Essays on Vaccination

Introduction Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are defined as infections that occur mainly when a patient is catheterized and germs invade the blood steam via the catheter that is placed in a large vein to ensure the patient gets the necessary fluids, medication or even blood and speedy medical tests in some cases(vdh.virginia.gov). The severity of the infection depend on various factors, like hospitalization length and catheter-related factors, among many others (vdh.virginia.gov).

According to the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, a Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, about 18,000 ICU patients experienced CLABSIs and another 23, ...

1. Preventive practices for Lyme disease

Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne disease in the U.S and Europe yet it is highly preventable by simple, safe and cost effective strategies. The most effective method of preventing the disease is avoiding tick-infested places. Never the less, since this may not be possible other preventive practices for lime disease include using insect repellant chemicals, using personal protective clothes (this could include light-colored clothes to enhance detection of ticks and clothes that cover as much skin as possible), regularly checking the body and clothing for ticks and quickly removing them, ...

Lily is a 20-year-old student who reported having a sore throat for the past three days and experiencing various related symptoms, including decreased appetite, headaches, and painful swallowing. In addition, it is possible to notice that the patient has a hoarse voice and a runny nose. It is possible to suggest that she suffers from a viral upper respiratory infection (URI), but several additional diagnoses should be suspected (Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel, 2012).

When assessing the patient’s health history, it is important to collect information about previous instances of bronchitis, allergies, immune incompetence, asthma, and inquire about the patient’ ...

The 1918 influenza pandemic has been aptly described as the mother of all pandemics. It led to the death of approximately 50 million people worldwide. A lot of questions about the pandemic still remain unanswered. Its unusual epidemiological features, the factors contributing to its high pathogenecity among other things are not known. It is estimated that about one third of the world population was infected by the virus and case fatality rate was >2.5% when compared to <0.1% in other influenza pandemics.

I believe that it is imperative for all these unanswered questions to be unanswered as ...

I am doing my externship program as a Medical Assistant in an ABC Medical Specialist located in Jackson County, P.C. My normal working days at this center are Tuesdays and Thursdays as from 8 to 5 P.M. My duties are, to take patients vital signs such as Blood Pressure (B/P), temperature, pulse rate, respiration, SPO2, and peak flow meter (patients do undergo this test twice for established patients and thrice for new patients and then documenting the highest proceeds). We measure the height and weight of new patients. We also take the rest of the vital signs together with ...

Multiple sclerosis, which is abbreviated MS, is an inflammatory disease that involves the damage of the fatty myelin sheath surrounding brain axons, as well as the spinal cord. The damage results to the demyelination of the axon scarring including a wide range of symptoms. The disease is also referred to as encephalomyelitis disseminate or disseminated sclerosis (Compston and Coles). The first instance of the disease was reported by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868. The onset of the disease is mainly seen young adults and is mainly common in women. MS has a prevalence of between 2 to 150 people in ...

The dynamics of the world today are intense. Technology is changing and the human interest in discovery is growing in an encouraging manner. Just like the cave man, the normal human being is trying to rediscover and discover his surrounding and his environment. Among the ways that he does this is through the media. Television and articles have become the rule of the day. These materials have served a great deal in the life of a knowledge- hungry population, the people of the world. Great amount of scientific knowledge is being extracted from these sources and becomes a law ...

Abstract

In this essay, a description of the three most important features of an infectious disease so that it may be regarded as truly harmful and cause for great fear for the community’s health is made – the infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence. It is also justified and explained why these should be regarded as the most important ones, being that they are the ones that cause higher numbers of diseased people with great and quick consequences.

Furthermore, it is also explored why the others – toxigenicity, resistance and antigenicity – should only be regarded secondary to the onset of the first three ...

Vaccines are antigenic substances that are administered to human beings to activate the immune system of an individual in order to create an adaptive immunity to certain diseases. They are capable of preventing infections from pathogens if administered at the right age. Most vaccines should be administered to individuals at a tender age because this is when they are most vulnerable to diseases. A lot of research has been carried out by many experts to verify the efficacy of vaccination. These studies have concluded that vaccination is the most effectual way of preventing diseases that are infectious. Vaccines have ...

