Essays on Calibration

Introduction

Knowledge of how rapidly reaction proceeds is among the most important for practice in chemistry and chemical engineering. We often use casual descriptions of reaction rate such as “slow” or “fast” in our lives, however, such information can be scarcely enough for practical and industrial applications, such as running a chemical plant, for example. While there is a huge spectrum of the reaction rates that are present in nature – from the extremely slow steel oxidation to extremely rapid gas combustion, the quantitative measure is needed to compare them practically. For a general reaction in solution:

the kinetic rate expression ...

Verification of the Beer-Lambert Law for Solutions of Copper Sulphate and Determination of the Concentration of a Given Solution of Copper Sulphate

Introduction

The determination of elements concentrations in water media is an important task in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. The main requirements are accuracy, simplicity of operations, speed and cost of the analysis (Hunt 1995). The spectroscopic analysis is widely applied for routine measurements and research needs (Lindon 2010). The experiment is dedicated to determination of copper sulphate in water using the molecular absorption (Kenkel 2003). The first stage of the experiment performs absorbance measurements of the solutions ...

Summary

This experiment is about the static calibration of a differential pressure transducer. Test measurements are done to find the range of input and output of the transducer, and to determine the “best-fit” line that models how the voltage reading would equate to the real pressure measurement. The input pressure comes from a hydraulic ram with pressure gauge. The output of the differential pressure transducer is in voltage, and is measured by a digital voltmeter. The input pressure is varied from 0 to 6 bar, and the three voltage readings are recorded for each pressure step value.

Introduction

The differential pressure ...

A Dissertation Methodology

The electro-microprobe technology Modern geochemists (Donovan et al, 2003) generally agree that modern electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) is bringing the most precise and most accurate chemical analyses for solid specimens today. Moreover, these highest-quality results can be brought to routine achievements under carefully crafted analytical protocols. The modern EMPA technology already incorporates qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in a non-destructive mechanism even from micron-sized samples of surface materials at a sensitivity of many parts per million (ppm) (Cameca, 2012). In fact, a number of EMPA equipment today can incorporate one or two others of the four major surface and ...

Introduction

Consumer dissatisfaction normally leads to sales decline and switching of customers loyalty to another brand of product. Inability in meeting consumer expectation due to reduction in quality or quantity leads to dissatisfaction. According to , consumers use the height of the container in making volume judgment. Customers engage in quality assurance behaviors in attempts to increase their satisfaction and to recover from service failures. A study on Consumer response to service and product quality explained that negative service incidents can harm owner perceptions of both the dealer and the manufacturer.

Hypothesis A hypothesis was designed to know if the ...

Fire safety engineering

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Abstract

The primary purpose of this research is to illustrate the best practices which need to be followed in order to minimize the risks of leakages and mishaps resulting from the leakages. As the demand of LNG is on constant rise, the need of the hour is to prevent the leakages which may result either from the technical glitch or lack of adherence to the standard processes to be followed as recommended by the best practices through industrial standard. It is known that the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is not as harmful as the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and ...

Abstract

The assessment of respiratory functions is mandatory in the diagnosis of lung diseases and related disorders. These functions are assessed by measuring the lung volumes and capacities. In the present experiment, we learnt the use and operation of BIOPAC airflow transducer for measuring the lung volumes. We understood the rationale behind the precautions taken while experimentation. We could successfully correlate the obtained results with the physiological conditions of the subjects of the study.

Experiment on Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory system is a vital system of human physiology. It is involved with the gaseous exchange wherein oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled from the ...

Appeal to the Audience

The report talks about the importance of controller tunings in controlling industrial equipment. According to the report, controller valves are important in controlling the flow rat, the amount of input in machinery and also the amount of output of the machine. The importance of the controllers can be seen in controlling a water cooling machine in which case a slow controller would be inappropriate to be used. The importance of a feedback controller on the other hand is the essence that it enables the determination of an error that may occur between a set point and the process value hence determining the output ...

Questions to Answers

- What is the difference between Active and passive sampling? Active sampling is different from passive sampling in that it employs an air sampling pump that serves to actively pull air and pass it through a collection device, for instance a filter. On the other hand, passive sampling does not need active air movement, like the one generated by a pump. Instead, vapors and airborne gases are collected through a physical process including permeating via a membrane or diffusion through a layer of static air. - What is the difference between Instantaneous (real-time) and integrated (continuous) monitoring? Instantaneous monitoring refers to the ...

Lab Partner’s Name:

Room Number 428 Lab Date and Time Wed AM Abstract Bananas are a fruit that must be transported under specific conditions to avoid ripening before they reach their destination. Fruit ripening can be quantified by examining the levels of glucose residues that are hydrolyzed from complex carbohydrates such as starches. This study set out to determine whether banana ripeness could be quantified using a DNS assay. This assay was also used to identify which storage conditions serve best for maintaining bananas during transport. The results of this study indicate that refrigeration can prevent banana fruit from overripening during ...

