Radiation Reports Samples For Students

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the report of the experiment carried out on the general concepts of thermal radiation. The experiment is made up of various small experiments which were carried out one after the other. The inverse square law of radiation was investigated using the Stefan-Boltzmann lamp. The relative rates of absorption of four different surfaces to two varying radiation source at different temperature were also investigated. Also, the Stefan-Boltzmann law at high temperatures, the rate of cooling of different surfaces relative to time, and the Stefan-Boltzmann relationship at near room temperature were investigated.
At the end, conclusion was ...

Article 1: Radiation Associated Brainstem Injury

The tolerance of the central nervous system (CNS) to radiation treatment is significant to patient under treatment for metastatic or primary diseases associated with neck, brain and head. In most cases, brainstem injury is graded by most widespread toxicity criterion of the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program based on symptoms. The first grade is considered mild, the second grade is moderate and without the capacity to interfere with daily living activities. The third grade presents extreme interference with the activities of daily living while the fourth grade is life threatening. The manifestation of severe radiation therapy induced central nervous system ...

Physics practical report: determining the range of a radiation and the energy content

Introduction
Most of the radiations emitted by sources usually emanate from radioactive isotopes. These isotopes may be naturally radioactive or the emission may be induced by an external source of energy. Natural isotopes are mainly elements whose atomic mass exceeds 208. For this reason, the atomic size is very large creating an aspect of imbalance in charge within the atom. The highly positively charged nucleus does not feel the same magnitude of negative charge effect from the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. This makes the nucleus to disintegrate naturally to release some energy as it scales down the ...

Global warming is the gradual and continuous increase in the atmospheric temperature. In the nineteenth century, global warming was a mere prediction. Scientist would say that with time, the earth temperature will start to rise at a slow but continuous rate. Today, global warming is a practical experience. Studies indicate that the average atmospheric temperature increases with 0.06o Celsius, (Houghton 2009). This rate is so alarming that if nothing is done about it, the will be adversely affected. Various evidences of global warming are evidenced in the today. Increases in global temperature coupled with melting of the polar ice ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Introduction about the Company

Honeywell is one of the globally leading US-based conglomerates, with earning revenue of $23.65 billion, as per 2001 available figures. It has numerous products, used in multiple areas of different industry segments and production facilities in all corners of the world. Aerospace is Honeywell’s leading industry segment where its experience of the line benefits the customers all around the world. Otherwise, Honeywell’s technology product range is quite varied. It is a leader in the manufacturing of technology products. Customers around the globe depend on Honeywell for its aerospace control technologies used in towers, houses and industry; automotive ...

1. Abstract
The sodium iodide scintillator detector is a very important type of inorganic scintillators. The main function of this scintillator is to detect gamma rays by interaction of ionizing radiation and the materials of that scintillator. In this experiment, we learned the applications of this detector and how the process of detecting happens.
2. Introduction
This lab experiment is designed to make the student learn about scintillation detectors and how do they detect gamma and beta ray such as the effect of a sodium iodide NaI(Tl) scintillator. This type of detector the scintillation materials interact with ...

ENGL 303-005: Technical Writing

Feasibility Study on Solutions to efficiently power an electrical vehicle
Abstract
“Feasibility Study on Solutions to Efficiently Power and Charge Electrical Vehicles”
The future of electric vehicles needs to shift toward the use of solar charging stations which can increase the feasibility of electric vehicles outside of urban areas. The solar powered charging stations can revolutionize the way the world views vehicles powered by renewable energy sources. These solar stations can be placed in rural areas which can allow the drivers to store and charge their vehicle, which will minimize the prevalence of vehicles being stranded without access to ...

I and my friend James wanted to find out the absorption capacity of different color pigments mixed in water, when exposed to the infra-red radiation. Our hypothesis was the dark color pigment, on being subjected to infra-red radiation, would absorb more energy and will show up in the form of difference in temperature obtained before and after the exposure. Our experiment was influenced by some of the experiences in daily life. First observation was the preference of the light color clothes in hot day, as the light color reflects the sunlight and absorbs the little, preventing the body from ...