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the members of Papillomavirus family. These viruses infected the stratified epithelium of the mucous membrane or the skin (Schiffman, et al, 2003, p.1). Statistics indicate that around 20 million people are currently living with HPV. More than 50% of the sexually active people are likely to get infected with HPV. Prevalence studies have found that around 6.2 million Americans get infected with the HPV every year (Battle, 2009, p. 374). In women it has been found that about 70.9% of all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (Type 16 and 18) alone. HPV ...

Opportunistic pathogen

A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause a disease or has the ability to cause a disease. An opportunistic pathogen is not different from any other kind of pathogen. The only difference is that, an opportunistic pathogen can cause a disease in a person who has a lower immunity or an impaired immune system, but not in someone who is healthy. In other words, an opportunistic pathogen, which can otherwise not harm a person, finds an opportunity to establish himself in the affected person’s body and cause some kind of disease (Pirofski, 2012).

An example of an ...

Hantavirus Cariopulmonary Syndrome

Hantaviruses are a group of RNA viruses, which are members of the Bunyaviridae virus family. several serotypes have been identified worldwide. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome is a disease syndrome which is caused by the Sin Nombre Virus (SNV). however, some other strains of the Hantavirus family could also cause disease syndromes which are very similar in presentation to Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome. (Cunha, 2011). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Hantavirus infection in humans is classified as an emerging infectious disease. this is because a lot of facts remain unknown about the disease and its presentation in ...

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a disease that affects over 33 million people around the world. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell necessary to fight off infections, and it also kills off nearby cells with toxic byproducts. Eventually, it overwhelms the immune system's ability to fix itself (AEGIS, 2012). When HIV/AIDS first showed up in the United States, it mostly affected homosexual men. Now, though, it’s clear that anyone of any age, race, ...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS, a condition that affects over 33 million people worldwide. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell vital to fighting off various infections, and it eventually overwhelms the immune system's capacity to regenerate or to fight other infections. HIV can also affect bystander cells with toxic byproducts (AEGIS, 2012). Scientists believe HIV came from a similar virus that first occurred in some populations of chimps and monkeys in Africa, where they're hunted for food. ...

SARS Disease Outbreak

The SARS disease outbreak occurred in 2003 when the World Health Organization issued a global alert on the disease that was similar to pneumonia (Wei et al., 2009). Similar cases were experienced in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Other countries affected included Germany, United States, and Canada. The disease spread from Beijing leading to an outbreak in Tianjin city. According to Wei et al., (2009), 175 probable cases of SARS were reported. This included 21 deaths. The transfer of patients from one hospital to another stimulated the spread of the disease. A patient that was suspected ...

Introduction

Infectious diseases have been affecting humans since diseases and germs were discovered. No sophisticated antibiotics or antiviral medications were available to treat neither disease nor epidemiological records to trace ...

Significant characteristics of a disease

Virulence is a term that describes “the capacity of a microbe to cause disease after infection”. It is a multifaceted phenomenon is dependent on the “context and nature of the interaction between the host and the microbe.” The number of fatalities that occur as a result of infection by a given pathogen is used as a measure of the virulence. Based on this parameter, the Ebola virus would therefore be considered to be highly virulent as compared to small pox. Give that research has provided better understanding of pathogens thus led to the development of potent forms of therapy; ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a life threatening condition that is caused by a virus from the Coronaviridae family. The SARS virus is believed to have originated from the Guangdong province of southern China before spreading to Hong Kong, Canada and the United States of America. The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 7 days but it may last up to 10 days. Like other respiratory disease, SARS is spread through direct contact; long range and short range. The major agent of transmission is the droplet nuclei. The symptoms of the disease include: fever, chills, malaise, cough, ...

1942, Selman Maksman coined the word antibiotics. They are substances that are produced by microorganisms. They either slow down the growth of other bacteria or kill them right away. Examples include the beta-lactam antibiotics which consist of the penicilins. Others include the Carbapenems, the cephalosporins, the aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and the oxazolidinones. Also, they could be classified as either bacteriostatic agents that slow down or inhibit the growth of bacteria or bactericidal agents which kill bacteria. Their discovery and use in medical science is of immense magnitude. They equally reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity of patients infected ...

Abstract

Routine shaving of surgical site on preoperative patients is an issue that has raised heated debate over the past thirty or so years, and one that is yet to be resolved. Initially, it was thought and continues to be argued that shaving of surgical sites on preoperative patients reduces the risks of surgical site infection. This however has found different results with some in support of shaving while providing unquestionable evidence while others oppose and provide similar yet contradicting evidence on the utility of shaving on preoperative. However, despite this bewilderment, shaving continues to be a practice that is ...

