus do not need presentation - its statistics tell about it more as there are more than two hundred million infected people in the world (Sundaram and Kowdley, 2015). In many patients hepatitis B infection leads to the development of the liver cirrhosis and other complications, can cause decompensation of the liver function and lead to death. Prevalence and malignant course of this infection make it a major challenge for modern medicine. Reviewed article lists and shows clinically proved and effective methods of the hepatitis B management. The discovery of a vaccine became the turning point in ...

The implications/justifications of the RN's decision about the application of transmission based

The RN’s decision to ignore the transmission based precautions are not in any way justifiable and they further dampen the spirit and obligation of the healthcare professional to assure of quality and safe care within the clinical setting. This decision and the subsequent actions predisposes the RN to a high likelihood of acquiring infections and further, in their role and service to other patients exposing them to contact or communicable infections (Treas & Wilkinson, 2014). With the HIPPA guidelines clear on the role of the healthcare profession al and the healthcare facilities on preventing health acquired infections, then the ...

Executive Summary

Introduction Discussion and Analyses Market Analysis Financial Performance Product profiles Customer Profiles Communication Practices Conclusions Recommendations

References

Chipotle Health Issues E. coli Outbreak Executive Summary The loss of organizational trust within the market can render a business volatile. A case involving food contamination in Chipotle Restaurants led to the infection of 55 people. The company loss its credibility to function properly and closed some of its branches after the loss of revenue and decreasing value of shares. This report has evaluated some of the issues that has affected the company in order to establish a reliable solution for future expansion ...

U.S has one of the largest and costliest health care system in the world. Healthcare is the second largest industry in the country. In spite of this achievement, the health status of the people in U.S, does not match the cost and infrastructure put into it (HealthCare.gov, 2016). Both communicable and non-communicable diseases still continue to harm a large sector of the population, when compared to other developed countries. Unlike other developed countries, people in U.S were expected to obtain individual health coverages and pay individually for health services. The right to health was not treated as a basic ...

I. Google Search A. http://www.mymsaa.org/about-ms/overview/ This is a website of Multiple Sclerosis Association of America. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease wherein the myelin sheath sof the nerves are damaged causing symptoms such as numbness, fatigue, mobility problems and more (Mymsaa.org). 5 Facts

A steroid (Cortisone) was first to treat Multiple Sclerosis relapses in the year 1951.

The French neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot gave MS its name in 1868. The myelin sheath or the protective covering of nerves is damaged in MS. “Lesions” or “plaques” are the inflamed or damaged areas in the brain and spinal cord. Worldwide, about 2.5 million individuals have Multiple Sclerosis. (Mymsaa.org) No specific author was indicated in the page. ...

The fifth chapter of AIDS and Mental Health Policy discusses the disadvantages and challenges of women within the HIV/AIDS community, as well as the prevention strategies of women to reduce the risk of contracting HIV. Entitled as “HIV Prevention, Women, and the Kitchen Sink Model,” the chapter is authored by Annette Hughes. In this chapter, Hughes (1999) discusses the challenges of women in a community plagued with HIV. Note that when the disease was first identified, the first few cases featured homosexuals and drug injection users. Knowing this, organizations and advocacies focused on gay men, creating an illusion that ...

Response to Question One

Many United States citizens affected by HIV have received assistance from aid programmes available in the country. People currently living with HIV in New York have received support for their basic and secondary needs. Most of the aid granted to People Living with HIV (PLWH) have been through the Special Need Plan (SNP) (World Health Organization, 2014). Only PLWH and their dependants can join the HIV SNP. SNP provides mainstream managed care to the registered members. It also has the mandate of coordinating various forms of aid and supporting in the best way people living with HIV(Dutta, Wirtz, ...

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder wherein an immune response targets the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas leading to cellular damage sufficient enough to significantly reduce, and later on eliminate, the synthesis of insulin (Van Belle et al., 2011). It typically manifests in people below 30 years of age. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2016) estimates that 29.1 million or 9.3% of Americans are diabetics but of this number, only 1.25 million or around 5% have type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management, and ...

Introduction

Vaccines can be considered as wonders of medicine. This discovery has become successful throughout the years in fighting against certain diseases which potentially harm the future of the world, the children. As of now, scientists and doctors continue to create more and more vaccines to protect the health of the children as there are new strains of viruses and bacteria that are surfacing. As a response, it is a requirement that children should comply with taking the mandatory vaccines. Public health is a top priority of local governments in United States. To protect the health and safety of the ...

