Essays on Liquid

According to Lexus.us, Dosimetry is defined as “Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides”. (2010). Neutron dosimetry is neither as precise nor as complex as gamma dosimetry. In the United States today, neutron dosimetry is among the vital requirements used to carry out comparison of the clinical results gotten from radiotherapy trials done at the fast neutron therapy facilities. The neutron dosimetry radiation uses specialized devices which includes superheated drop detectors. Gamma rays originating from the surroundings, the phantom or biological object experiencing the radiation, the collimating or ...

- Introduction The Apollo missions were a series of space flights planned and implemented in the 1960’s and early 1970’s by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to achieve circumlunar flight and ultimately a moon landing. The vehicles used to achieve these goals comprised a Saturn V rocket as the launch vehicle, carrying atop the initially-combined Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module (LM).

- The Obstacles The first and important obstacle was obtaining the necessary funding for the program. NASA’s budget estimate was originally circa $20 billion needed from government funding. ...

Omer Bese

Supervised Asst. Prof. Fusun Tut Haklidir

Energy Systems Enginering

Istanbul Bilgi University 2014

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Goal of the Study 3 1.2. Renewable Energy Sources 3 1.3. Geothermal Energy 3 1.3.1. What is Geothermal Energy? 3 1.3.2 Geothermal Reservoirs 4 1.3.3 Present Status of Geothermal Energy 7 1.4 Geothermal Applications around the World 7 1.4.1Geothermal Applications in Turkey 8

Flash steam power plants 10

Single Flash 10 Double Flash 11 Triple Flash 11 Binary Steam Power Plants 11 Binary Cycle Types and Differences 11 ...

Disposal of the hazardous waste has been a cause of concern from the time immemorial. Such poisonous toxic waste has a numerous disadvantages ranging from injuries and death to even permanent birth defects. This hazardous waste when dumped in an open area even used to contaminate the water, posing a threat to the aquatic life. To tackle this disastrous problem US military thus came out with the concept of disposal site. A site which is generally used for accumulation of waste with the primary purpose of disposal or treatment of such waste is called a disposal site. Before the existence of such ...

Introduction

Mechanics is a branch of physical science that deals with moving and stationary bodies influenced by forces. It is divided into two branches called dynamics and statics. Dynamics deals with moving bodies while statics deals resting bodies Mechanics also has a subcategory called fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the science concerning the behavior of fluids. It could be fluid statics when it tackles about the body at rest. On the other hand, it could be fluid dynamics when the fluid body being studied is in motion. Fluid mechanics is a study regarding the behavior of material that can bend and ...

In this perspective, current assets are assets within the organization that are convertible to cash within a period of 12 months. They are mostly renowned for their high liquidity. Current assets are included in the balance sheet after the noncurrent assets. They are important in measuring the liquidity of an organization. When compared to current liabilities, they show the liquidity position of the organization. Therefore, current assets play an important role in the organization by helping to determine its cash flows in a given period of time. Every organization requires current assets in its routine activities. The performance of the organization ...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure. Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided. b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam tables. c) Use ...

Falling Ball Viscometer

- Objective The intent of this experiment is to find the dynamic viscosity of Glycerol by following falling ball viscometer method. Multiple steel spheres will be used to fall down the liquid and the time taken to fall a specific distance will be measured. - Background A body falling in a liquid is subjected to gravitational, buoyancy and drag forces which results in the achievement of a terminal velocity of the fall. According to Archimedes principle, we know that buoyant force is equal to weight of the displaced liquid. Implementing these principles, we get following equations, which result in ...

This study revealed that Kevlar and Kevlar/wool fabric thermal properties. The effect of fabric physical properties on thermal comfort was analyzed. The tests conducted on moisture management techniques were: sweating guarded hot plate (SGHP), moisture management tester, and surface tester. A conclusion for the paper is given which recommends the use of Kevlar and Kevlar/wool in the textile industry. The report examines the different thermal properties of Kevlar A363 and Kevlar/wool in an effort to determine which fabric is best suited for different weather conditions. In addition, the tests carried out shows clearly the difference in thermal properties of ...