Change in practice is essential in nursing because it enables medical practitioners to identify the best practices that can help them to offer better medical care to the patients. Many patients are diagnosed with various infections which require to be treated in order to enhance a healthy living. One of the major infections affecting people is Catheter Association Urinary Tract Infections (CA-UTI). This infection is common in acute care settings and thus measures are required in order to address such a problem. CA-UTI is known to occur after three months of postintervention. If this postintervention program is sustained for ...

Introduction

It is essential that nurses understand the issues related to health care, which are local and state financing, national healthcare policies, and initiatives that affect healthcare delivery. As a patient advocate, the professional nurse is in a position to work with patients and families to access available resources to meet health care needs. Nurses also have an ethical responsibility to be fiscally prudent in all practice settings to eliminate inefficiencies, and to promote best practices. 

Task: Scenario 1: Note: For parts A and B, the suggested length is a combined total of 1–2 pages. 

Mrs. Zwick, a 77-year-old widow and permanent resident of the United States, was admitted as an inpatient and hospitalized for five days following a ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by ...

Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV) is a virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV/AIDS reduces the immunity of the body towards infections and exposes the body mainly to opportunistic diseases. As a matter of fact, HIV/AIDS has no cure but antiretroviral (ARV) treatment measures and other prophylactic measures actually lengthen the lifespan of a person infected with the virus. Walker (2003, P. 4) argues that the HIV epidemic is more severe in developing countries especially in the sub-Saharan Africa where they attributed poverty to being ...

Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in South Africa

Introduction Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is viral disease that affects animals but can be transmitted from animals to human beings. To be more precise, it is a zoonotic arthropod-borne germ that leads to stern mortality and morbidity in both livestock and human beings. It is usually spread by Culex or Aedes mosquitoes. The disease was first discovered in Kenya around Lake Naivasha in 1915 following deaths of many sheep in a farm. According to the studies that were undertaken during this period, it was discovered that the disease was originated from a virus that infected goats, sheep and cattle ...

Ethical dilemma

Ethics are an important part of the medical profession so in a case such as this when one is confronted by a dilemma such as the one described in the quesyion, it is important to act accordingly. In a case where a patient is found with an infectious disease, the health authorities should be informed as soon as possible and measures should imemdiately be taken to isolate the patient accordingly. As soon as the patient is diagnosed with the infectious disease, no time should be wasted to create the Electronic Medical Record based on the information available. If no ...

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the ...

Question 1

Facility protocols refer to the plans and procedures in place to address specific issues that health care Institutions face. Nurses must understand their role in relation to the development and implementation of facility protocols. Discuss any health care facility protocol regarding reporting incidents, disaster planning and emergency response, and security plans.

Response 1

Protocols recognize the least expectations for the public health programs and services. In developing programs and services in excess of minimum requirements, where required to address local needs authorized by the boards of health. The accountability for the implementation of the standards that includes those protocols that are ...

Final Report

Background of the Study The research majors on immunization of newly born babies and children aged below 5 years in Canada, New Brunswick. Children below the age of 5 are prone to infection by contagious diseases. Vaccines come in handy as a preventive measure that reduces the chances of infection for this vulnerable section of the population in Brunswick. However, the administration of the vaccines is only possible after the children’s parents given their consent. The primary objective of administering vaccines is to attain global health for children all over the world. Vaccinations are secure and effective ways ...

I am Curious Many people tend to observe sex related activities with pleasure and promiscuity when practiced in the wrong occasions. The observance of sex only for procreation and pleasure is a mind-set that the current society has focused on currently. Nevertheless, that is just the icing of the cake; sexual life among partners has a positive influence on the health of both partners. Sex has been said to stir hormones that reduce the chances of antiviruses surviving in one’s bodies. Research conducted at Wilkes University shows those students who have sex once or twice a week have ...

English

Fighting Superbugs; more refined tactics need to be discovered Frequent use of antibiotics promotes growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria or superbugs. These bacteria are immune to the strongest medications. Despite the great progress in healthcare and medical technology, antibiotic resistant bacteria still need to be addressed very effectively. Superbugs are at rage against the humankind. An estimated one in twenty, or five percent, of patients now pick up a threatening superbug infection from the hospitals and this number is rising all the time. A recent study has shown that more than 1.7 million patients in the United States develop ...