Tactical Planning

Tactical Planning 3. Managerial process plans. This sections entails the management priorities and objectives of team Foxtrot as well as the process management plans. There will be addition of more plans as the document evolves 3.1 management priorities and objectives. The primary objectives of team Foxtrot is to make sure that the project is completed successfully. The following must be performed by the team for the project to be considered successful: - Utilize good engineering techniques in product development by applying the methods learned in class, putting reflective learning in practice and experiencing a new ...

There are many people who object to the use of standardized assessments to provide information about the academic progress of children. These objections generally revolve around the fact that one test cannot accurately gauge the progress of so many different personality types and learning styles, and around the fact that many standardized assessments contain inherent cultural biases that make them unfit measuring tools for students from a diverse collection of backgrounds. However, standardized assessments have more benefits for teachers and educational planners than they have drawbacks. They provide evidence of validity, calibration and reliability for tests and curricula, and they ...

Introduction

One of the most important part of protein assay is the determination of protein concentration. There are diverse methods used for protein concentration determination, but the most widely used are the spectroscopic methods of analysis or spectroscopy. Spectroscopy usually involves the determination between the correlations of the degree of interaction of light with the analyte, which is the proteins in this particular experiment. There are different types light to analyte interactions and one of these is the absorbance of light or electromagnetic radiation by the analyte. This type of spectrometry is called absorbance spectrometry.

Principle involved in absorbance spectrometry and spectrometers

The majority of substances absorb ...

The research article entitled “Determination of volatile compounds in different hop varieties by headspace-trap GC/MS -In comparison with conventional hop essential oil analysis” is authored by Anita Aberl and Mehmet Coelhan of the Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. This article appeared in the “Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry” of ACS publications in the year 2012 and attempted to compare the efficiency and accuracy of Head Space (HS)-trap method coupled with GC/MS and conventional essential oil analysis method. Humulus lupulus L., commonly known as hop is responsible for the bitter flavor and ‘hoppy’ ...

[Class Name]

Aim/Objectives The aim of this experiment is to quantify the how much salicylic acid is collected between three different urine samples. A control sample, samples taken from subjects taking sodium bicarbonate to make the urine more basic, and samples from subjects taking ammonium chloride to make the urine more acidic. Using the assays provided, we will attempt to quantify the amount of salicylic present in the urine sample by the concentration and pH level since the ionization of salicylic acid is dependent on urinary pH.

Abstract/Introduction

Salicylic acid, a major component of Aspirin, is a compound used to ease ...

~200 keV Radiation Field Appropriate research problems and proposal: Could scientists create a radiation detector that can measure all forms radiation energy with the same accuracy over a wide energy range, and if they cannot, what technological progress has taken place today that may improve the radiation detection procedures and equipment is used. Arguably, radiation detectors and dosimeters are important tools to evaluate radiation exposure and ensure a safe work area. However, no single detector can measure all forms of radiation level with similar accuracy and efficiency yet there are different types of particles that produce radiation. As a result, different ...

GROUP #

TA: Mohan Gogineni Lab section: PHY 122/Line # XXXX/Time Slot: XX pm – YY pm Abstract Contact forces occur when two surfaces interact and are in direct contact. These forces can either be normal, which is described as being perpendicular to the surface; and friction, which is parallel to the contact surface and is also known as the force that resists motion, slowing down objects as they move about. There are two types of frictional forces: the static friction force (fs) which is the force that acts on an object at rest to prevent it from sliding; and ...

Introduction

Process control is the process where technologies is required to be implement and design control systems in the process industries. The main objective of the process control is to maintain and bring about the conditions of the process at optimal values. It includes computer simulation and optimization, physical and empirical modeling, automation of hardware and software, control structure design and many others. Process industries are the process where material and energy streams interact and transform each other. It includes continuous sequential processes that refer to process units, enterprises, and whole plants. Additionally, process components are also prevalent in other ...

[university name]

ABSTRACT

Studying of the outer space is called space science. The space exploration is the discovery and exploration of the outer space. The study of space is mainly done by the astronomers, later it was made as one of the divisions of space science. The astronomers explore the outer space with the help of the telescope. The physical explorations are conducted by the unmanned robotic probes and human space flight. In early centuries, the space race occurred between the Soviet Union and the United States of America during the period of cold war. The abstract of this research ...