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Hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, hospital-onset infections, or healthcare-associated infections are those infections that are usually not present in a patient before admission to a hospital. In hospital-acquired infections, microbial flora of a patient starts acquiring characteristics of the bacterial pool in the surrounding. Most of the infections appear within 48 hours of admission to hospital. However, infections may also appear after the discharge of patient though the organisms that were acquired during the stay of a patient in hospital (Magill et al., 2014). According to estimations of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ...

Mesalazine and Cyclosporine

Mesalazine Mesalazine is also called as Mesalamine or 5-aminosalicylic acid, and its systematic name is 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Formulation. Usually, mesalazine is administered in the form of modified release (MR) tablet. Different formulations of mesalazine in UK are Asacol, Ipocol, Mezavant, Octasa, Pentasa, and Salofalk. The above mentioned formulations may vary from each other in their indications, dose frequency, tablet strengths, interactions, pharmaceutical, and pharmacological properties. Most of these formations are available as MR preparations. Commonly used mechanism for modified release tablets is their enteric coating. In order to prepare different formulations, Eudragit L and S polymers are commonly used ...

Implementation of hand hygiene

One of the most important issues as far as the population health is concerned, is directly linked to good if not the best hygienic conditions. As such, many individual have been at the forefront in upholding the preaching about the healthy gains that one stands to gain from practicing good hygienic behaviors. One of the major subdivisions in regard to upholding hygiene is observing hand cleanness (Stewardson et al., 2013). As it is usually said, many human infections are usually spread through contacts with the hands, and as such, major campaigns directed at improving hand hygiene have to be ...

HeLa cell line is a human cancer cell line that does not undergo apoptosis or cell death, and can be continuously cultured indefinitely in-vitro (AccessScience Editors [ASE] 2014). In general, human somatic cell cultures cannot be maintained in laboratory conditions beyond certain no of generations. Hence, HeLa cells are very useful in medical research for studying cell behavior and cell death, in developing new cancer therapies and vaccines. Since their initial culturing, HeLa cells have been cloned several times, and distributed throughout the world for various research purposes. Though today several immortalized cell lines are available, HeLa still remains ...

Introduction

The black population in Canada has experienced substantial growth over the past half century. As of 2006, the black community was approximately 2.5 % of the Canadian population with most of these being from HIV-endemic nations mainly in the Caribbean and Africa (Shimeles, Husbands, Tharao, Adrien, & Pierre-Pierre, 2011). The immigration of these communities in Canada has led to an increased HIV infection, with 57% of infected infants and 16 % of new infections being attributed to the African and Black community. The statistics on new infections as well as those on people living with HIV show that the black community in ...

Obstetrics and Gynecology

The Genitourinary system consists of the urinary tract and reproductive organs. Diseases that affect this system are a variety of conditions that can affect people of all ages. Urologic diseases affect specific organs in males and in females – the urinary tract in females and urinary tract or reproductive organs in males (O'Connell, 2016). Some of the most common diseases include Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), Urinary Incontinence and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). UTI basically occurs when bacteria invades the urinary system and infects any part of the system although the bladder and urethra are the most commonly affected parts. Women ...

A nurse in a nursing home care facility observed that there is an increasing incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) among its elderly residents. Most of those who got infected happened to be using catheters. Thinking that the UTI may be caused by catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), the nurse looked up the Internet to see if there are ways to minimize the incidence of CAUTI among the residents. The nurse discovered that CAUTI is one of the types of infections in long-term health care facilities that are most common (Nicolle, 2014; Matthews & Lancaster, 2011). Fortunately, the nurse saw ...

Healthcare professionals are responsible for not only facilitating recovery of a patient from health issues, but also preventing injuries to the patient during and after care. Despite the immense efforts by stakeholders in health to ensure safety of the patients under care, zero cases have not yet been achieved, as sentinel events are still a major challenge to patients and the healthcare industry. Park-Lee and Caffrey (2009) estimates that 9.2% of all people admitted in hospital acquire one or more nosocomial infections. The Joint Commission (2015) defines a sentinel event as an unexpected situation that leads to the physical ...

