Essays on Calibration

Introduction

The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of a solute on the freezing point of a solvent. When a solute is added to a pure solvent, the freezing point of the solvent is lowered as compared to its pure form. This decrease in freezing point of the solvent is known as “Freezing Point Depression”. A similar phenomenon occurs in the boiling of such solvents, but instead of decreasing, the boiling point is increased due to the addition of the solute. This phenomenon is known as “Boiling Point Elevation”. Such phenomena, including others, are known as colligative ...

Abstract

The aim of the experiment is to plot the calibration curve for deteremination of antigen 4D5 by performing ELISA experiment. The primary antibody was blocked by bovine serum albumin, then it reacted with IgG (secondary antibody). Then, the system was washed with carbonate, blocking and substrate buffers. Three replicate experiments were performed, and the experiment was performed with the serial dilutions. By measuring the optical density of the diluted solutions, the calibration line was obtained and the region with the linear dependence “concentration – optical density” was determined. The callibaraion line can be used for the practical tasks: for detecting ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of different substances. This is achieved by determining the end point(s) of different titrations using the automated potentiometric titrator. These points are known as equivalence points. The units of measurement are the standard units used in titrations i.e. Molarity (moles/liter) of substances used while the quantities of these substances are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method which measures the potential between two electrodes, namely reference and indicator, with the change in the volume of the reagent that is added, known as the titrant. ...

Introduction

A load cell is a transducer used to convert a physical quantity (force) to electrical quantity (voltage). A strain gage is one of the commonest types of load cells. In these types of load cells, gages are connected to a structure that bends on the application of a force. A Wheatstone bridge circuit is a four type strain traducer that gives a maximum sensitivity as well as temperature compensation (Westwood 38). A quarter or half bridge are used to perform the same purpose. In the Wheatstone bridge device, two gages are under tension while the other two are in ...

Part 1

The equipment used to assess VO2 max and lactate threshold includes the h/p/cosmos Pulsar 5.0 treadmill, the Cosmed Quark PFT Ergo testing equipment, the Cosmed V2 mask, the HR Belt Cosmed-ANT (w/transmitter), and a computer.

Calibration Processes

The preliminary step for the experiment is to perform the calibration of the equipment. The treadmill velocity should be calibrated by marking a point and noting the time it takes to complete a predetermined number of revolutions. This time is used to calculate the velocity by using the length of the belt, which should also be measured. These calibrations should be performed at different ...

Introduction

Spectrophotometry is one of the most common and efficient means of chemical analysis currently used in estimating the concentration of some chemicals. The technique exploits the radiation absorption property of various chemical substances in determining their concentrations. Spectrophotometry is based on Beer-Lambert Law. Beer-Lambert Law is the linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species (Nair, 2010; Burrows et al., 2013). The mathematical expression of Beer-Lambert Law is shown in equation1 below: A=aλ*b*c Equation 1 In the equation 1 shown above, A represents the measured absorbance, a is the absorptivity coefficient which depends on ...

Introduction

The ‘best fit' approach refers to the establishment of an alignment between Human resource strategies and Organizational strategies. In this method, the strategies held by the human resource department should be structured to aid in the achievement of goals set for the entire organization (Bratton, 2007). On the other hand, Best practice approach entails the implementation of a combination of the finest practices in human resource management, which focus on high commitment, involvement, and performance. This approach is done with the aim of achieving improved performance of the organization as a whole. This paper will focus on the major ...

Abstract

Further experiment is devoted to an adjustable air damper coefficient measurement. To calculate this coefficient, a flexible air damper is used in the experiment. Three integrative components of the experiments were applied: Lab View, air damper, and the potentiometer. First, test focuses on the equation ratio between the position and the voltage (d = -0.3504 V + 1.8397). Further, the experiment considers velocity measurement with the help of different weights. The main statement of the experiment is that the Damping factor Value is 2.8111lb*s Incp. Based on this value, further experiment is conducted. This value means a constant nature of ...