Chapter 3: Introduction to the Atmosphere

This chapter is a basic introduction to the several properties of the atmosphere. Air is the main composition of the atmosphere and contains the majority of Nitrogen gas for 78% and Oxygen gas for 21%. The rest comprises of other gases. Although the atmospheric mixture also constitutes particulates such as dust, smoke, pollens, ash and other industrial emission. The atmosphere can be divided into homosphere and heterosphere. Different gases are scattered uniformly throughout this layer, unlike the composition in the heterosphere where each gas is separated in each layer. Located on the topmost part of the atmosphere is where the ...

Use of Fossil Fuels for Power Generation and the Need for Renewable Energy

According to Nelson (2011), more than 85% of the world’s energy consumption, which is estimated at 520 exajoules, is generated through the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal (p.19). Electric power generation from non-renewable sources will, unequivocally, result in their exhaustion and creation of a major energy crisis. For this reason, it appears primordial to shift in a greater scale to alternate power generation, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, etc. Amongst these, Sorensen (2011) explains that though hydroelectric power does represent one of the major forms of power generation, its growth is stagnant ...

The worst nuclear incident on the land of the US happened on March 28, 1979, as it was the famous Three Mile Island accident, which was a nuclear meltdown in one of the two reactors of Three Mile Island in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, US. The incident was also rated a five, in the group “Accidents with wider Consequences” on the International Nuclear Event Scale, which has seven as the maximum rate. The accident itself began with the halting of the secondary systems of non-nuclear group, which resulted with the failure of primary system`s relief valve, which was operated by a pilot. ...

Introduction about the Radioisotopes

In this paper, a trainee is going to learn about the operation and handling of radioisotopes. Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine using the radiation to analyze the function of the organs. This information is used by the physicians to have an accurate diagnosis. The radioisotopes are used to determine the affected organs in our body. The problems, like, thyroid, organs, bones, and many other organs can be easily imaged using this device. Over 10, 000 hospitals are currently using the radioisotopes in the medical field. The radioisotopes are the common isotopes used for diagnosis in technetium – 99. In the ...

Abstract

Electrons of an atom exist in well defined energy levels which can jump to higher energy levels on absorbing thermal or electrical energy. The atomic absorption is subsequently followed by emission of light radiation. The wavelength of this emitted radiation is distinct and characteristic of every atom. With the help of a spectrometer the wavelength of these electromagnetic radiations can be visualized and measured. The emission lines in all other series for the atom can then be calculated using the Balmer-Rydberg equation. This establishes an inter-connection between the electronic transitions and the corresponding wavelengths which can be depicted in the ...

Introduction:

Everyone knows that mobile phones nowadays have all sorts of foibles and functions which actually make the mind boggle sometimes. Picture yourself in a room with nothing to do and lots of time to kill and without a phone to play upon. You will obviously see what you can do to acquire one and although a smartphone is a good solution, you have to be careful on what might happen if you don’t use it well.
A smart phone is a gadget which is in all sorts of use nowadays and this is true both in the world of work and also ...

at Rex Hill Winery

Management of Rex Hill Winery has been highly concerned about climate change. They have heard about the Solar Sprint campaign to go solar now before the federal tax credit expires at the end of 2016. They also knew about the other incentives available on installation of solar electrical systems. Considering environmental benefits, they desired to install a PV solar panel system at their property. However, they wished to take a final decision on the project based on a feasibility study. As Rex Hill’s consultant, I have been entrusted the job of preparation of a ...