Geothermal power plant operates under various cycles: single flash steam cycle; double flash steam cycle; triple flash steam cycle; kalina cycle; and pure cycle power plant. These cycles are discussed below.

Single Flash Steam Cycle

Single flash steam cycle is as illustrated in figure 1. Figure 1: Single flash steam cycle (source (Chegg)) The liquid is tapped from the production well. It is then flashed to a required pressure. The vapour separated from the liquid in the separation chamber is then passed to the turbine. The liquid from the condenser and separator is reinjected back to the well.

Double Flash Steam Cycle

This cycle has two ...

Introduction

Since modern computers and the use of internet technology have been introduced, people have become more dependent on digital forms of business transactions and communications to the point that a significant portion of them could not survive without relying on such technologies. Digital communication may refer to the physical transfer of data or any form information regardless of the purpose (e.g. business or for communications) from one point to another by means of the internet or any communication channel that makes use of copper wires, fiber optic wires, storage media, and wireless forms of communication, among others. This is ...

Abstract

This paper adequately and sufficiently dwells into the concept and usage of cooling systems in computers. It talks about the advents which have been made in the cooling technology right from the very starting to the modern times. It discusses and elaborates on the different kinds and types of cooling systems available and their respective advantages and potential, if any, disadvantages.

Cooling Systems in Computers

According to Moore’s Law the number of transistors on a chip will double approximately every two years. Since 1965 this law has stood the test of the times and consequently the performances of computers have increased while their ...

Normally, oxygen is found in gas form. However, this gas can be separated from other components of air through distillation, and then cooled into liquid oxygen. In its liquid form, oxygen can be used to propel rockets as they are launched into space. Liquid oxygen can also be used in making explosives. However, liquid oxygen is a very volatile substance hence; making it dangerous to make explosives. When liquid oxygen comes into contact with an asphalt pavement, there are likely to be hazardous impacts. The reaction usually causes fire, which is followed by an explosion. In its liquid form, ...

Question 1

Highlighted herein are the different sources of finance available to the Greens’ family for the funding of their £120,000 dream home in Seychelles. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these sources are considered and a conclusion arrived at on how best the dream home can be funded. The available sources of finance are: i. Family house valued at £450,000 ii. Buy- to- let flat worth £150,000 iii. The house in Sheffield valued at £130,000 iv. The flats in the Seychelles worth £120,000 v. Family assets valued at £1.1m vi. ...

Question 1

Jupiter was the first giant planet formed.

Question 2

According to the Nice theory where did the Kuiper belt objects and Oort cloud objects come from?

Kuiper belt objects come from the out edge of Solar System where huge spheres made of rock and ice that circle around Pluto’s orbit. The objects took their name from Gerard Kuiper who suggested that comets may come from the Kuiper belt. This group of planetoids is called Kuiper belt objects (KBO). The first KBO named “1991 QB1” was discovered in 1992. The plant Pluto also belongs to the group of KBO. Some ...

Abstract

This paper discusses and examines thermodynamics concepts and systems, particularly air conditioners. The principles upon which these systems are built, namely the first and the second thermodynamics laws are analyzed. Air conditioner performance and efficiency is also examined under the two laws. The second law of thermodynamics helps in determining the effectiveness of thermodynamics-based systems and is used in this paper to determine the efficiency of air conditioners. This paper finally makes recommendations based on calculations that determine the levels of efficiency of air conditioners.

Introduction

Air Conditioning, which involves the processes of heating and cooling, is an essential part ...

Falling Ball Viscometer

Objective: Purpose of the Falling Ball Viscometer experiment was to measure the viscosity of glycerin or glycerol by using falling ball viscometer technique.

