Essays on Chromatography

Introduction

In May 2012, English couple Mick and Mairead Philpott made the headlines for surviving a fire that killed their six children and destroyed their house in the Allenton area (BBC News, 2013). After publicly claiming to be lucky for surviving the fire, the Philpotts won the sympathy of people who felt sorry for them for losing six of their children and most of their properties. However, after a month of investigation, the Philpotts were accused of committing arson and murder, and by 2013, they were convicted of manslaughter for deliberately starting a fire that killed all six of their ...

Chromatography is the method for separating components from a mixture on the principle of the relative quantity of each element that is distributed between a moving fluid medium referred to as the mobile phase, and the immediate stationary phase. Chromatography is employed in the separation of various mixtures (Wixom and Charles, 103). It is used in the preparation of materials for purifying them. Chromatography has several uses in biological and chemical worlds. Chromatography is broadly applied in biochemical research to identify and separate chemicals or biological origin. This method is applied in the petroleum industry to determine and analyze ...

Chromatography is a laboratory method or technique to separate various compounds such as inorganic or organic substances for further analysis, evaluation or testing (Chavan et al. 283). It is an important tool since it could be used in numerous fields of sciences. It provides a way for analyzing mixtures or solvents which could not be easily separated through physical methods. It is also an important method due to its simplicity. One of the most important applications of chromatography is its use in forensic science or other types of investigation. This method is often used in analyzing substances which are ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to study the separation of an extract of a non-prescription analgesic tablet containing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and caffeine. The separation is achieved through a well-known process called liquid chromatography. The quantities of the aforementioned substances also need to be determined in the experiment (“High Performance Liquid Chromatography,” n.d.).

Theory and Principles

Chromatography is a technique used for the separation of the components, or solutes, in a mixture. The separation is based on the amounts of the relevant solute in the moving, or fluid, stream. There are two phases in chromatography, the mobile phase, and the stationary ...

Thin Layer Chromatography of Amino Acids

Introduction The technique used for this experiment was thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is used to separate components of a mixture (Clark, 2016). The purpose of this experiment was to identify an unknown amino acid. The components will have different affinities to the stationary and mobile phases. The various components will travel at different rates based on their affinity to either the mobile or stationary phase (Clark). A polar stationary phase is used in TLC experiments and the mobile phase can be a combination of solvents or just one solvent (psu.edu, n.d.). TLC can also be used to monitor ...

The use of breath analysis to determine the state of a person’s health is a concept that dates back millennia (Gouma 26). Cardiovascular disease is an ailment for which current analysis methods involve invasive sampling. It has been suggested that the amount of cholesterol in blood can be measured by the amount of isoprene (Karl et al. 762) or carbon dioxide (Amann 34) in the breath. One of the early methods to detect isoprene in breath is based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) (Karl et al. 762-763). In this technique, the breath sample is made to ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former. In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

Question 1

Sample # 1: Schedule IV. An example of a potential drug in this schedule is valium. Some of the symptoms that may be seen in conjunction with this drug include severe withdrawal, slow speech and movements, changes in eating habits, shaking, and loss of coordination, excessive sleepiness, and frequent somnolence.

Sample #2:

Schedule III/IIIN. An example of a drug in this schedule is Codeine. Some of the physical and psychological symptoms associated with this drug include withdrawals, addiction and dependence, depression, psychosis, delusions, psychosis, constipation, itching, rashes, dizziness, dry mouth, memory loss and low blood pressure

Sample # 3:

Schedule I of the Controlled Substances ...

Question 1

Spectrometry would indeed be a good analytical tool since it will help in distinguishing the different compounds in the powder. In such a case, the best type of spectroscopy would be infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Infrared spectroscopy is a vital analytical tool to identify controlled substances. Infrared light is passed on the unknown substance. As the sample absorbs the infrared radiation, an infrared spectrum results, which is a series of peaks and valleys ("Physical Evidence Handbook Drug Identification Unit", 2016). Each substance in the compound results in a highly accurate infrared spectrum. The spectrum of the unknown elements ...

Discussion and Summary

The process of validating a newly developed HPLC-based analytical method intended to measure API and impurities in the drug samples employ a series of different tasks and experiments. The validation process of the new method would test the principles of operation of the chromatographic method. Some of the basic principles of operation of the method include retentions, resolution and sensitivity. The first experiment that would be conducted to evaluate and validate the newly developed HPLC-based analytical method would be based on the retention. The retention of a drug with a specific packaging substance and eluent can be demonstrated as ...