Abstract

The research is dedicated to studies of activated carbons performance in the wastewater treatment process of dye removal. The experiment was performed to assess the efficiency of the commercial activated carbons (F100, F600, F820, SGL 8×30, CAL, AP4-60, OLC12×30) in adsorption process for Dylon Burlesque Red removal. The effect of pH, type of activated carbon, dye, contact time, and salinity was studied. The experiments were performed by measuring the absorbances of the solutions before and after contact with the activated carbon. The absorbance was evaluated with UV-vis spectrometry. The adsorption of the dye took place on all ...

Chapter 1

Introduction

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that ...

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that are ...

Introduction

The kinetic characteristics are important for the design of chemical engineering processes. They allow assessing the time required for the reaction and choosing the temperature range suitable for the reaction. The reaction path is observed by measurments the transmittance of the Crystal Violet solution that reacts with sodium hydroxide. The concentration, and the color of the solution changes with the reaction flow, and this is measured by the spectrophotometer.

The data are plotted as concentration - time and logarithm concentration time, and the reaction rate is:

Rate = [Crystal Violet] [Sodium Hydroxide]. Using the excess concentration of one of the reagents, the reaction rate with respect to the other reagent is found from logarithmic plot (Rahul & Chakrabarti ...

Introduction

Quinine is a basic organic amine which is found in the bark of cinchona tree. It has a long history of relationship with humanity. The extracts from the bark containing quinine were used to treat malaria from the 17th century but as a pure chemical substance, it was isolated from the bark only in 1820 (Achan et al. 144). Its chemical formula is C20H24N2O2, according to IUPAC its systematic name is (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol. Its structure is shown in Fig. 1. Quinine is used for a variety of purposes. It is still used for ...

Smoking is one of the most harmful habits dangerous to the health of not only smokers but also others. Currently, smoking has become a massive "epidemic" common among men, women and even children. The fact that smoking is harmful to health know everyone, but not all realize the true extent of its impact. Damage to health damage is delayed in time and not immediate, but gradual, usually after 10-20 years after the onset of smoking. Therefore, many smokers at first do not notice changes in their health status and believe that nothing will happen to them in the future, ...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

Part 1. Absorbance Spectra

The SpectroVis spectrophotometer cable was plugged into the LabQuest. The spectrophotometer was then calibrated by selecting the corresponding command from the menu. After the lamp has been warmed up, the cuvette filled with deionized water was put into the device, and the calibration was finished. Then, the cuvette with the red solution was wiped and inserted into the sample compartment with its clear face facing the arrow. The spectrum of the solution was obtained (using Start and Stop buttons). The results were saved and hidden using the File Cabinet. The cuvette with the red solution was removed from the ...

Purpose

The aim of the experiment is to establish the calibration curve of the pyrometer. Introduction Optical polymers are some of the oldest and the simplest non-contact technique of estimating the temperature of a radiating object. It employs the use of color observation to estimate the temperature of a radiating object. Optical pyrometers are used as radiation thermometers to determine the temperatures of radiation wavelengths of both visible and infrared radiation bands (Chapra and Raymond 56). Optical pyrometers are classified according to their operating techniques and wavelengths. Some of the major classifications of optical pyrometer include; tow color pyrometers, disappearing ...

Abstract

Human activities have a significant influence on marine life. Pollutants from landfills, dumps, mines, farms, etc. can pollute the ocean and later through the food chain cause harm to all land animals and humans as well. Protein is a very important structural component of an organism. Using protein for energy is an inefficient form of metabolism and in the long run detrimental to the organism. A significant low level of protein content was noticed in Mytilus californianus or (mussels) obtained from the polluted environment when compared to the tissue of Mytilus californianus obtained from pristine environment. Organism that are ...

Introduction

An acid (HA) is defined as that substance that in an aqueous solution that dissociates to yield up H3O+ ion and a conjugate A-, that is; 1

An Equilibrium constant Ka is used to measure the strength of the acid. The constant can be represented as;

2 A strong acid has a very large Ka; its equilibrium moves towards the right-hand side of equation (1). Concentration of dissociated acid [HA] is very small as well. A weak acid has a small Ka (less than one). It is slightly dissociated where H3O+ ion and a conjugate A- concentration is smaller than that of the acid. An acid/base titration is monitored with an indicator or a pH meter. The aim ...