Background:

When a body falls in a liquid under the force of gravity, it accelerates until weight of the body is balanced by the buoyancy force and drag force. Terminal velocity is gained by the body at this point. Viscosity of the liquid can be evaluated by measuring this terminal velocity of the body in the liquid. In this experiment a steel sphere was allowed to fall in glycerol and dynamic viscosity of glycerol was measured by using ...

Mark Deuze (2007) expressed in his book Media Work the changes that media practitioners experience in their work and lifestyle through the developments in culture, society, economy, and technology, which in turn make ways for new paradigms such as convergence culture, and liquid life. He used such paradigms for discussing the altering condition of media work. In the book, he described it as a complicated reality with contradicting components, necessarily working on the way to the convergence of content, creativity, connectivity, and commerce. With these contemporary circumstances, power has also been shifting. The term new media is used nowadays, signaling ...

- Yes. It will be in its flammable range to ignite since 7.8% lies within the flammable range of alcohol which is 3.3% to 19%. - The vapor density of alcohol in air will rise since it is less dense than air. - Since ethanol is less dense than water, it will form an upper layer on top of water and will continue to burn.( Doolittle, A. 658). - If heat is added to the ethanol, the vapor pressure will rise since there will be an additional energy to drive the molecules. - The material ...

ABSTRACT

The research argues that although a gas flaring stoppage is not successfully in-place in Nigeria, fitting the appropriate technology with complementary economic and institutional factors can lead to near-zero or zero gas flaring. Nigeria is a developing country with a unique culture of many tribes and one of the largest growing urban populations in the world. Infrastructural, political and economical challenges to meeting the goal are introduced. Reinjection of gas back into wells is not available as an option to gas flaring because a large region for gas production is wetlands (Buzcu-Guven et al. 2012). Wetlands ...

Introduction

For every meal, snacks, parties, gatherings with friends or co-workers, or even just sitting back watching television, there is always that incessant presence of a can or a glass of one’s favorite carbonated drink. For most people, especially for adolescence, these sugary carbonated drinks liven up the quality of the food or even the company, or provide that quenching ‘kick’ for the thirsty, something that water sometimes cannot do. Unfortunately a liter of soda can contain 700 calories (US Department of Agriculture 2012), and frequent intake could pose serious health problems such as obesity or diabetes. Studies show that a daily intake ...

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Introduction Originally, 3D printing technologies were designed for nonbiological materials, such as metals, ceramics and thermoplastic polymers (Murphy and Atala 6). However, recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues, giving rise to a new technology referred to as ‘3D Bioprinting.’ However, unlike non-biological 3D printing, it involves important complexities, such as choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues (Murphy and Atala 1). Overall, 3D ...

Lander Project: Life on Jupiter’s Europa Moon

Water is life, and scientific research has long proven this fact. Water is the most important substance that living things need in order to survive. So far, scientists have been excited to find the possibility of life on some of the planetary moons. They have used the fact that evidence of the existence of life-supporting elements such as water and oxygen to other parts of the solar system has been presented through previous research to end up with this possibility. There could be alien life on Jupiter as shown by promising discoveries so far. The problem is that ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below. When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

Introduction

Heat of vaporization and vapor pressure are the two essential properties of a liquid in thermodynamics. The vapor pressure of a substance is the measure of the tendency of its molecules escaping (Blauch). The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of the attractive energy that exists between molecules in the liquid and has to be overcome in order for the molecules enter the vapor phase. When a liquid sample is put into a container, there is the tendency for the liquid to evaporate. Liquid molecules escape from their state into the gaseous state. When the liquid is put in a closed container, ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass. Non-fossil wastes that are ...