In Vitro Models of Skin for Topical and Systemic Drug Delivery Applications

The drug delivery is a significant process in medicine development. The development of topical or systemic drugs requires models that present the mechanism of the drug activity. Topical delivery of medicine has a long story of application. The advantages for the topical delivery are as follow: self-administration and simplicity of application, absence of side effects, high surface area for drugs absorption. However, the method has recently been recognized as far less efficient than the systemic drug delivery (oral or injectable) (Kulkarni, 2009). The paper presents advances in understanding the drug delivery using in-vitro models.

Topical Drug Delivery Models

The artificial in-vitro models are ...

Size-Exclusion Chromatography in Purification of Proteins Literature Review

Size-exclusion chromatography is a biochemistry process used for a number of uses in the laboratory. The process is used to purify protein, for desalting, buffer exchange, or for separating a group whereby the sample has two major groups. Size-exclusion chromatography is a simple method for separating molecules which have different molecular seizes under mild conditions. It makes use of the size of molecules in solutions to determine the method and means of separation. For instance, spinColumns have short media packaging so that the samples in the solution are separated using the size. Size-exclusion chromatography, also referred as Gel Filtration, ...

Introduction

Cyanide is a faster acting and potentially poisonous chemical which may exist in different forms. For instance, it can be a colorless gas such as cyanogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide or as a crystal form like potassium cyanide as well as sodium cyanide. It is naturally available in some food as well as specific plants like cassava. It is also available in the cigarette smoke and when combusting certain synthetic materials like plastics. Furthermore, cyanide is present during the manufacturing of papers, plastics as well as textiles. For example, industry within the US does manufacture about 350,000 tons of ...

Executive Summary

The beverage industry as a whole is changing in rapid fashion. More middle aged adults are becoming increasingly concerned with nutrition, and this includes a considerable portion of the baby boomer population in the United States and elsewhere. Many are becoming aware of the fact that beverage choices today do impact overall lifestyle and possibly life expectancy on the whole. As such, the non-alcoholic beverage sector continues to be impacted by this reality as the public opts for healthier drinks. Coca Cola continues to respond to this need. Rather than live in denial, the company has been actively working ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Introduction

The field of medicine and pharmacy has over the recent past experienced tremendous growth with technological improvements making pharmacy and the analysis of drugs and characteristics of drugs much simpler. Drug analysis is a fundamental aspect of drug development. It is not confined to making improvements to drug but also assessing quality to ascertain their fitness for human consumption. Drugs are chemical compounds that are affected by a number of factors including temperature, moisture and contaminants among others. For this reason, technology has provided an analytical tool for analyzing the drugs.

Following the introduction of spectroscopy about half a century ago, ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

Analysis of Plant Pigments with Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometric Detection

The experiment is aimed at coming up with a solution of knowing on how to separate color pigments in a mixture of some solvent. An appropriate solvent is put into use and then some conclusion is drawn from the observations made. The following could be the

- The extract becomes darker progressively due to the fact that the spinach solution becomes more concentrated with the subsequent extractions of the acetone solution. It is observed that the extracts starts at around 10ml of the organic solvent, but as the experiment proceeds, the volume becomes 2.0ml which was almost as the same volume ...

The experiment involved using the simple paper chromatography technique in the separation of a black marker ink as described in the science project lab’s website (Science Project Lab, 2014).

Materials Used

Coffee filter 1-liter glass jar Paperclip. Pencil Water soluble black marker Scissors. Vinegar and glass cleaner Procedure The chromatography strip was obtained from coffee filter and cut into a peace that can fit into the jar. A line was drawn one inch from the bottom of the strip. A line was drawn using the black marker along the marked line. The solvent (glass ...

Characteristics of the fire scene

There are several sources of information that should be taken into account in this regard (NFPA 921, 2004): First, one should analyze the patterns of the fire scene i.e. the physical ‘signs’ left by the flame; Second, the evidence by the witnesses or the ones who informed about fire shall be considered. They can explain the conditions of the fire e.g. time, whether, people around etc. Third, the fire physics, as well as the chemistry of its initiation and growth are the obligatory elements of the investigation in order to establish the possible sources of ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs. Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Questions to Answers

- What is the difference between Active and passive sampling? Active sampling is different from passive sampling in that it employs an air sampling pump that serves to actively pull air and pass it through a collection device, for instance a filter. On the other hand, passive sampling does not need active air movement, like the one generated by a pump. Instead, vapors and airborne gases are collected through a physical process including permeating via a membrane or diffusion through a layer of static air. - What is the difference between Instantaneous (real-time) and integrated (continuous) monitoring? Instantaneous monitoring refers to the ...