Introduction

Most projects require materials of varying characteristics that need to be considered before the execution of such projects. A good analysis criteria should be employed when determining the properties of the material in question. One of the ways to analyze a material such as soil is the Undrained shear strength (Suc). This report explains the analysis carried out on a soil sample and the resulting classification according to AASHTO and USCS standards.

Materials

Harvard compaction device Compression device Evaporating dish Spatula Squeeze bottle Metal pan Clayey soil Procedure A sample of about 500grams of soil finer than # 40 sieve is ...

Introduction

Using membrane for gas separation by numerous industries and fields is highly associated with easy operability, low energy costs, light weight and compactness of the process.

Organizational need

There is an organizational need by Learning Curve Consultants’ client to generate relatively pure nitrogen and oxygen gasses within the organization for the application in various processes through the use of high-pressure air as feed. The client has the need to investigate the possibility of employing the use of polymer membranes to produce both nitrogen and oxygen gasses. As a consequence, the customer has presented the team with two bench scale gas membrane ...

Executive summary

This experiment seeks to compute the overall mass transfer coefficients for nitrogen gas and oxygen gas via a polymer membrane under different experimental conditions. The calculation of the overall mass transfer coefficient of the gasses will aid in establishing how the permeability of the polymer membrane is affected by altering these conditions. The experiment employs the calculation of the separation factor in determining the efficiency of a membrane in separating oxygen gas from nitrogen gas. It uses the measured values of flow rates, exit streams and flow rate composition of the membrane component to calculate the mass transfer coefficients. ...

Introduction

Knowledge of how rapidly reaction proceeds is among the most important for practice in chemistry and chemical engineering. We often use casual descriptions of reaction rate such as “slow” or “fast” in our lives, however, such information can be scarcely enough for practical and industrial applications, such as running a chemical plant, for example. While there is a huge spectrum of the reaction rates that are present in nature – from the extremely slow steel oxidation to extremely rapid gas combustion, the quantitative measure is needed to compare them practically. For a general reaction in solution:

the kinetic rate expression ...

Verification of the Beer-Lambert Law for Solutions of Copper Sulphate and Determination of the Concentration of a Given Solution of Copper Sulphate

Introduction

The determination of elements concentrations in water media is an important task in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. The main requirements are accuracy, simplicity of operations, speed and cost of the analysis (Hunt 1995). The spectroscopic analysis is widely applied for routine measurements and research needs (Lindon 2010). The experiment is dedicated to determination of copper sulphate in water using the molecular absorption (Kenkel 2003). The first stage of the experiment performs absorbance measurements of the solutions ...

Summary

This experiment is about the static calibration of a differential pressure transducer. Test measurements are done to find the range of input and output of the transducer, and to determine the “best-fit” line that models how the voltage reading would equate to the real pressure measurement. The input pressure comes from a hydraulic ram with pressure gauge. The output of the differential pressure transducer is in voltage, and is measured by a digital voltmeter. The input pressure is varied from 0 to 6 bar, and the three voltage readings are recorded for each pressure step value.

Introduction

The differential pressure ...

A Dissertation Methodology

The electro-microprobe technology Modern geochemists (Donovan et al, 2003) generally agree that modern electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) is bringing the most precise and most accurate chemical analyses for solid specimens today. Moreover, these highest-quality results can be brought to routine achievements under carefully crafted analytical protocols. The modern EMPA technology already incorporates qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in a non-destructive mechanism even from micron-sized samples of surface materials at a sensitivity of many parts per million (ppm) (Cameca, 2012). In fact, a number of EMPA equipment today can incorporate one or two others of the four major surface and ...

Introduction

Consumer dissatisfaction normally leads to sales decline and switching of customers loyalty to another brand of product. Inability in meeting consumer expectation due to reduction in quality or quantity leads to dissatisfaction. According to , consumers use the height of the container in making volume judgment. Customers engage in quality assurance behaviors in attempts to increase their satisfaction and to recover from service failures. A study on Consumer response to service and product quality explained that negative service incidents can harm owner perceptions of both the dealer and the manufacturer.