Influenza Vaccine among Health Workers

Influenza Vaccine among Health Workers

Introduction

Evidently, the human body possesses a remarkable capability, which can however be jeopardized by disease. Influenza occurs as one of the widely discussed diseases whose influence on humans has and continues to raise immense concern across various contexts all over the globe. This can be accredited to the fact that this disease occurs as one of the leading causes of respiratory infections. In fact, influenza remains a significant cause of mortality amongst the elderly populations aged above 65 years. Worth noting is the fact that the pathogenicity of influenza is dependent on environmental factors; ...

Polio: An American Story is a scholarly book written by David Oshinsky, a historian from the University of Texas, examines American medical research in the 20th century where there was Polio epidemic. Poliomyelitis is a dreadful disease that has claimed a lot of lives before the discovery of a vaccine. Though children are considered to be more prone to getting the disease, adults could also be infected with polio. This means that no one was excluded from attaining an infection despite their age, gender, or class. Oshinsky writes, “Polio hit tidy and stable neighborhoods harder than the areas marked ...

The Bubonic Plague was arguably one of the most historically tragic and monumental times in human history. It managed to change everything we understand about ourselves physically while changing the social and cultural landscape around it. An upheaval of power followed the plague, as did a religious revolt. Ironically, an issue today that is causing many social and cultural changes centers around something meant to keep the plague, and many other deadly diseases, from reemerging: vaccinations. In the wake of falsified research that left the world believing vaccinations caused autism, some parents still believe vaccinations are bad. This belief ...

Antifungal Medications

In dentistry and oral care medicine, antifungal medications are prescribed less compared to conventional analgesic or antibiotics. However, it is mandatory that a clinician or dentist is familiar with common antifungal indications and medications available in the market. Antifungals are used to treat oral candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is known to cause complex oral health problems. Oral and pharyngeal candidiasis is caused by the primary fungal organism Candida albicans. Oral candidiasis is listed as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Due to imbalances in the oral flora, patients using oral antibiotics could develop case ...

The purpose of creating a database that can maintain records of patients in any given area is so that one can find out which vaccines have been administered to the people and which vaccines still need to be given. One needs to remember that this is a particular schedule which needs to be adhered to in relation to administration of vaccines for children, as well as adults. (Missouri Community Guide State Team Final Report, 2011) This would be an excellent initiative which would help regularize the administration of vaccines and also help curtail the spread of controllable diseases. However ...

versus silicone Foley catheters in reducing catheter associated urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients

Introduction

- Construction of PICO question - Identification of key terms - Description of the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome of the question.

Description of at least 2 EBP model(s) appropriate for focus area; critique similarities and differences of models.

Identification and description of articles obtained from searching and possible need for further refinement of question. Conclusion - Selection of an evidence grading system such as the one cited in the directions above and rate at least four studies, using the EB Review Matrix to record your assessments. - Describe the relationship between levels of evidence and grades of recommendations. versus silicone Foley ...

Causative agent

Chickenpox is a disease that is highly contagious, and its causative agent is varicella zoster virus (Wood). Historical information The history of the term chicken pox that is documented as being used from 1684 is not dependably known. There have been speculations that it was derived from chickpeas, on the basis of their resemblance of vesicles to chickpeas (Belshe).

Transmission

It begins with vesicular skin rash on the head and body. It is transmitted through the air and it easily spreads via sneezing or coughing by affected persons or via direct contact with the rash’s secretions. The patient is ...

I am of the opinion that it is inappropriate to experiment with patients lives leave alone write about it. Most of the research carried however has been carried out on patients. Experimenting with patients is dangerous as the consequences could be dire and unbearable. It is not an accepted code of conduct in the medical practice. It is widely assumed that the skin is highly contaminated and this contamination may be a major risk to the body through injections. This assumption leads to the practice of skin preparation prior to injections. The mode of skin preparation however differs amongst ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of ...

- INTRODUCTION - Background Information - People in gay marriages continue to be discriminated against despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). - Thesis statement - Gay marriages greatly contribute to the increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS through the act of men having sex with men (MSM). - Social factors and behavioral aspects raise the vulnerability of MSM to getting HIV infection. The HIV pandemic thus affects MSM disproportionately. - There is strong pressure from many societies against gay marriages. As a result, many gay men marry women to conceal their real sexual orientation because the culture of the ...