Question 1

The type of bloodstain evidence at the scene is a cast off pattern. According to Becker (2005), a cast-off pattern normally results in blood striking nearby surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings. A cast-off pattern indicates that a blunt force trauma to the head. The large wound on top of the head is indicative of repeated use of the blunt force weapon on the victim. The first step in the documentation process of the room would involve conducting an initial scan of the room to ascertain the evidence present. This would then be followed by photographing of the scene in ...

Instrumental Analysis

Mephedrone molecular structure Nephyrone molecular structure There are several structural differences between the three chemical substances that make adrenalin distinguishable from both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin molecular structure has a more stable structure more than both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin structure has an extra OH molecule that makes it distinguishable from the Mephedrone and Nephyrone. Several analytical tests can be used to determine this difference. There are various chromatographic techniques that can be used to test the purity of the adrenalin tablet. The first method is paper chromatography. This chromatographic method is used to analyze ...

(Name of the class) (City, State)

Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the plate through capillary ...

Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’s ...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights ...

Inorganic

The compound 1 analyzed in this scenario is Blue-emitting Cationic Iridium (III) Complexes that use non-conjugated compounds as auxiliary ligands, and matching complexes containing non-conjugated cyclometalated ligands that have never been confirmed. The deep-blue-emitting cationic bis-cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes that are possessing non-conjugated bis (imidazolium) carbene and bis-(pyrazole)-having methylene as its subsidiary ligand. The complex one in conjunction with deep-blue emission at 440nm is applied in the manufacture of Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs). Moreover, the bulky tert-butyl constituents are used in restricting the interaction between molecules. Limiting the intermolecular interactions are essential in the regulation of rates ...

Chromatography is a laboratory technique which involves the partitioning of molecules of plant pigments. In this technique a mixture is dissolve in a fluid which carries the unknown analyte to a structure which can hold the material causing the two components to separate. This technique can be categorized as preparative or analytical. By preparative chromatography it means, the separation of a mixture for the purpose of advance utility in this case, the mixture undergoes a purification process. Analytical chromatography on the other hand is prepared in smaller doses of materials and is performed casually to measure the relative proportions of analytes in the mixture. In ...

Identification of Codeine by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Group Members: Aim The present practical exercise aims at examining a commercial Panadeine tablet for the presence of codeine and paracetamol using GC-MS. Introduction Methyl morphine, codeine, occurs in opium at low concentrations. Codeine is a pro-drug because it undergoes metabolism or demethylation, in vivo, to form the active analgesic morphine. The experiment 3 involves a pH dependent extraction technique. The process separates the active constituents of Panadeine. Before extracting Panadeine, however, Eosin B undergoes extraction in order to demonstrate the effect of pH on the solubility of the compound. The GC-MC allows for the separation of a mixture ...

Purpose

The experiment aims to identify two unknown amino acids using paper chromatography. To be specific, the retention factor or Rf values of standard amino acids was used to see which one matched that of the unknowns.

Introduction

Chromatography can be defined as the separation of a mixture into various fractions by distribution between a mobile phase, which can be a gas or a liquid, and a stationary phase, a liquid or solid. Different substances have different affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. A substance that has no affinity for the stationary phase will remain in the mobile phase and move rapidly through the chromatographic system. ...

Introduction

Chromatography is a term that refers to the separation of chemicals in a mixture so that they may be used or detected separately. Gas chromatography involves separation of compounds with comparatively low boiling points for easy detection in complex mixtures. The separation compound is based on their variations in vapor pressures and level of affinity to solid material at the test instrument. Since the vapor pressure of each compound depends on the intermolecular forces pulling molecules together, gas chromatography utilizes any of the properties of matter. In this technique, a sample of test chemical is injected through a syringe into a specialized instrument. A ...