Hypothesis A hypothesis was designed to know if the ...

Fire safety engineering

ID:

Abstract

The primary purpose of this research is to illustrate the best practices which need to be followed in order to minimize the risks of leakages and mishaps resulting from the leakages. As the demand of LNG is on constant rise, the need of the hour is to prevent the leakages which may result either from the technical glitch or lack of adherence to the standard processes to be followed as recommended by the best practices through industrial standard. It is known that the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is not as harmful as the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and ...

Abstract

The assessment of respiratory functions is mandatory in the diagnosis of lung diseases and related disorders. These functions are assessed by measuring the lung volumes and capacities. In the present experiment, we learnt the use and operation of BIOPAC airflow transducer for measuring the lung volumes. We understood the rationale behind the precautions taken while experimentation. We could successfully correlate the obtained results with the physiological conditions of the subjects of the study.

Experiment on Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory system is a vital system of human physiology. It is involved with the gaseous exchange wherein oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled from the ...

Appeal to the Audience

The report talks about the importance of controller tunings in controlling industrial equipment. According to the report, controller valves are important in controlling the flow rat, the amount of input in machinery and also the amount of output of the machine. The importance of the controllers can be seen in controlling a water cooling machine in which case a slow controller would be inappropriate to be used. The importance of a feedback controller on the other hand is the essence that it enables the determination of an error that may occur between a set point and the process value hence determining the output ...

Questions to Answers

- What is the difference between Active and passive sampling? Active sampling is different from passive sampling in that it employs an air sampling pump that serves to actively pull air and pass it through a collection device, for instance a filter. On the other hand, passive sampling does not need active air movement, like the one generated by a pump. Instead, vapors and airborne gases are collected through a physical process including permeating via a membrane or diffusion through a layer of static air. - What is the difference between Instantaneous (real-time) and integrated (continuous) monitoring? Instantaneous monitoring refers to the ...

Lab Partner’s Name:

Room Number 428 Lab Date and Time Wed AM Abstract Bananas are a fruit that must be transported under specific conditions to avoid ripening before they reach their destination. Fruit ripening can be quantified by examining the levels of glucose residues that are hydrolyzed from complex carbohydrates such as starches. This study set out to determine whether banana ripeness could be quantified using a DNS assay. This assay was also used to identify which storage conditions serve best for maintaining bananas during transport. The results of this study indicate that refrigeration can prevent banana fruit from overripening during ...

Tactical Planning

Tactical Planning 3. Managerial process plans. This sections entails the management priorities and objectives of team Foxtrot as well as the process management plans. There will be addition of more plans as the document evolves 3.1 management priorities and objectives. The primary objectives of team Foxtrot is to make sure that the project is completed successfully. The following must be performed by the team for the project to be considered successful: - Utilize good engineering techniques in product development by applying the methods learned in class, putting reflective learning in practice and experiencing a new ...

There are many people who object to the use of standardized assessments to provide information about the academic progress of children. These objections generally revolve around the fact that one test cannot accurately gauge the progress of so many different personality types and learning styles, and around the fact that many standardized assessments contain inherent cultural biases that make them unfit measuring tools for students from a diverse collection of backgrounds. However, standardized assessments have more benefits for teachers and educational planners than they have drawbacks. They provide evidence of validity, calibration and reliability for tests and curricula, and they ...

Introduction

One of the most important part of protein assay is the determination of protein concentration. There are diverse methods used for protein concentration determination, but the most widely used are the spectroscopic methods of analysis or spectroscopy. Spectroscopy usually involves the determination between the correlations of the degree of interaction of light with the analyte, which is the proteins in this particular experiment. There are different types light to analyte interactions and one of these is the absorbance of light or electromagnetic radiation by the analyte. This type of spectrometry is called absorbance spectrometry.

Principle involved in absorbance spectrometry and spectrometers

The majority of substances absorb ...