C1=0.002M (SCN concentration) [Fe(SCN)2+] will be the same

V1 – volume of SCN solution (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 ml)

V2=100ml (total volume of solution) That is how we obtain data ([Fe(SCN)2+]) for calibration curve. It is incorrect to multiple absorbance on volume for finding [Fe(SCN)2+]. Use abovementioned formula. When we built calibration curve in Excel we used function “Find trend line” on the diagram and click at the option “Show equation on the diagram” The obtained equation is y=0.0003*x-0.000009. A1=0.002*0/100=0M A2=0.002*5/100=0.0001M A3=0.002*7/100=0.00014M A4=0.002*9/100=0.00018M A5=0.002*11/100=0.00022M A6=0.002*13/100=0.00026M A7=0.002*15/100=0.0003M

Determination of the equilibrium constant

2. ...

Introduction

Accurate and precise measurements are of uttermost importance to chemists everywhere. A measurement is said to be accurate when it is very close to the accepted value. A precise measurement is one in which repeated measures yields values or figures that are very close to one another. However, not all measuring instruments have an equal ability to give accurate and precise measurements. In any given experiment, the techniques and the equipment used to collect data should essentially be of the same precision. In the course of an experiment, there are bound to be less precise measurements and it these ...

Abstract

Oxidation is a common problem in olive oil due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acid, this leads to nutritional losses and quality degradation, especially under microwave heating. A number of studies have been done to add natural antioxidants to reduce oxidation. This project examines the possible application of olive leaves to reduce or inhibit olive oil oxidation under microwave heating. Olive leaves were able to increase the total polyphenol content as well as reducing the peroxide value in olive oil. However, the microwave heating caused severe quality degradation (increasing peroxide value and reducing total polyphenol) especially after 10 ...

Simply stating, Arduino is a tool designed to guide in the teaching of electronics. It is basically made up of ATTinyxx or ATMega microchips on a board with USB connectivity to make it easy for the transfer of sketches to the microchip without prior programming knowledge by the user. The USB can function as a power cable although it has an alternate 5V power supply system such as that of a mobile phone. Arduino has only plug in headers for connection with other devices. It lacks an operating system but the microchip is build with a boot loader that allows the reading of C# ...

Formaldehyde

Chemical Concerns According to the National Cancer Institute website, formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling chemical compound used to manufacture building materials and other household products. Exposure of humans to formaldehyde levels exceeding 0.1 ppm may lead to short-term effects such as skin irritation, respiratory problems, nausea, wheezing, and inflammation of the mucus membrane. Formaldehyde is a probable carcinogen and long prolonged exposure to the chemical can lead to certain types of cancer.

Route to Exposure

In most cases, people expose themselves to formaldehyde when using volatile organic compounds such as paints, pesticides, and building materials. When using these products, they emit organic compounds. ...

THE OXIDATION OF OLIVE OIL UNDER MICROWAVE HEATING

Chemistry: Research Proposal Research is proposed to determine whether or not olive leaves are a good source of antioxidants. Reports of experiments to determine the effectiveness of natural plant extracts including olive leaf extracts have found that to be the case. The olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are attractive because they “contain secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligstrosid, dimethyloleuropein, and oleoside), flavonoids (apigenins, kaempferol, leteolin), as well as phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol).” (Rafiee et al., 2012, p. 1498) High content of antioxidant properties and total phenols have been determined from olive leaf extractions. (Rafiee et al., 2012;) Rafiee (et al., ...

The Metabolism of (PABA) Para-Amino benzoic Acid

Introduction PABA or Para amino benzoic acid is a non proteinous amino acid that occurs naturally. The molecular formula of para- amino benzoic acid is C7H7 NO2; the structure of PABA consists of benzene rings substituted with a carboxyl and an amino group. PABA is a white crystalline molecule that is only sparingly soluble in water. PABA is a very essential nutrient for bacteria PABA functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria The deficiency of PABA does not cause any deficiency diseases in man. Some bacteria in the intestinal tract can synthesise PABA from chorismate. Humans ...

Introduction

In any field of engineering, precision is very important. This is mainly because any inaccuracy of any kind can have disastrous results. This is the main idea that has led to the increased push for all engineering students to do engineering drawings and dynamics even if the student does not major in any mechanical or structural fields which are mainly known to heavily rely on drawings and design. In the specific field of study, stress and strain in any component is directly affected by its physical dimensions. This is well explained and exhibited in the experiment in which ...

1. Introduction and purpose of the study

This paper shows whether children and adults use the same strategy to confirm if an individual is a reliable source of information or not. It also illustrates on whether children and adults use the information related to accuracy, confidence and calibration to judge in formants integrity. In the event of the study, it tends to show that adults discredited informants who exhibited poor calibration whereas children did not (Tenney, Small, Kondrad, Jaswal & Spellman, 2011). Thus, adults and children differ on how they infer credibility; this is due to cognitive requirements of practicing calibration. ...