Introduction

Jewellery has been in existence since the early humans began to become civilized. The human desire is to be adorned with precious metals and gems. This has been evident since the Neolithic and Palaeolithic eras. The early humans made jewellery that was formed from claws, bones, teeth and shells. This has been documented by archaeologists. The Egyptians, the Romans and the Greeks applied distinct methods for the creation of jewellery (Cartlidge 1985; Dorner & Turner 1985; Druff and Dormer 1995; Druitt 1986; Falk 1989; Game and Goring 1998; Gilhooley and Costin 1998; Grant 2005; Grant 2007; Hinks 1983; Hughes 1972; ...

1. Introduction

During early days people do physical work to complete a job. The physical work made by the people made them tired and people time gets wasted. Let us take a construction work. The construction works involves major labors to construct a building, in early days people spends major time to construct a building. The labors have to give more energy to construct the building. Some of the labors even sacrificed their life by accident case inside the building. But today’s technology makes sure that the construction of any type of building can be modeled and executed within a year. Labor also ...

Abstract

The method of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) focus on the exploitation from the heat contained in deep warm rocks associated with restricted penetrability. Although that particular extraction is just feasible when the reservoir penetrability is actually sufficient to make sure a liquid circulation in between injection as well as production water springs. Financial utilization associated with enhanced geothermal systems has to do with normal or even induced nutrient precipitation as well as associated reduction in permeability from those methods even though it might inhibit liquid flow within well casings or even in rocky fractures as well as therefore decrease heat ...

Introduction

Banking, financial, and even insurance-issuing institutions were badly hit by the global financial crisis that happened in 2007 to 2008. It created a serious domino effect that eventually took its toll on the U.S. Federal Government. The struggling dollar and U.S. economy—the world’s largest economy in terms of GDP, led to a serious wave of financial and stock market corrections that were felt globally, especially in countries whose economy is largely dependent on U.S. commodity and financial supply and consumption. The ultimate effect of the global financial crisis of 2009 was an increased uncertainty and negativity in the financial ...

A better understanding of thermodynamics may be achieved by understanding the general molecular structure of matter as it exists in water and steam. Molecules are the smallest amount of the compound material that has complete chemical traits of that element, which can exist. Molecules consist of smaller particles that define basic elements called atoms. Most minerals constituents can exist in solid, liquid and vapor states called phases. The three phases of a substance can only coexist in equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure. In the liquid state, the molecules can move, but they are still one molecular diameter apart to ...

Introduction to Modeling of Engineering Systems

The model that my group has developed is based upon the separation and accumulation of solids which flow into a settling tank from a feed steam. During this separation procedure, the solid accumulates into the settling tank and the cleaner liquid product accumulates in a storage tank. The feed stream, containing solid particles in liquid, flows continuously to the settling tank, and solids are thus able to settle to the bottom as the liquid moves upward through the tank. A product stream leaves the tank; this stream contains a smaller fraction of solids than the field stream. Eventually the amount of solids which ...

Introduction

Steroids play a central role in enhancing human growth, development and normal health, since they take part in development of secondary sexual traits, reproduction, gene expression, neurological and cardiovascular functions and maturation among others. Accordingly, imbalances in the metabolic mechanisms of steroids in humans is associated with an array of health complications such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer among others. The foregoing underscores the importance of steroid profiling to establish its levels in humans, particularly in disease diagnosis, because it enables health professionals to understand a variety of steroid-related health conditions. For efficiency and accuracy, a good profiling method is ...

Introduction

Mayo’s Clinic is a health organization that is based in Rochester in Minnesota. It was founded in 1899 and has grown tremendously over the years. Today, it employs approximately four thousand physicians and scientists and 60 thousand allied health staff. Similarly, Erie County Medical Centre is a health organization located in New York City. It has a hospital facility with 550-bed capacity and more than thirty outpatient service centres. This paper seeks to analyse the financial viability of the two entities. In addition, it seeks to analyse the financial viability of merging these two entities. To this end, this paper will ...