The research article entitled “Determination of volatile compounds in different hop varieties by headspace-trap GC/MS -In comparison with conventional hop essential oil analysis” is authored by Anita Aberl and Mehmet Coelhan of the Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. This article appeared in the “Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry” of ACS publications in the year 2012 and attempted to compare the efficiency and accuracy of Head Space (HS)-trap method coupled with GC/MS and conventional essential oil analysis method. Humulus lupulus L., commonly known as hop is responsible for the bitter flavor and ‘hoppy’ ...

[Class Name]

Aim/Objectives The aim of this experiment is to quantify the how much salicylic acid is collected between three different urine samples. A control sample, samples taken from subjects taking sodium bicarbonate to make the urine more basic, and samples from subjects taking ammonium chloride to make the urine more acidic. Using the assays provided, we will attempt to quantify the amount of salicylic present in the urine sample by the concentration and pH level since the ionization of salicylic acid is dependent on urinary pH.

Abstract/Introduction

Salicylic acid, a major component of Aspirin, is a compound used to ease ...

~200 keV Radiation Field Appropriate research problems and proposal: Could scientists create a radiation detector that can measure all forms radiation energy with the same accuracy over a wide energy range, and if they cannot, what technological progress has taken place today that may improve the radiation detection procedures and equipment is used. Arguably, radiation detectors and dosimeters are important tools to evaluate radiation exposure and ensure a safe work area. However, no single detector can measure all forms of radiation level with similar accuracy and efficiency yet there are different types of particles that produce radiation. As a result, different ...

GROUP #

TA: Mohan Gogineni Lab section: PHY 122/Line # XXXX/Time Slot: XX pm – YY pm Abstract Contact forces occur when two surfaces interact and are in direct contact. These forces can either be normal, which is described as being perpendicular to the surface; and friction, which is parallel to the contact surface and is also known as the force that resists motion, slowing down objects as they move about. There are two types of frictional forces: the static friction force (fs) which is the force that acts on an object at rest to prevent it from sliding; and ...

Introduction

Process control is the process where technologies is required to be implement and design control systems in the process industries. The main objective of the process control is to maintain and bring about the conditions of the process at optimal values. It includes computer simulation and optimization, physical and empirical modeling, automation of hardware and software, control structure design and many others. Process industries are the process where material and energy streams interact and transform each other. It includes continuous sequential processes that refer to process units, enterprises, and whole plants. Additionally, process components are also prevalent in other ...

[university name]

ABSTRACT

Studying of the outer space is called space science. The space exploration is the discovery and exploration of the outer space. The study of space is mainly done by the astronomers, later it was made as one of the divisions of space science. The astronomers explore the outer space with the help of the telescope. The physical explorations are conducted by the unmanned robotic probes and human space flight. In early centuries, the space race occurred between the Soviet Union and the United States of America during the period of cold war. The abstract of this research ...

C1=0.002M (SCN concentration) [Fe(SCN)2+] will be the same

V1 – volume of SCN solution (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 ml)

V2=100ml (total volume of solution) That is how we obtain data ([Fe(SCN)2+]) for calibration curve. It is incorrect to multiple absorbance on volume for finding [Fe(SCN)2+]. Use abovementioned formula. When we built calibration curve in Excel we used function “Find trend line” on the diagram and click at the option “Show equation on the diagram” The obtained equation is y=0.0003*x-0.000009. A1=0.002*0/100=0M A2=0.002*5/100=0.0001M A3=0.002*7/100=0.00014M A4=0.002*9/100=0.00018M A5=0.002*11/100=0.00022M A6=0.002*13/100=0.00026M A7=0.002*15/100=0.0003M

Determination of the equilibrium constant

2. ...

Introduction

Accurate and precise measurements are of uttermost importance to chemists everywhere. A measurement is said to be accurate when it is very close to the accepted value. A precise measurement is one in which repeated measures yields values or figures that are very close to one another. However, not all measuring instruments have an equal ability to give accurate and precise measurements. In any given experiment, the techniques and the equipment used to collect data should essentially be of the same precision. In the course of an experiment, there are bound to be less precise measurements and it these ...