Response to Question One

Various factors have led to the current decline in diagnosis, linkage to care, retention of care, initiation of ART, and adherence among infected persons. These fields are part of the broad HIV/AIDs care continuum. Every year, the United States undertakes a campaign aimed at encouraging citizens to go for HIV/AIDs testing. However, there has been a significant drop of around 30% in the number citizens tested. There are several reasons that might have led to this decline. For example, many people are unaware of the possible risks of HIV infection that they might be exposed to. In other words, ...

National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) serve to improve patient safety. The reason why NPSGs are important is that they provide important tools for preventing the occurrence of medical errors, which are a major threat to patient safety. The patient safety enhancement tools are focused on issues such as patient identification, staff communication, use of medicines, use of alarms, infections, patient safety risks, and mistakes in surgery (The Joint Commission, 2015). There are several goals that are relevant to my practice. The first one is the improvement of the safety of clinical alarm systems that are directly relevant to patient ...

Discussion 1

The Focus on Youth + ImPACt intervention was based on the African Americans. As the National Center for Cultural Competence (National Center for Cultural Competence, n.d.) reveled is true that the HIV and other transmitted diseases were present in a higher percentage among African American racial and ethnic group but the promotion and knowledge and information sharing should focus on all youth regardless of the community. As stated by the center the prevention is the key to prevent and contain the epidemic should than the focus on prevention of transmitting diseases among all ethnicities to reduce the threat? The target ...

According to Jon Gertner’s, article, “The Futile Pursuit of Happiness” humans are not poor judges when it comes to foreseeing future emotional states. Professors of psychology in various universities Daniel Gilbert, Tim Wilson, Dan Kahneman and an economist George Loewenstein have embarked on studying a specific emotional and behavioral prediction. One of their studies was hedonic forecasting, which refers to the prediction of one’s emotional state in future as a process that affects behavior, preferences, and decision-making. For an instance, how do we imagine emotions and feelings about winning the lottery? How that will affect our delight, ...

What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis is an infection which damages the liver organ known to be responsible for processing of different nutrients, filtering of the blood, and fighting of infections. Hepatitis B is a continuous type of hepatitis infection caused by a double-stranded DNA virus known as Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Trépo, 2014). Hepatitis B infection can either be acute or chronic. Acute Hepatitis B occurs during the first 6 months of infection while Chronic Hepatitis B is the term used to describe the instance where the virus stays in the body and the person develops a lifelong disease (Centers for Disease ...

The term genitourinary implies the genitalia and the urinary organs. Problems of the genitourinary tract in children would include, acute & chronic kidney failure, obstruction and infections of the urinary tract, and congenital abnormalities (Bowie, 2011). These diseases could have either temporary or permanent repercussions in the life of the child. Disorders affecting males only involve the testes penis and urethra. Diseases such as glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, Urinary tract infections, Hemolytic uremic syndrome, and Hydronephrosis could damage the kidneys. Urinary tract obstruction and hence pooling of urine predisposes a patient to infections, scarring and chronic renal failure. UTI in ...

The health care providers can handle the issue between the culture of medicine and the beliefs and practices through a well-improved and well-enhanced communication with the patients. The communication is based on the nationality of family origin, ethnic heritage, religion, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation. Considering the definition of cultural awareness and sensitivity, the interpersonal skills and knowledge allow the providers to appreciate, understand, and work with the individuals from cultures of others. It implies that the sensitivity includes the awareness and acceptance of the cultural difference, knowledge, and self-awareness of the culture of the patients with ...

In modern dentistry, the ultimate goal is to achieve good oral hygiene and this is achieved by regular visits to the dentist for oral checkups. These checkups are highly advisable since early detection of periodontal infections that often lead to bad breath, gingival inflammation, bleeding gums, plague formation, and even teeth loss is imperative (Zadik, 2008). If untreated, these infections may also spread to other parts of the body leading to other fatal health complications and cormobid conditions such as heart attacks and strokes among others. Patients are therefore advised to maintain good oral hygiene, and this is by ...

Major Development in the US Health

Life expectancy among the U.S residents at birth has been on the increase from about 47.3 years to 76.8 years within the past 10 years. This can be contributed to the major developments observed in US health care system. Public health scientists have also been assessed to give reports of the rise and improved health care in the U.S hospitals and other health related fields. Here are the major developments that can be observed as improvements in the U.S Health sector. First, the vaccine-preventable diseases in the past there has been a real decline in the some cases, deaths, ...