Introduction

Membrane filtration is a technique used to separate a liquid from any particles present in it. In membrane filtration, a liquid is passed through a semi-permeable membrane. The size of the pores on the membrane determines its permeability thereby enabling the membrane to act as a barrier to all particles larger than the pore sizes. Different approaches and systems can be employed in membrane filtration depending on the type and capacity of the liquid being purified but the overall goal is to obtain a clean liquid. Membrane filtration can be used in the treatment of wastewater, filtering milk during its processing among other applications. This ...

Introduction

Alternative energy is a general term that is used to refer to any source of energy that is serviceable and is intended to be used as a substitute for other fuel sources without undergoing any undesired consequences. Hydrogen is therefore ideal alternative fuel energy for Army after Next (AAN) platforms. However, considering the current technology, use of Hydrogen as a form of alternative energy, has two setbacks that hinder its use as substitute energy. One of the setbacks is that, Liquid Hydrogen which is the ideal form of hydrogen needs four times storage space of convectional petroleum –based fuels. The other ...

The aim of the experiment was to identify the functional group of the two unknown organic compounds.

Method

Step 1: Test for acidity and basicity of the unknown by a universal indicator Step 2: Test for the capacity of the unknown to be oxidized by KMnO4 Step 3: Test for the capacity of the unknown to be reduced by a Tollen reagent Step 4: Test for the presence of a carbonyl group in the unknown using 2, 4-DNP Step 5: Test for the presence of an alcohol group in ...

Abstract

This experiment involved alkene preparation by alcohol dehydration (water elimination) in the presence of an acid catalyst. Elimination, combination, rearrangement and substitution are the basic types of chemical reactions known in organic chemistry. Alcohol dehydration is an important transformation that leads to the yield of alkene and it is an example of an elimination reaction. Dehydration is a process that involves the elimination reaction of an alcohol. There is a loss of H from one carbon and OH from adjacent carbon, hence, resulting in a water molecule removal that results in the formation of alkyne or alkene. When an alcohol loses its ...

Instrumental Analysis

Mephedrone molecular structure Nephyrone molecular structure There are several structural differences between the three chemical substances that make adrenalin distinguishable from both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin molecular structure has a more stable structure more than both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin structure has an extra OH molecule that makes it distinguishable from the Mephedrone and Nephyrone. Several analytical tests can be used to determine this difference. There are various chromatographic techniques that can be used to test the purity of the adrenalin tablet. The first method is paper chromatography. This chromatographic method is used to analyze ...

1. Introduction The electrical energy is generated to bring some development to the world. The electrical energy lights the world during night time. People can do their work even during night time without any disturbance because the electrical energy replaces the sun during night time. The energy is neither be created nor be destroyed. The electrical energy is generated by converting other form of energy. Generally mechanical energy is converted in to electrical energy. The electrical energy is generated by different methods; say hydro thermal energy generation, diesel power generation, gas power generation, and nuclear power generation. The ...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer first exhibited the piezoelectric effect in the year 1969 followed by the pyroelectric effect some years later, leading to the development of numerous applications of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. PVDF possesses many attractive features as a tactile or touch sensor. Tactile sensors can be used to monitor skin conditions. They find use in minimally invasive surgery. Tanaka et al. developed an active palpitation sensor to detect hypertrophy and prostate cancer. Pyroelectric and piezoelectric polymers help in energy conversion. The Energy Harvesting Eel device created by Taylor et al. used piezoelectric polymers for the conversion of mechanical flow energy ...

Abstract

In today’s economic climate, everyone has an opinion about policy reactions to the current world recession and aftermath of the financial crash. I do not see where government austerity has the potential to bring about the immediate changes that stimulus spending would. We are now trapped in a cycle where an unstable economic environment has made liquid assets more valuable than capital investments. This is not going to change until unemployment levels rise and that is not going to happen without capital investments. It is a catch 22. Austerity makes the problem worse, it adds unemployment by cutting programs and ...