Abstract

Oxidation is a common problem in olive oil due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acid, this leads to nutritional losses and quality degradation, especially under microwave heating. A number of studies have been done to add natural antioxidants to reduce oxidation. This project examines the possible application of olive leaves to reduce or inhibit olive oil oxidation under microwave heating. Olive leaves were able to increase the total polyphenol content as well as reducing the peroxide value in olive oil. However, the microwave heating caused severe quality degradation (increasing peroxide value and reducing total polyphenol) especially after 10 ...

Simply stating, Arduino is a tool designed to guide in the teaching of electronics. It is basically made up of ATTinyxx or ATMega microchips on a board with USB connectivity to make it easy for the transfer of sketches to the microchip without prior programming knowledge by the user. The USB can function as a power cable although it has an alternate 5V power supply system such as that of a mobile phone. Arduino has only plug in headers for connection with other devices. It lacks an operating system but the microchip is build with a boot loader that allows the reading of C# ...

Formaldehyde

Chemical Concerns According to the National Cancer Institute website, formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling chemical compound used to manufacture building materials and other household products. Exposure of humans to formaldehyde levels exceeding 0.1 ppm may lead to short-term effects such as skin irritation, respiratory problems, nausea, wheezing, and inflammation of the mucus membrane. Formaldehyde is a probable carcinogen and long prolonged exposure to the chemical can lead to certain types of cancer.

Route to Exposure

In most cases, people expose themselves to formaldehyde when using volatile organic compounds such as paints, pesticides, and building materials. When using these products, they emit organic compounds. ...

THE OXIDATION OF OLIVE OIL UNDER MICROWAVE HEATING

Chemistry: Research Proposal Research is proposed to determine whether or not olive leaves are a good source of antioxidants. Reports of experiments to determine the effectiveness of natural plant extracts including olive leaf extracts have found that to be the case. The olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are attractive because they “contain secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligstrosid, dimethyloleuropein, and oleoside), flavonoids (apigenins, kaempferol, leteolin), as well as phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol).” (Rafiee et al., 2012, p. 1498) High content of antioxidant properties and total phenols have been determined from olive leaf extractions. (Rafiee et al., 2012;) Rafiee (et al., ...

The Metabolism of (PABA) Para-Amino benzoic Acid

Introduction PABA or Para amino benzoic acid is a non proteinous amino acid that occurs naturally. The molecular formula of para- amino benzoic acid is C7H7 NO2; the structure of PABA consists of benzene rings substituted with a carboxyl and an amino group. PABA is a white crystalline molecule that is only sparingly soluble in water. PABA is a very essential nutrient for bacteria PABA functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria The deficiency of PABA does not cause any deficiency diseases in man. Some bacteria in the intestinal tract can synthesise PABA from chorismate. Humans ...

Introduction

In any field of engineering, precision is very important. This is mainly because any inaccuracy of any kind can have disastrous results. This is the main idea that has led to the increased push for all engineering students to do engineering drawings and dynamics even if the student does not major in any mechanical or structural fields which are mainly known to heavily rely on drawings and design. In the specific field of study, stress and strain in any component is directly affected by its physical dimensions. This is well explained and exhibited in the experiment in which ...

1. Introduction and purpose of the study

This paper shows whether children and adults use the same strategy to confirm if an individual is a reliable source of information or not. It also illustrates on whether children and adults use the information related to accuracy, confidence and calibration to judge in formants integrity. In the event of the study, it tends to show that adults discredited informants who exhibited poor calibration whereas children did not (Tenney, Small, Kondrad, Jaswal & Spellman, 2011). Thus, adults and children differ on how they infer credibility; this is due to cognitive requirements of practicing calibration. ...

Hypersonic vehicles experience extreme thermal loads generated by the dissipation of the vehicle's kinetic and potential energy. Thermal protection system (TPS) employed in such vehicles is designed to protect the vehicle from thermal loading by regulating this energy dissipation. Controlled energy dissipation is essential. This paper outlines the implementation of the high-temperature heat flux sensor (HTHFS), which was designed to meet the aforementioned requirements. Hypersonic transport vehicles make use of Thermal protection systems to protect the vehicle from thermal loading by regulating any form of energy dissipation through it. During the journey, there takes place a drastic change in ...