Hypersonic vehicles experience extreme thermal loads generated by the dissipation of the vehicle's kinetic and potential energy. Thermal protection system (TPS) employed in such vehicles is designed to protect the vehicle from thermal loading by regulating this energy dissipation. Controlled energy dissipation is essential. This paper outlines the implementation of the high-temperature heat flux sensor (HTHFS), which was designed to meet the aforementioned requirements. Hypersonic transport vehicles make use of Thermal protection systems to protect the vehicle from thermal loading by regulating any form of energy dissipation through it. During the journey, there takes place a drastic change in ...

Radiometric dating is a technique used to identify the age of a certain rock, fossil or artifact by measuring the radioactive decay of certain elements that they contain. The most common radioactive elements measured are Carbon-14, Potassium or Iron. According to Dr. Dennis Kent of the Columbia University, Carbon-14 measurements are only limited to samples of up to 50,000 years because of the short half-life of carbon. For older samples, Potassium and Iron are used to determine age in techniques known as tephrochronology and magnetostratigraphy, respectively (Ray, 2011).

The use of radiometric dating has been extensively used in archaeology. Specifically, ...

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS) is a technique that incorporates chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in separating and identifying constituents in a sample. According to Erika, Josefina and Maria (2011), the major goal of the technique is in quantifying an amount of a sample, which is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the produced spectrum. The sample that needs to be quantified is organic and volatile, or semi volatile. The GC part is used to separate is essential in carrying out separation techniques where mixtures are isolated from their constituents using a temperature-controlled capillary column. Smaller molecules in ...

Dr. Professor

Paracetamol is crystalline white power with the scientific name N-(4- Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. The chemical formula is C8H9NO2 and its structure is

Properties

The melting range of paracetamol is 168 to 172oC and its solubility is 14.3g / dm3 of water and ethanol’s 100g / dm3. It is insoluble in ether and dissolves quickly in chloroform. It dissipates uv absorption minimum in aqueous acidic medium at 245 nm and has uv absorption maximum in aqueous alkaline medium.

Assay

Through titration, paracetamol is analyzed using ceric ammonium sulphate. In the titration, Ferroin plays the role of indicator. It is also assayed ...

Introduction

Lab is a simple word used to shorten the word laboratory. It is a place in which experiments are carried out. These experiments include medical, physical and biological experiments (Martin 2004). Research is also done in laboratories. Laboratory equipment is an apparatus used in conducting experiments. Lab equipments vary from one laboratory to the other. Lab equipment integrity means using the equipments in the laboratory in the best way in order to produce accurate data that is used in research and experiments (Melissa 2000).

Objectives

The main objective of making a report on lab equipment integrity is to develop a complete program that provides ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the next generation’s renewable energy sources for our world energy demand. PV modules are highly reliable. However, in polluted environments, over time, they will collect grime and dust. There are also limited field data studies about soiling losses on PV modules. The study showed how important it is to investigate the effect of tilt angle on soiling.

The study includes two sets of mini-modules. Each set has 9 PV modules tilted at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 23, 30, 33 and 40o. The first set called "Cleaned" was cleaned every other day. ...

Introduction

Attitude Survey is a great assessor of behavior, no matter whether it is a commercial application or a social research attitude survey, attitude surveys can really help to answer some tough questions. The attitude of an individual is distinguishable and unique due to different personality traits and interests hence overall it is a very important channel to determine the behavior that a person may develop due to a certain attitude. The attitude effectively helps to determine the behavioral thoughts, feelings actions and cognitive effects; hence it is used to reveal the actual preference of an individual of a group on a certain issue.[ CITATION Hog07 \l 1033 ] ...

Introduction

Successful new product development is the priority for all organizations and this is the section where most of the revenue is spent as well, however there are times when the products introduced to the market are not successful in attracting the customers and regardless of the efforts placed by the organization there is a huge hit to the cost, labor, time and motivation. [ CITATION Fin08 \l 1033 ] There are multiple factors that can attract or detract the customers, and a small miss can lead to a great loss and negative voice of customer (VOC) so is there a way to know before ...

1. Calibration carried out for EXDRF and WDXRF XRF measurement is based on the concept that different elements have characteristic x-rays. The integrity of the XRF measurement is thus tied on the ability to accurately determine the energies of these X-rays. The process of calibration is thus used in assigning distinct energy values for each channel in the panalytical EDXRF and panalytical WDXRF. We thus do calibration by sending x-rays of known energy values to the detector. Knowledge of the channels where these known values are sorted is then used in assigning values to channels. However, this ...

1) Iodine test.

Iodine test distinguishes starch. It helps in distinguishing a polysaccharide from monosaccharide, disaccharides and other polysaccharides. The test is also called iodine staining. The iodine reacts with coiled polymer molecules and turn bluish black. Non-coiled starch does not react with iodine thereby no bluish color observed. A positive result is when there is the presence of the bluish black color.

Procedure

1. Put two drops of the solutions to be tested in three different test-tubes. 2. Add two drops of the IKI reagent to each of the tubes containing different sugar solutions. 3. Keep the sugar at room temperature ...