Hist 1303 Western Civilization to 1500

Spring 2014 T Th 9:25- 10;40 I certify that I am the author of this work and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged. I have cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words either quoted or paraphrased. I also certify that this work was prepared by me specifically for this course and has not been submitted to any other class."Signed_____________________ Date______________

The Black Death

In October 1347, there was a plaque pandemic that struck a good part of the earth’s surface (Exploring the Middle Ages 99). It was first referred to ...

1. Introduction Smallpox is a viral disease that causes pus-filled boils on the dermis. It looks similar to chickenpox, but has certain characteristic differences. Unlike chickenpox, smallpox is lethal in 30% of the cases and leaves the victim with disfiguring scars and/or blindness. Smallpox has now been eradicated through aggressive vaccination. The last case was reported in Somalia in the late 1970’s. After 2 years of worldwide surveillance, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the disease had been eradicated. 2. Causative agent Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The members ...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to ...

Discussion Participation

Discussion Participation

All activities in roadways, both and non-construction need to be thoroughly managed at all times, so that all the risks involved are identified and a detailed risk assessment done. This will ensure that adequate and appropriate controls are implemented to protect the safety and health of workers and road users (Shane & Kandil, 2012). While working on a roadway, adequate protection of the construction site needs to be undertaken. This can be done by putting up adequate sign posts, proper lighting and guarding measures to protect the work crew and other road users. Most road workers are exposed ...

The Guttmacher Institute has been providing research and policy analysis in the areas of sexual and reproductive health since the late 1960s. A major area of the organization’s research is in HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections. The Institute’s research is diverse and focuses on such disparate issues as education, sociology, and economics that interplay in cases of sexually transmitted diseases. Analyzing international and local attitudes towards sexual health, The Guttmacher Institute paints a comprehensive picture of the AIDS epidemic and how it is affecting the world. There are many viruses, bacteria, and other parasites that can cause ...

HIV and AIDS research has come a long way since the world first began to recognize HIV and AIDS as a problem in the 1980s. However, in much of the world, HIV and AIDS are still significant problems for much of the population. In the United States, HIV and AIDS are often associated most heavily with homosexuality and, in particular, homosexual men; however, there are many women infected with HIV. This research will investigate a number of questions regarding the intersection of gender and HIV-positive status. Because the link between the male homosexual community has been thoroughly studied, this ...

Hepatitis B Vaccination to Infants

Introduction Hepatitis B is considered to be very common in the United States. A study that was conducted shows that over one million Americans are considered to be infected by Hepatitis B and over half of them have no idea they are infected (London, 2011). It is an illness that is very infectious. The virus responsible for Hepatitis B is called Hepatitis B virus. It spreads when un-infected person comes in contact with the semen, body fluids and blood of infected person and it founds itself inside his immune system. This mostly happens through sharing of needles during drug ...

Ultraviolet light (UV) is a largely invisible variant of light which has intense electromagnetic energy and whose wavelength ranges from 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm. Normal visible light varies from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm. There are, however, levels at which UV light can be visible to some organisms like birds and insects. It is different from visible light because it is of its high concentration; can result in chemical reactions and can harm human beings. UV light is majorly derived from the sun. In addition there are other particular sources which can be utilized for production of these ...

The primary function of a vaccine program is not merely to protect the individual from the dangers of certain diseases, but to protect society as a whole through a concept known as herd immunity. Herd immunity is the byproduct of widespread vaccination programs; these programs protect everyone in society, even those who have not been vaccinated, by slowing or even halting the spread of diseases within the population (Dalgleish, 1996). The goals of the vaccination program are to reduce the spread of communicable diseases in high-risk populations, and to reduce the long-term need for care in these same populations. ...

According to Lilienfeld (2011), there are six principles of scientific thought that must be applied when utilizing scientific thinking. It is commonly believed that scientific thinking need only be applied to scientific concepts; however, this is not the case. These six scientific principles can be applied to any type of claim, regardless of subject matter; these principles are methods for analyzing claims in any realm of study. The six principles of scientific thinking, according to Lilienfeld (2011), are as follows: first, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence; next, that a claim must be falsifiable if it is to be ...