Introduction to Use of Silica in Sampling of Plant Compounds

Liquid chromatography is the most widely accepted and fundamental methodology for the separation and sampling of plant compounds. Liquid chromatography has the abilities to separate and sample a huge variety and diverse range of organic compounds ranging from proteins and peptides to small molecule protein drugs. The liquid chromatography is a technique that works by placing or injecting a minute volume of liquid sample into a silicon tube which is packed with porous substances or particles. This phase is called the stationary phase. The next phase is the extraction phase where the individual compounds present in the sample are transported over a packed tube ...

Introduction

Waste biomass is usually in the form of manure, agricultural residues, municipal sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and industrial bio-sludge which can be converted to animal feeds, alcohol fuels or industrial chemicals. There are various processes which are employed to convert this waste into the respective useful end products rather than being dumped away. The complexity of these processes depends on the kind of technologies being used. Conversions of waste biomass into renewable energy forms play a major role in reducing the dependence on crude oil and thus promote economic growth. The process of waste biomass conversion to useful products ...

Executive Summary

Financial management is one of the crucial success tools for any organization. A good financial management must include the use of the required accounting standards when presenting the financial reports. A company that is financially viable is most likely to compete favorably with its peers. In this paper, I have analysed the financial performance of Persimmon Plc in the last four years. The company’s current success lies in its ability to treat the global competition as an opportunity in building capabilities, and adopting strategies that result into competitive advantage. The analysis includes a brief introduction of the company and ...

External research

America managed to recover 34% of the waste that was generated in 2009 when there was about 9,000 curbside recycling programs. There was 66.2% recycling rate of steel making steel one of the most recycled product in the country. It means that approximately 20,000 cans of steel are recycled every minute. Yearly statistics shows that steel is recycled even more than plastic, glass, paper and aluminum combined. For the last 50 years, more than 50% of the total steel produced has been recycled. Currently, different industries employ different strategies for dealing with wastes. Some of the ...

Literature review

Heat transfer and friction characteristics in a square duct roughened by various shaped ribs on one wall [Aliaga, b, 1994]. Liquid crystal thermograph is used to measure local and average heat transfer coefficient of ribbed surface. The ribs height to duct hydraulic diameter ratio is fixed to 0.1. The rib pitch to height ratio varies from 8 to 15 and Reynolds number spans from 8000 to 20,000[Aliaga, b, 1994]. The experiment consists of heat transfer test and pressure test. The test experiment consists of 750mm long smooth duct followed by a rib-roughened section of equal length. Plexiglas plates are applied to ...

Abstract

Crude oil, also known as petroleum, is one of the most important natural resources. It is a fossil fuel that is non-renewable and has different components such as hydrocarbon compounds and other materials like oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, salt and water. It is normally extracted from the ground, under the seas, and on land and is then transported to refineries. Most of the substances are removed in the refinery, and the oil is broken down and blended into useful products (McCants, 1989). Some of these products include medicines, plastics, fabrics, dyes, cosmetics, and transport fuels. Transportation of crude oil is done ...

Research analysis indicates that hydraulic jumps may occur in places like rivers and any other fast flowing liquid channels. They occur when liquids with a high rate of kinetic energy are slowed down immediately leading to its format. These hydraulic jumps can happen in in places like waterfalls and also in fast flowing cataracts. According to Bonn 2009, a hydraulic jump occurs in open channel flows which include spillways and rivers. A high velocity of liquid discharges into a lower velocity zone and an immediate rise occurs on the surface of the fluid. An immediate slowdown of the rapidly flowing liquid occurs ...

Meaning is a hidden element. It is not easy to define the term accordingly. However, it is easy to understand the term from a wider perspective as defined by other people. Putnam is a renowned philosopher with wide philosophical scope. His philosophical arguments revolve around the proper definition of meaning. He argues that meaning Ain’t in the head. The phrase means that there are more attachments to meaning than what the head of an individual may comprehend. Putnam argues around concrete concepts that are useful in showing the attachment of meaning and the uniqueness of the thoughts. People had been ...