One of the constant concerns when it comes to the delivery and access to health care is the improvement of the quality of health care services rendered to individuals and populations. Quality improvement in health care is an important concern in the field of health care because of the aim of health institutions and organizations to improve the health outcomes and satisfactions of patients whether individually or as a population (Hughes, 2008). Health information technology or the use of technology in the field of health care is one of the quality improvement projects being done in different institutions globally. ...

Immunizations

Immunizations There are numerous needs that can be addressed in the focus area of immunizations. This process builds on the needs addressed in the first paper while addressing multidimensional needs and expectations of community endeavors. In this analysis, Erie County will be identified within the context of specific focus areas and program strategies. HP 2020 objectives are also used and can describe results for the key intended population. Intervention and related programming can be used to achieve variegated objectives. Several key aspects of the program and the parties involved with executing them will be explored. These aspects contribute to ...

Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a top infectious disease worldwide (World Health Organization, 2015). TB affects primarily the lungs and may spread to other parts of the body. 9.6 million cases of TB were recorded in 2014 and 1.5 million of these ended in death (WHO, 2015). It is one of the oldest known human diseases and is still prevalent in some countries like the Philippines. In the Philippines, this disease ranks number 6 in the leading cause of death (Ong, 2012). The Philippines is at number nine in the top 22 high-burden tuberculosis countries worldwide according to the WHO ...

Overview

The global disease epidemiology and control provides information on disease surveillance activities. The sector conducts research about communicable disease outbreak and provides the public with necessary information about causative agents, prevention, and control strategies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate epidemiology in public and global health by analyzing an article about factors influencing the spread of Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa and the impact of the research on nursing practice.

Article Summary

The article was written by Gambacorti-Passerini, Mussolin, and Brugieres on January 7, 2016. Authors aimed at investigating the role of different cultural factors and the physiology ...

Abstract

Health education and promotion have been gaining momentum since the 1930s when its role in illness prevention in America became apparent although it had been in existence before civilization in the form of trial-and-error and the use of herbs (Cottrell et al., 2015). During the period of Renaissance, society believed that disease was caused by sin. The focus during the 1930s was to mitigate the effect and spread of contagious illnesses by teaching proper sanitation techniques and finding ways to improve the healthcare system. With the rise of modern medicine and very high sanitation standards in the 1950s, the ...

Heat shock proteins in pacific white shrimp

The aquaculture is admired from Europe to Argentina and now it experiences the continuous growth and intensification. One of the commercially important crustacean species, which is a worldwide cultured, is the pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vanname. Their cultivation is complex and often ruined by external factor like temperature and diseases. Now a lot of researcher are trying to get full understanding of the ongoing processes to prevent the unwanted murrain. (Zeng et al., 1; Flores et al., 547) As shrimps are too sensitive it is necessary to avoid any shocks and understand mechanisms. Thus, heat shock protein is ...

Introduction

Bousso, Poles and Cruz (2013) refer to a concept as an abstract image or a representation formulated in the mind. Therefore, it may mean one thing to one person and another thing to someone else. Concepts are important in the work of research in that a probe into their occurrence leads to the development and formulation of theories (Bousso, Poles, & Cruz, 2013). Thus, the development of theories in nursing practice and research is heavily dependent on the analysis of concepts; which are the structural elements of theory, which inform nursing practice and research (Bousso, Poles, & Cruz, 2013). Examples of ...

Term and Year

Nosocomial infections are among the most causes of infections on hospitals. In fact, nosocomial infects are the cause of some of most prevalent complications occurring to patients admitted in hospitals. Conservative estimates in the United States show that nosocomial infections are attributable to over two million infections in the country’s hospital. Estimates in the country further show that over ninety-thousand people die every year from nosocomial infections. In addition to the prevalence of the nosocomial infections and its effect on patient outcomes, there is also the aspect of the economic cost (Guggenbichler, Assadian, Boeswald & Kramer, 2011). Estimates from ...

HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a communicable pathogen majorly responsible for the prevalence of AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in a majority of the population. According to the report generated by WHO (2013), there were over 35 million people infected with HIV. When compared to the general populations, the virus is most common in gay and bisexual men, Caribbean and African communities, Aboriginal populations, women and people injecting illicit drugs . HIV is present in the semen, blood, breast milk or vaginal fluid of the infected individuals. While the likelihood of contracting HIV through the casual environment is ...

Animals need to be regularly dewormed to ensure they remain healthy. For this case, two moderate doses of protein derived from bacteria were given to swine that was infected with worms as an experiment to make the study successful. After the doses had been administered, to the pigs, all the roundworm larvae in the intestines were destroyed, and there was almost a complete eliminated of the infection. The vet team used Cry5B that is a crystal protein found from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. The dose that was utilized during the study is similar to the one that ...

The text under analysis is called “Zika Virus” and comes from an online newspaper The Guardian. The article presents the current world news and covers the information about the deadly virus Zika, which spreads over Southern America and some southern states of the USA. The sub-heading of the article presents the main idea of the text and tells that emergency committee was convened with the purpose of informing people about an increasing percentage of infected people and the growing menace of the virus spread (Weaver). Due to their apparent lack of knowledge and medicine, the scientists do not know ...

One of the hallmarks of the US criminal law is the extent of protections afforded to criminal defendants. While a large body of criminal procedure has been developed and refined through case law, the US Constitution lays the foundation for procedural protections that are guaranteed to a criminal defendant. Law enforcement at all levels are required to adhere to such protections and guarantees. The reason that such projections and safeguards are so important for a criminal defendant is to prevent the government from abusing its power. In most cases, a criminal defendant will have considerably fewer resources and means ...

This outline is about the recommendations on the Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources or CIKR of the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan is divided into four states. The core city of Philadelphia can be found in Pennsylvania, which is also across the Delaware Valley (Cox, 2014). This outline will show key locations on how they have to be protected and restored when potential domestic incidents happen. CIKR covers a diverse range of sectors to protect its critical infrastructures. According to the Homeland Security website, the following sectors of CIKR are the chemical, communication, dams, emergency services, financial services, ...

Influenza injection program

Abstract Influenza which is at times referred to as flu is a highly communicable disease that attacks the respiratory system. It is a viral disease caused by the Influenza virus (CDC, 2015). The severity of the condition can range from mild to serious depending on the immunity of an individual towards the disease. In extreme situations, hospitalization or death may occur. As such, from the proverbial prevention is better than treatment, it is imperative that persons who are likely to be affected by this virus receive vaccination to cushion them against the effects that are likely to be brought ...

Abstract

Sages and physicians have for ages recognized the importance of laughter and humor in a person’s life and health. In as much as they lacked the necessary evidence to back up their beliefs and theories, they somehow knew that laughter benefitted human beings through various ways. There is a general feeling of relief that a person feels after experiencing laughter. The mere fact that a person experiences emotional joy and a sense of relief hint at the possibility of humor having a greater benefit to the human body. The enrichment and benefits that arise from a moment of ...

HIV/AIDS has posed a great danger to most communities across the world especially in San Juan resulting to a lot of deaths being reported on a daily basis. What is worrying the most is the alarming rate at which people are being infected making most families lose their treasured love ones. The number of persons who were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in San Juan by 2012 was estimated to be 19,067 (Jovet-Toledo et al., 2014). In 2013, it is reported that there were 743 new HIV infections while, in the US, it was 47,352 (Jovet-Toledo et al., 2014). ...

The first chapter, written by Ryan M. Kull (2010), of the book entitled Handbook of HIV and Social Work concerns with the history as well as the processes involved in the transmission and treatment of the HIV disease. Kull defines HIV as a viral disease caused by the retrovirus known as the human immunodeficiency virus, and an untreated and uncontrolled HIV may progress to a fatal condition called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Deaths related to AIDS were first documented in 1981 and since then, HIV has progressed to become pandemic. However, since the method of transmission of the ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

According to the World Health Organization (2014), one of the most important public health issue globally is patient safety. Surveys have shown that approximately one out of ten patients are harmed while receiving hospital care and treatment in developed countries. On the other hand, heath care infections are more common in developing countries than developed countries with seven in 100 for the former and ten in 100 for the latter. The increasing number of individuals affected by hospital related infections and harms led to the recognition for the need to improve patient safety. Some of the concerns when it ...