Hemoglobinopathies: Analytic Diagnostic Techniques

Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia’s are a kind of Genetic disorders caused mainly by a mutation or deletion of Globin genes in Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consist of α or β Amino acid chains. An alteration in α chain production leads to α Thalassemia and alteration in β chain causes β Thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies on the other hand may be caused due to the structural abnormalities or alteration of amino acid sequences in the Globin genes. These are mainly hereditary and constitute to around 4 to 5% of the world population. (WHO Statistics, 2012) Each year around 250,000 to 300,000 new born children have either hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. Both ...

Introduction

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the term used to describe a wide range of malignant tumors originating in the upper aero digestive tract (9). HNC imposes acute suffering on the patients while swallowing, breathing or speaking. Tobacco and alcohol are the primary causes in majority cases of HNC (18). Cancer is the second leading cause of death with estimates of 1.66M and 0.58M in 2013 for new cases and deaths respectively (15,16). Endoscopy, biopsy, mirror scan and CT/MRI imaging are commonly used methods for diagnosis in the last 20 years.

Ways of treating HNC

The treatment methods (10) vary from medication, abstinence ...

Source:

Ronald C. B., Steven M. C., Royston G., Peter de B. H., James P. R., Stephen S., and Charles W. W. (2000). Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Mass Spectrometry Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry R.A. Meyers (Ed.)

 JohnWiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2000 As a result of the widespread availability of minicomputers in the late 1960s, and microcomputers in the 1970s and 1980s, automation of mass spectrometer control, tuning, data acquisition, and data processing became practical. The reduction in both size and cost of computational engines, with a concomitant increase in processing power, cannot be overemphasized in the ...

Introduction

Steroids play a central role in enhancing human growth, development and normal health, since they take part in development of secondary sexual traits, reproduction, gene expression, neurological and cardiovascular functions and maturation among others. Accordingly, imbalances in the metabolic mechanisms of steroids in humans is associated with an array of health complications such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer among others. The foregoing underscores the importance of steroid profiling to establish its levels in humans, particularly in disease diagnosis, because it enables health professionals to understand a variety of steroid-related health conditions. For efficiency and accuracy, a good profiling method is ...

Executive summary 3

Introduction 3 How the company handled the challenge 4 Research findings and future of the company 6 Conclusion 6

Bibliography 7

Executive summary A product’s life cycle and its source industry are characterized by maturity, growth and also the eventual decline. Better and new technologies besides changing the tastes of a consumer exhibit the speed of decline of an incumbent, commoditization, and finally death. However, the humble Corticeira Amorim company has remained strongly from this terrible norm, portraying a fascinating situation of the survival of an industry and dominance for long. Cork owned the monopoly and it has ...

Abstract

Instance of countries introducing restrictions on the amount of harmful gases released to the atmosphere is on the rise. Countries like the United States have introduced policies which govern motor vehicle pollution. Gasoline is the main component of debate. As a result several studies have been done to determine the components of gasoline. In this experiment, components of gasoline are determine by an analysis process called gas chromatogram. Samples of gasoline used in the experiment are collected from four stations BP, Marathon, Moto-Mart and Sunoco from Ashland. The samples are then analyzed using a gas chromatogram. 10 ml was used ...

Osmosis is the random diffusion of solvent water molecule from an area of low solute concentration to areas where the solute concentration is high through a semi permeable membrane so as to equalize the concentration of the solute on both sides (Kylstra, Longmuir, and Grace 289). It is a biological process essential to both flora and fauna that results into various physiological effects, for this experiment water and a mixture of syrup and water will be used to demonstrate the process. A laboratory report hence illustrates what the students involved, understood while carrying out the practical experiments. The purpose of the ...

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Abstract

In industrial processes, the generation of waste waters is unavoidable sometimes. It is therefore important to develop process for decontaminating this water. The treatment of toxic effluent that contains pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals cannot be satisfactorily attained through the use of conventional processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been very vital and successful in their application to degrade these toxic compounds found in water. The high generation of extremely powerful oxidizing agent like the hydroxyl radical forms the back bone of the AOPs. This method is capable of destroying organic compounds until ...

Dihydrofolatereductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in the formation of DNA (Goodsell, 2002). DHFR controls the amount of tetrahydrofolate in the cells, which in turn is an important cofactor for purine and thymidylate synthesis and ultimately in the growth and proliferation of the cell (Davidson &Sittman, 1999). The enzyme is common to many species on earth. Human and bacterial DHFR have a relatively low rate of primary sequence agreement at 26%. However, they both retain a common general structure.The key role that the enzyme plays in biology as well as the variations that the enzyme displays makes it an important target ...