The Periodontal department in the Federal and Guarulhos universities conducted research on the prevalence of human papillomavirus in gingival tissue. During that period, human papillomavirus had been detected in several lesions such as condyloma acuminatum and focal epithelial. It was also suspected that HPV could be the cause of periodontal breakdown. The debris of the virus was the periodontal tissue. This led to the investigation of incidences of HPV-16 in the Brazilian gingival tissue. Several methods and materials were used to carry out the study. The samples were obtained from 104 participants. There were 56 cases with adverse periodontal ...

Abstract

Although developments have been made in hospitals to reduce incidences of Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs), particularly Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections (CLABSIs), infections continue to trouble medical practitioners. More than 20% of these infections are preventable if proper hygiene habits are practiced. The purpose of this paper is to show how the Stetler Model is implemented with a view to evaluating the existing evaluations for preventing CLABSIs. The Stetler Model has six steps: Preparation, validation, comparative evaluation, decision-making, translation & application and evaluation. Preparation comprises of defining the issue or problem and its significance. In this case CLABSI is ...

Cover letter

[insert your details] [insert your details] [insert the recepient’s details] [insert the recepient’s details]

February 2nd 2014

I am pleased to submit my manuscript entitled “Hepatitis B immunization in newborns.” Myname is [Fill in your name ]. I am submitting this manuscript for review This paper is on the safety of vaccines used in Hepatitis B imunization. Several vaccines have been found to contain substances that once in the system of the infants may cause diseases such as lymphoblastic leukemia. This paper focuses on critiquing a journal article by Francois et al (2005): Vaccine Safety Controversies and the Future of ...

The epidemiology of Influenza is currently being monitored because a pandemic had plagued the world three times (1918, 1959 and 1968) in the last century. It has been predicted that one or more pandemics awaits the world. It has been well known that a pandemic costs several diseases, death and interference in the entire world such that an outbreak may be underway simultaneously in different locations (http://www.flu.gov/planning-preparedness/states/planningresolutionor.html, 2014). Therefore, this need to prepare for an influenza pandemic that is yet to come requires a collective effort from all sectors of the society with the leadership of the federal government. ...

In this article Colin Campbell and Jill Colvin have reported over the protest to be held against annual influenza vaccination requirements. Mayor Michael Bloomberg is proposing mandatory flu vaccination for children under the age of five, and residing in New York. This mandate by the Health Department suggests that, the vaccination would prevent children against influenza. The Board of Health has reported 20,000 hospitalizations and between 30-150 deaths of children under five due to influenza. But a vocal group is opposing the idea on the basis that the vaccination is potentially dangerous. According to my viewpoint, people who ...

Vaccines are administered to prevent one from contracting a particular disease. Several common vaccinations are very advisable. It is a risk if they are not administered to children when they are young. They are left prone to contracting serious illnesses, either in their childhood or their old age. However, these vaccinations are majorly done out the parent’s free will and intention to protect their children. Making any vaccination mandatory unless in the outbreak of a pandemic may be termed as an intrusion to free will. Given the low death rate connected to influenza, it does not seem necessary ...

Thesis Proposal

Target 4a of the millennium development goals (MDGs) is to reduce by two-thirds the under-five mortality rate. So far, global statistics have shown that the mortality rate of this sector has been reduced by 17,000 deaths annually. However, the United Nations reports that in sub-Saharan Africa, one ten children die before reaching age five while it is one in sixteen children in Southern Asia. In these areas, as well as in low-income communities elsewhere, the role of community workers cannot be discounted, particularly in preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as measles and dengue fever. It is ...

Vaccinations

Part 1: Vaccinations are mandatory for most babies and school-aged children as they build the body’s immune response. What are some pros and cons of vaccines? Despite some reported risks of vaccines, for many medical professionals, these risks outweigh the benefits children get from them. Vaccines are believed to be responsible for the decline and prevention of infectious childhood diseases. However, vaccines do not guarantee 100% protection from illnesses. If a child contracts (who has been vaccinated) a particular disease, he or she experiences milder symptoms and complications (“Pro & Con Arguments,”2014), making it a lot easier to ...

Over the years, vaccines have been suspected to cause autism. A substance called thimerosal found in the mercury based vaccines that are used as a preservative has been the major point of discussion in vaccination. Even after research not finding a link between autism and thimerosal, many cases of autism have developed after, children have come from vaccination. At a time around 5000 families including the family of Hannah, claimed damages after a national vaccination program was blamed for causing autism to their children. In the case of Hannah the federals did agree that autism in her resulted from ...