Radiometric dating is a technique used to identify the age of a certain rock, fossil or artifact by measuring the radioactive decay of certain elements that they contain. The most common radioactive elements measured are Carbon-14, Potassium or Iron. According to Dr. Dennis Kent of the Columbia University, Carbon-14 measurements are only limited to samples of up to 50,000 years because of the short half-life of carbon. For older samples, Potassium and Iron are used to determine age in techniques known as tephrochronology and magnetostratigraphy, respectively (Ray, 2011).

The use of radiometric dating has been extensively used in archaeology. Specifically, ...

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS) is a technique that incorporates chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in separating and identifying constituents in a sample. According to Erika, Josefina and Maria (2011), the major goal of the technique is in quantifying an amount of a sample, which is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the produced spectrum. The sample that needs to be quantified is organic and volatile, or semi volatile. The GC part is used to separate is essential in carrying out separation techniques where mixtures are isolated from their constituents using a temperature-controlled capillary column. Smaller molecules in ...

Dr. Professor

Paracetamol is crystalline white power with the scientific name N-(4- Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. The chemical formula is C8H9NO2 and its structure is

Properties

The melting range of paracetamol is 168 to 172oC and its solubility is 14.3g / dm3 of water and ethanol’s 100g / dm3. It is insoluble in ether and dissolves quickly in chloroform. It dissipates uv absorption minimum in aqueous acidic medium at 245 nm and has uv absorption maximum in aqueous alkaline medium.

Assay

Through titration, paracetamol is analyzed using ceric ammonium sulphate. In the titration, Ferroin plays the role of indicator. It is also assayed ...

Introduction

Lab is a simple word used to shorten the word laboratory. It is a place in which experiments are carried out. These experiments include medical, physical and biological experiments (Martin 2004). Research is also done in laboratories. Laboratory equipment is an apparatus used in conducting experiments. Lab equipments vary from one laboratory to the other. Lab equipment integrity means using the equipments in the laboratory in the best way in order to produce accurate data that is used in research and experiments (Melissa 2000).

Objectives

The main objective of making a report on lab equipment integrity is to develop a complete program that provides ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the next generation’s renewable energy sources for our world energy demand. PV modules are highly reliable. However, in polluted environments, over time, they will collect grime and dust. There are also limited field data studies about soiling losses on PV modules. The study showed how important it is to investigate the effect of tilt angle on soiling.

The study includes two sets of mini-modules. Each set has 9 PV modules tilted at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 23, 30, 33 and 40o. The first set called "Cleaned" was cleaned every other day. ...

Introduction

Attitude Survey is a great assessor of behavior, no matter whether it is a commercial application or a social research attitude survey, attitude surveys can really help to answer some tough questions. The attitude of an individual is distinguishable and unique due to different personality traits and interests hence overall it is a very important channel to determine the behavior that a person may develop due to a certain attitude. The attitude effectively helps to determine the behavioral thoughts, feelings actions and cognitive effects; hence it is used to reveal the actual preference of an individual of a group on a certain issue.[ CITATION Hog07 \l 1033 ] ...

Introduction

Successful new product development is the priority for all organizations and this is the section where most of the revenue is spent as well, however there are times when the products introduced to the market are not successful in attracting the customers and regardless of the efforts placed by the organization there is a huge hit to the cost, labor, time and motivation. [ CITATION Fin08 \l 1033 ] There are multiple factors that can attract or detract the customers, and a small miss can lead to a great loss and negative voice of customer (VOC) so is there a way to know before ...

1. Calibration carried out for EXDRF and WDXRF XRF measurement is based on the concept that different elements have characteristic x-rays. The integrity of the XRF measurement is thus tied on the ability to accurately determine the energies of these X-rays. The process of calibration is thus used in assigning distinct energy values for each channel in the panalytical EDXRF and panalytical WDXRF. We thus do calibration by sending x-rays of known energy values to the detector. Knowledge of the channels where these known values are sorted is then used in assigning values to channels. However, this ...