Introduction to Use of Silica in Sampling of Plant Compounds

Liquid chromatography is the most widely accepted and fundamental methodology for the separation and sampling of plant compounds. Liquid chromatography has the abilities to separate and sample a huge variety and diverse range of organic compounds ranging from proteins and peptides to small molecule protein drugs. The liquid chromatography is a technique that works by placing or injecting a minute volume of liquid sample into a silicon tube which is packed with porous substances or particles. This phase is called the stationary phase. The next phase is the extraction phase where the individual compounds present in the sample are transported over a packed tube ...

- Purpose Paper chromatography is a technique which is used to distinguish between the various components of a mixture. It helps to separate out the components of a solution and identify individual components. In Paper chromatography, filter paper is used as the primary material for conducting the experiment. - Procedure For the experiment, a beaker of 1L capacity is taken and filled with 100mL solvent. The beaker is known as chromatogram tank. Next, a filter paper around 12 inches long and 9 inches wide is taken. A light line which is 2cm apart from the bottom of the paper is drawn ...

THE OXIDATION OF OLIVE OIL UNDER MICROWAVE HEATING

Chemistry: Research Proposal Research is proposed to determine whether or not olive leaves are a good source of antioxidants. Reports of experiments to determine the effectiveness of natural plant extracts including olive leaf extracts have found that to be the case. The olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are attractive because they “contain secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligstrosid, dimethyloleuropein, and oleoside), flavonoids (apigenins, kaempferol, leteolin), as well as phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol).” (Rafiee et al., 2012, p. 1498) High content of antioxidant properties and total phenols have been determined from olive leaf extractions. (Rafiee et al., 2012;) Rafiee (et al., ...

Introduction

Matcha Green Tea which is also known as maccha is a fine powder of green tea.1 It’s origin is in Japan though it has come to be spread in most parts of the world, notably in Asia. It is gradually creeping into the rest of the world, including America.4 Though it is mainly used as a beverage; matcha is also used in various ways such as flavoring as well as dying of foods which include green tea ice cream, noodles, soba and mocha noodles.1 It is also widely used for the making of Japanese confectionary also known as the wagashi. ...

The modern pharmaceutical industry appreciates the importance of chirality. Most drugs in the market today, as well as racemic drugs marketed in the earlier years, are chiral compounds. The human body is selective when it comes to chiral drugs, and it interacts differently with racemic drugs (as illustrated in Fig. 1). The human body has receptors for drugs and enantiomers of chiral molecules (contained in the drugs) interact differently with the receptors. As a result, it is possible for one isomer to produce therapeutic activity while the other could be inactive or could produce undesirable effect. Therefore, it is imperative ...

Abstract / Summary

This Literature Review is formulated with the intention to assess the dangers surrounding the detection of tar and nicotine content, specifically utilizing High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Also other methods to measure and evaluate the importance of these substances from a researcher's viewpoint. Attention will be primarily focused on HPLC as an important method to be utilized. Focus will also be directed at other methods used, such as taking blood samples to measure the effects of tar and nicotine. This Literature Review acknowledges the limitations of research as there are many risks regarding cigarette smoking that are relatively unknown. Moreover, ...

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS) is a technique that incorporates chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in separating and identifying constituents in a sample. According to Erika, Josefina and Maria (2011), the major goal of the technique is in quantifying an amount of a sample, which is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the produced spectrum. The sample that needs to be quantified is organic and volatile, or semi volatile. The GC part is used to separate is essential in carrying out separation techniques where mixtures are isolated from their constituents using a temperature-controlled capillary column. Smaller molecules in ...

Dr. Professor

Paracetamol is crystalline white power with the scientific name N-(4- Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. The chemical formula is C8H9NO2 and its structure is

Properties

The melting range of paracetamol is 168 to 172oC and its solubility is 14.3g / dm3 of water and ethanol’s 100g / dm3. It is insoluble in ether and dissolves quickly in chloroform. It dissipates uv absorption minimum in aqueous acidic medium at 245 nm and has uv absorption maximum in aqueous alkaline medium.

Assay

Through titration, paracetamol is analyzed using ceric ammonium sulphate. In the titration, Ferroin plays the role of indicator. It is also assayed ...