Purpose

The aim of the experiment is to establish the calibration curve of the pyrometer.
Introduction
Optical polymers are some of the oldest and the simplest non-contact technique of estimating the temperature of a radiating object. It employs the use of color observation to estimate the temperature of a radiating object. Optical pyrometers are used as radiation thermometers to determine the temperatures of radiation wavelengths of both visible and infrared radiation bands (Chapra and Raymond 56). Optical pyrometers are classified according to their operating techniques and wavelengths. Some of the major classifications of optical pyrometer include; tow color pyrometers, disappearing ...

Bader Alanazi

Chemistry 101, Section 7
TA: Hannah
03 / 19 / 2013

Introduction

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that also includes microwaves and radio waves. Light energy is made up of photons which shows the properties of a wave in that they oscillate up and down as they move through space (Fritzsch, 2005). The main factor that separates the different types of electromagnetic radiations is that each of them has a different wavelength. For instance, the visible light is comprised of radiation with wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nm. The difference in these wavelengths is perceived by the human ...

Influence of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 2

Economic growth of countries outside the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 4
Bric: Brazil, Russia, India and China 5
Trade between non-OECD countries 5
Climate Change Policy 7
The greenhouse effect 7
Strengthening the greenhouse effect 8
Global climate change 8
Oil reserves in the world 10
Influence of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
OPEC long ago lost its hegemony in the world oil market but remains a major influence on prices against the formidable challenge of US oil shale. OPEC decided she decides to continue producing in abundance not to give more ground to ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experimental task was to investigate the possibility of using circular rods of different materials made from different materials and having different diameters as heat fins. Extend surfaces of heat fins allow for additional heating and cooling capacity in a cheap and passive way. The fins are intended for use in cooling a reactor by use of the surrounding air. Models were developed based on several assumptions for the simplification of the derivation of the steady and unsteady state temperature distribution state in a solid rod heated at one of the edges.
The models derived shall ...

Chemicals have hazardous characteristics. These characteristics are; toxic, flammable, explosive and reactive. Hazard characteristics illustrate the chemical and physical aspects that have the ability of causing damage to individuals, environment and also property. Chemicals are usually hazardous, and similarly also the chemical processes and equipment. Accidents usually occur in the laboratory, and it illustrates events occurrences that generate unintended death, property damage and injury. Laboratory incidences illustrate the containment loss, of materials and resultant energy. Consequences illustrate the analysis of expected effects of the incident; for instance, lung failure or cancer. Scenario illustrates the events description, which causes accidents. ...

Infrared Camera (or IR Camera) is a device that utilizes infrared radiation to form images. The rational of the camera is similar to a common camera that uses visible to capture image (Thermal imaging cameras for Research and Developments, n.d). However, the IR camera deviates from the normal nanometer range of visible light which is 450-479 nanometers, IR cameras function in wavelengths reaching up to 14,000 nm longs. The device had a long history behind at. Sir William Herschel pioneered the discovery of infrared, but the infrared rays were used mainly to measure thermal energy. The detectors were used during the ...

LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser is a powerful source of light with properties that are not found in normal light sources. Laser sensors offer long ranges of detections and high resolutions. They are good at accuracy, speed and reliability. They work at temperatures irrespective of variations. Lasers occur in various mediums such as solid, liquid, gas and semiconductor.
Laser is an electronic diode that converts an energy source into a thin and concentrated beam of light, which is used to detect very small objects or to reach very high distances. The laser ...

There has been use of a broad range of methods for controlling bacterial growth. The specific method employed is based on the kind of bacteria, as well as the nature of the material for which the user is seeking. Therefore, in order to control bacteria that form endospore needs techniques varied from the ones utilized for other cells, while surgical equipment sterilization would need treatments that are different from the ones employed in prevention of infection of an injury. Ultraviolet light, denoted as UV, can be termed as an electromagnetic radiation, which has a wavelength ranging from 100 to 300 nm. ...

Introduction

Pollutant gases tend to have an impact on both health and environment. Many nations rely on oil for energy use and advancement, hence imports every last bit of its oil and gas needs. Unfortunately, this has brought about dangerous effects upon the environment such as affecting the ozone, causes global warming, acid rain and smog. This may come about when fossil fuels are burnt to form these gases. The formation of toxic gases and their harmful impacts on human health and environment as well as biological effects by thermal pollution that is equivalent to the burning processes are being ...