The etiology of depression

Depression is a pathological condition that affects many people across the universe. To date, medics are yet to establish the exact causes of depression. It is said that multiple factors that cause depression are involved in many mental disorders. These includes biological differences, brain chemistry, hormones, and genetics. The paper describes the major causes of depression, the cells, tissues and organs affected by depression, and the organ system functions that are affected by the pathologic condition.

Biological differences

Genetic, hormonal, neurological, neuroendocrinological, and immunological mechanisms play a significant role towards the development of depression. Nonetheless, the majority of these factors revolves ...

Since the dawn of human civilization, diseases have always been an ordinary part of people’s lives. As the civilization develops, human beings find new ways to resist illnesses, both naturally (because the human immune system also evolves) and medically (by vaccination). The results of a long-time fight against the disorders of our organism are impressing. A considerable number of maladies, which seemed to be lethal to our ancestors, are easy to prevent nowadays. For example, due to a growing role of general vaccination, the number of measles-caused the number of deaths to decrease dramatically from more than two ...

The Zika Virus that seems to have originated in Brazil is a great example of an oncoming public health emergency. It is an impending pandemic, of which we have little idea how big the magnitude will be. We know that the virus is spreading throughout the northern half of South America, all of Latin America, and is now making its way into the Southern United States. Part of what makes this virus so evasive is the lack of symptoms shown in adults. The effect is detrimental, however, with the offspring of these mothers presenting with microcephaly, or a severely ...

The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act require that hospitals stabilize and treat patients in the emergency department regardless the patient’s ability to pay or their insurance status. The Act’s main intent was to prevent the dumping of uninsured patients to public hospital without offering any care. According to the Act, a hospital should provide emergency care to a patient and only transfer the patient to another hospital once the patient is stable. In the situation, the friend had a serious medical emergency; therefore, the hospital was supposed to provide emergency services even in the absence of ...

Fact Sheet: Lyme disease

What is Lyme disease and how is it diagnosed? Lyme disease (LD) is a bacteria disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. The LD is an animal-borne disease (zoonotic) transmitted by certain ixodid ticks or black-legged ticks, which are commonly reported in the United States. In addition to B. burgdorferi, other related species such as B. afzelii, and B. garinii cause LD in Europe and Asia (Shapiro, 2014). The diagnosis of LD is sometimes difficult since the symptoms mimic other disorders. However, serologic tests are used in patients that have erythema migrans based on the clinical history of likely contact with ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} Acute pain represents a sudden occurrence of pain that does not last for a long period while chronic pain indicates an underlying problem that may become take the form of a disease. Two approaches describe the assessment of Acute Abdominal Pain (AAP), the first one is based on a classification of the abdomen into systems and second is abdominal topography divided into four quadrants. Three types of abdominal pains according to systems are Visceral, parietal and referred. Visceral includes poorly localized pain in hollow or solid organs ...

Patient safety is a concept that continues to arouse debate in healthcare, as stakeholders in this industry try to delineate ways in which this can be achieved safety can be achieved. Hospital Associated Infections, HIAs, is one of the challenges facing the efforts of maintaining quality and patient safety. WHO (2015) observed that 10 out of every100 people receiving in-patient services acquire HIAs, which consequently leads to longer hospital stays, increased medical expenses, and fatalities and/or disability among the patients. Calfee (2012) estimated that Medicare and Medicaid spend thousands of dollars every month in treating HIAs. Unlike the common ...

Part 1

Notably, the abuse of older people has been observed to gain ground in recent times. The minority groups have mostly been on the receiving end and, in particular, the Hispanic community. In general, the abuse of older people may either exist as an act of omission which is also referred to as neglect or as an act of commission (Rodriguez, 2015). The harm may be intentional or unintentional. Such abuses occur in physical, psychological or financial forms. Whichever the case, such abuses are likely to result in sufferings, pain and injuries which would have been prevented in the first ...

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Introduction Methillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by staphylococcus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin), which are normally used to treat staphylococcus infections. Studies have shown that about 40% of Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed resistance to methicillin (Durai, Ng, & Hoque, 2010). Most of the MRSA infections occur in people, who have been admitted in hospitals or other such healthcare settings as, for example, dialysis centers and nursing homes. In case of the development of infection in healthcare settings, it is also known as healthcare-associated (HA) MRSA infections. Usually, ...