INTRODUCTION

Proteins play an essential role in living cells. The basic forming units of those proteins are the amino acids which are made up of similar composition i.e. amine group, carboxyl group and a variable R-group. The laboratory tests to identify these amino acids work on identifying the variable R-groups that distinguishes each amino acid. It is very important to note that all amino acids with alpha-amino group turn purple ranging from pink to deep violet. Proline is the notable exception (only amino acids that turns bright yellow). Proline is the only one with its unique color. Other amino acids has ...

Prof:

This report describes the experiment carried out to analysis unknown mixtures using paper chromatography. The physical properties of those mixtures are taking into considerations while certain known were used as controls. The result of the analysis amino acid was found to be similar to alanine while the second spot was unknown when compared to others.

Introduction

How can mixtures be separated using paper chromatography techniques based? The factor that influences this experiment is that which considered the physical properties of the mixtures to be separated. The theoretical concept to be followed is that which depict movement of fluid in a capillary ...

Prof:

Introduction This is just one of the simple ways of identifying unknown compounds and separate mixtures. It is a separation technique that works based on the compound interactions as those compounds tend to move within a supporting medium. The compounds interact in two phases which are the mobile and stationary phase. The technique helps in analyzing, identifying, purifying and quantifying unknown separable mixtures. The mobile phase is either a liquid or gas which moves the solvent through the stationary phase during the process. The stationary phase is a liquid or solid component that is fixed in a place for the procedure. Paper ...

Abstract Chromatographic techniques are used to separate different components in a mixture based on their solubility in the mobile phase and adsorption on the stationary phase. The most soluble components move further with the mobile the components that adsorb more on the stationary phase move a shorter distance. The main component of green leaves is chlorophyll. However more information can be obtained on the content of leaf extracts by separating a homogenate made from a leaf sample. In this experimental report, spinach leaves were used to obtain a homogenate that was separated on paper chromatography to obtain the various leaf pigments. Isopropanol was ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Abstract

In this experiment, 5 mL of toluene solution was transferred in a 25 mL round bottom flask and then 0.40 g maleic anhydride and 0.4 g E, E-2, 4-hexadien-1-l added. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent to carry out a TLC analysis on the mixture produced after reaction completion mainly to determine the presence of any starting material in the mixture. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to room temperature. There was crystallization taking place as the reaction cooled, white crystals were formed. The mixture was further cooled in for 10 minutes in a water bath to promote crystallization to ...

Section 1. Renal Excretion of Drugs and their Metabolites

Determine whether your drug is: a) Primarily excreted unchanged (as the parent drug) in the urine (renally cleared) b) Excreted in the urine principally as metabolites (metabolised; hepatically cleared)

Salbutamol is cleared through the urinary system, metabolizing through the inactive 4’-O-sulphate (phenolic sulphate). Within the urine (with a minor extraction method being faeces), both the salbutamol and the metabolite sulphate are excreted. In studies, urinary excretion of salbutamol has resulted in around 64% of a dose being excreted as unchanged salbutamol, with about 12% excreted as the sulphate conjugate (Spina, 2003).

Section 2. Drug Metabolism

For your drug: a) discuss its metabolism noting the ...

Abstract

This report gives a detailed description of chromatography as in related to chemical lectures obtained from thinkingwell.com. The report is subdivided into subheadings to give detail descriptions of the method. The main method used is TLC

Introduction

Chromatography is a chemical method for separating assortments of coloured chemicals known as pigments. It is the most significant separation technique for bio molecules. The result of chromatography experimentation is a chromatogram. All chromatographic arrangements include a stationary phase, a mobile phase sample, and substrate.

How the Retention factor, Rf , value is determined

The retention factor, or Rf, is described as the distance travelled by the compound from origin divided by the distance travelled by the ...

Question 1: Separation of mixtures

This is a method of separation of two immiscible solvent phases. It is the best method for the separation of a mixture of Cyclohexanone and Acetone (miscible)

Cyclohexanone is insoluble in water while Acetone is miscible with water. A mixture of the two compounds forms two distinct layers in water. Distillation cannot be used because the two compounds are highly flammable.

In this method of separation, water is added to the mixture. Acetone completely mixes with water while cyclohexanone does not. A funnel is then used to separate the two.

(Note: the colouration is ...