Other Current and Emerging Issues in Health Care

Lesson4:1-Decision-Making Concerning Individuals: Consent
Lesson 4:2- Decision-Making Concerning Individuals: Reproductive and End-of-Life Issues
Lesson 4:3 -The Impact of Globalization & Emerging Technology
Abstract
This document contains three essays pertaining to the lesson entitled ‘Other Current and Emerging Issues in Health Care’ outlining three subject areas. Lesson4:1 relates Decision-Making Concerning Individuals: Consent; Lesson 4:2- Decision-Making Concerning Individuals: Reproductive and End-of-Life Issues and Lesson 4:3 -The Impact of Globalization & Emerging Technology.
Lesson4:1-Decision-Making Concerning Individuals: Consent
Question 1:- Case Study, Mrs. Mary Smith.

Step 1: Facts

- She was admitted to Jones Memorial Hospital
- Initially her injuries did ...

Introduction

Solar heaters have been popularized in recent years for use in tertiary and residential areas. This has happened mostly in the third world countries. The reason behind this encouragement to use solar heaters is the reduction of cost and improving the performance. This has necessitated the use, and testing of solar heaters to produce hot water. The solar heater is fundamentally made up of tanks that act as solar absorbers ad storage bases for warm water. This is used in glazing to profit the green house effect and the insulating cases. The solar heaters can be made from ordinary ...

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is cancer, which emanates from the breast tissues, normally the lobules, or the milk ducts. The one which starts from the milk ducts are identified as ductal carcinomas whereas the one which starts from the lobules are identified as lobular carcinomas (Saunders & Jassal, 2009). After lung cancer, breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer across the globe. Although it is a women disease, close to 1% of its cases are reported in men.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

The most significant causes of breast cancer include the advancing age and hereditary factors. A woman whose daughter, mother or sister has the ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance ...

1.0 Introduction
Breast cancer is a type of disease where certain breast cells develop abnormally mostly in the milk ducts and lobules leading to formation of tumors. The exact cause of breast cancer is a topic that has flavored many debates and researches but still remains unknown. However a plethora of research has established that certain risk factors have a direct linkage with breast cancer. Breast cancer related risk factors are wide and varied and may include lifestyle choices like smoking/ diet or factors that are beyond the control of a person like gender, age or family history. It is however worth noting ...

[City and State]

Introduction

Structures such as large buildings can create its own unique internal environment that can significantly impact the comfort and health of its occupants. After many years of investigating and studying building infrastructures, engineers and designers have increased their understanding and knowledge on the environmental conditions that exists within the building in relation to its physical properties. For the same reason, a solid background in building physics is an integral part of a building’s design, particularly in this modern era wherein green buildings are the rising trend. Most modern buildings integrate building physics prior to construction ...

Wave and Wind Power Generation

Wind Physics Basics
Wind is atmospheric air which is in motion
Energy Source
The earth surface absorbs solar radiation differently. Some parts absorb more radiation than other. This creates pressure zones. As a result of pressure, air moves from high-pressure zones to low-pressure zones. This causes atmospheric air motion known as wind. Wind is a renewable source of energy. It is constantly available free of charge (Bhattacharyya, 2011).

Spatial scales

Atmospheric air motion can be categorized depending in terms of spatial scale. Four spatial scales identified include planetary scale, synoptic scale, mesoscale, and microscale. There are various types of spatial scales ...

Thermal conductivity is defined as a material’s property to conduct heat. Heat transfer across materials occurs in materials that have lower thermal conductivity and transfers faster in materials with high conductivity. It is important to determine the thermal conductivity of materials since different materials are used for different applications. For instance, materials with high conductivity are more efficient when they are used as heat sinks since they can conduct heat away faster. Those with lower thermal conductivity are often used as insulators (Callister 78).
The classical transfer of energy happens through conduction, radiation, convection or combination of all ...

Introduction

The advancement in computing technologies has been accompanied by increased exposure of the users to ethical violations including software threats, immorality, legal issues, confidentiality, and trust. The use of computers affects people’s decisions as well as how they make them. Computers persuade, facilitate, and enable various human cognitive processes, attitudes or processes while inhibiting and discouraging others. For example, while performing an internet search, internet search engines usually prioritize and provide information in a given order. As such, they influence what internet users see. These technological artifacts become “active mediators” because they shape people’s actions and perceptions, ...

Solving Social Problems: Solar Energy in Rural India

The developing world grapples with the lack of access to electricity. Third world countries have poor electrical infrastructure which is still in the nascent stages of development. As a result, majority of people, especially those living in rural areas, have no access to electricity. The reach of the electrical grid in countries is limited to towns, and the poor who have access to electrical power supply suffer frequent and prolonged power blackouts. As a result, people in such countries result to unclean and unhealthy means of lighting, such as kerosene and diesel generators. The kerosene lamps cause respiratory problems ...

Part one: Experimental procedure

The experiment to establish the extended surface heat transfer employed the use of two apparatus: Extended surface heat transfer accessory (HT15) and heat transfer service unit (HT10X). The extended surface heat transfer accessory heater was connected to the HT10XC. The thermocouples from the HT15 were then connected to the HT10XC. This was followed by setting the voltage control potentiometer to a minimum. The switch selector was then set to manual. The voltage of the heater was set to 6 V and the measurements were taken afterward. The above steps were repeated for heater voltage of 9 V and 12 ...

Introduction

The advancement in computing technologies has been accompanied by increased exposure of the users to ethical violations including software threats, immorality, legal issues, confidentiality, and trust. The use of computers affects people’s decisions as well as how they make them. Computers persuade, facilitate, and enable various human cognitive processes, attitudes or processes while inhibiting and discouraging others. For example, while performing an internet search, internet search engines usually prioritize and provide information in a given order. As such, they influence what internet users see. These technological artifacts become “active mediators” because they shape people’s actions and perceptions, ...

Verification of the Beer-Lambert Law for Solutions of Copper Sulphate and Determination of the Concentration of a Given Solution of Copper Sulphate

Introduction

The determination of elements concentrations in water media is an important task in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. The main requirements are accuracy, simplicity of operations, speed and cost of the analysis (Hunt 1995). The spectroscopic analysis is widely applied for routine measurements and research needs (Lindon 2010). The experiment is dedicated to determination of copper sulphate in water using the molecular absorption (Kenkel 2003). The first stage of the experiment performs absorbance measurements of the solutions ...

Introduction

A motion detector refers to a device that is used to detect objects on motion, specifically people. This device is sometimes integrated as a system component that performs a task automatically or alerts the user of any motion detected in an area. In addition, motion detectors are very important component of home control, security, energy efficiency, automated lighting control, and other vital systems. There are four different types of detectors/sensors that are used in a motion sensor spectrum, and they include passive infrared (PIR), Ultrasonic, Microwave and Tomographic motion detector.

The earlier designs were very unreliable. For example, the automatic sensor-based lighting would ...

Introduction 3

Background on Report 3
Current Technologies
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Technology 5
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 8
Solar Heating and Cooling (SCH) Technology 10
Analysis and Recommendation 11
Conclusion 12
Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Diagram of a P-N junction in a Photovoltaic Cell 6
Figure 2: A Typical Parabolic Through CSP System 9
Figure 3: Wakiki Shore Apartments in Honolulu, Hawaii 11

Used in Contemporary Society

Introduction
The use of fossil fuels results in combustion gases which contribute to global warming. Furthermore, these combustion gases result in air pollution which is detrimental to the ...

Figure 1 Structure of solar cell ("Rethinking energy: Towards," 2014) 4
Figure 2 Internal structure solar cell ("Rethinking energy: Towards," 2014) 5
Figure 3 Working principle of solar modules (Rongqiang) 5
Figure 4 Installation mechanism of photovoltaic cell to generate electricity (Rongqiang). 6
Figure 5 Electricity production by PV cell during 1999-2010 (Rongqiang) 6
Figure 6 Worldwide PV installation in the year 2005 (Rongqiang) 7
Figure 7 Classification PV cells, (http://sovoxglobal.com/cell_classification.html) 7
Figure 8 Internal structure of crystalline silicon cell 8
Figure 9 working phenomena of thin film cell 8

Solar Energy: Role of Photovoltaic Cells

Executive ...

and Aids in Fighting the Risk of Skin Cancer

Educating and Informing the Public on this Solution

The Importance of Sunscreen Solutions in New Zealand
New Zealand is a country with an adequate amount of sunshine fairly well spread both in terms of seasons as well as geography. Even winters are relatively bright and most cities in New Zealand recieve more than 2000 hours of bright sunshine in year. With every passing year, the ozone layer of the earth gets depleted, thus enabling the passage of UV rays that are known to affect the skin in multiple ways including premature aging, skin cancers as well as other ...

- Introductory Information
Fresh Water shortage is a serious concern in arid regions of the world which are defined as dry, sandy regions where rainfall is rare and suffers from sparse vegetation and extreme temperatures. With 80% of the arid regions having serious droughts and nearly 40% of the population of this world residing these regions this is a serious issue transpiring (Prudhomme, 2002). High intensity and less rainfall increases crisis of water as wetlands, reservoirs and river get empty. Global warming adds to the uncertainty in these regions over the availability of water in future. It is becoming evident ...

Biology

The electron microscope has proven to be invaluable in the study of proteins and has enhanced our understanding of cellular biology. The importance to understanding disease and trauma to the body as well as treatments cannot be overstated. Genetic research such as studies of the mechanisms of protein folding is better understood due to electron microscopy.
The image of a sample such as a slice of a fibril or a “newly synthesized chain of amino acids” (Dobson, 2003, p. 884) created by an electronic beam. The Transmitting Electron Microscope (TEM) transmits the electron beam through a sample whereas the SEM scans the surface ...

The theory of plate tectonics describes the wide­scale movements of the lithosphere of

the earth. The model is based on the ideas of continental drift, which first gained acceptance in
the early 1900s. The geoscientific community granted the theory even more validity after the
notion of seafloor spreading appeared in the late 1950s. Basically, the lithosphere is not whole
but instead is separated into either seven or eight major plates, depending on the definition that
you use. Every meeting point between plates has its own relative movement, either transform,
convergent or divergent. Volcanic activity, mountain creation and earthquakes all occur along
these edges, and the plates ...

Chapter 4: The Origin of Modern Astronomy (Summary & Reflection)

Chapter 4 of “Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond” starts with a description of the geocentric view that that the Early Greeks held of the universe. It was Aristotle’s conclusion that the Earth is spherical in shape. In A.D. 140, the Ptolemaic system, a more refined form of the Greeks’ geocentric view, was presented by Claudius Ptolemy. According to Ptolemy, the planets orbited the Earth in epicycles or small circles. It was Nicolaus Copernicus who proposed that the sun is at the center of the universe and the plants orbit around it. Tycho Brahe made the most precise astronomical observations ...

Introduction

Immunotherapy is a process through which diseases related to or rather affecting the immune system are treated by simply ensuring the capabilities of the immune system are improved.

Such is possible through various ways but the most common method of enhancing the immune system and ensuring its effective is through vaccination. This can also be made possible by eliminating or alternatively controlling some immune responses as evident when dealing with allergy issues. According to Edwin Smith Papyrus, treatment of most complex diseases was effected through surgery as it was considered the most effective method of treatment. This was mostly as ...