Introduction to Modeling of Engineering Systems

A semi-batch mode operates the solids separation process by accumulating and settling solids in a storage tank. The cleaner product accumulates in the storage tank whereas the feed stream with solids flows into the settling tank. The clean liquid flows upward into the tank leaving the solid particles at the bottom. The product stream from the tank has smaller solids than those in the feed stream. The amount of solids keeps increasing in the settling tank as solids increase in the settling time. The exit stream accumulates in the collection vessel. The solids in the settling tank should be removed ...

Introduction

We are living in a world that is quickly losing its conventional energy resources. If we look at the state of the conventional fossil fuels such as oil and gas, we see that their prices have been highly volatile in the past few decades. The use of such fossil fuels also causes some serious environmental issues that include global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rains. The development of renewable source of energy such as solar, wind, biomass and geothermal sources will help in the reduction of consumption of petroleum products and will lead to fulfilling the energy requirements of ...

Communication

Water is one of the most fascinating natural elements on earth. It is fascinating not only because of its capability to sustain life on earth as we know it but also because of its versatility. Water is one of the most versatile elements on earth. It comes in three primary forms that are vapor, liquid water and ice. These three primary forms of water are greatly affected by temperature. This means that temperature dictates the form in which water appears. Water primarily appears in its liquid form. Under natural environmental conditions water is a clear liquid that is not ...

Hemoglobinopathies: Analytic Diagnostic Techniques

Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia’s are a kind of Genetic disorders caused mainly by a mutation or deletion of Globin genes in Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consist of α or β Amino acid chains. An alteration in α chain production leads to α Thalassemia and alteration in β chain causes β Thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies on the other hand may be caused due to the structural abnormalities or alteration of amino acid sequences in the Globin genes. These are mainly hereditary and constitute to around 4 to 5% of the world population. (WHO Statistics, 2012) Each year around 250,000 to 300,000 new born children have either hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. Both ...

Water and Its Unique Properties

Water is has a unique physical and chemical properties which are essential to life and to the earth processes such as climate change. Water molecules generally consist of one oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms. However the atoms do not share equal electrons thereby making water slightly charged—exhibits polarity. Water molecules interact with other water molecule through a weak hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds allow water to interact also with other polar substances. Water is known as the universal solvent. Thus, it has the capacity to dissolve various polar substances like ammonia and nonpolar substances such as methane (Freudenrich, 2011). ...

- Using OSHA Definitions: 1-Flammable Liquids: flammable liquid is described as any liquid that has a flash point below 37.8oC (1000F). However, this does not include any mixture that has elements with flashpoints of below 37.8oC (1000F), whose total form about 99% of the entire volume of the mixture. 2-Combustible Liquids: a liquid is any liquid which has a flash point of or above 37.8oC (1000F) (OSHA, 2013).

Differences between Flammable and Combustible:

The main difference between flammable liquids’ vapor can be kindled at relatively lower temperatures as compared to combustible liquids. Therefore, it is easy for a flammable liquid to catch fire as compared to ...

Introduction

Food items are always prone to spoilage which in most of the cases is precipitated by an increase in bad microbes that cause the food to change its property and thus food becomes unsafe for eating. The main purpose of inspection of food is to trace the presence of bad microbes that are available in most of the food products but below certain level they are harmless. Microbes are nothing but cells which are so microscopic that it is not possible to detect them when they are in very small numbers. In order to detect the presence of harmful ...

The hydrometer is a device used in the direct evaluation of the specific gravity of a particular liquid. The hydrometer was invented by Antoine Baume, chemistry professor at Ecole de Pharmacie in the year 1768. Baumie invented two hydrometers; one measuring fluid denser than water and the other one for liquids less dense than water. The hydrometer is usually made of a thin glass tube which closed at both ends (Holmes, p.156). One of the ends is distended into a bulb which contains mercury or fine lead shot which enables the device to uprightly float in a fluid. The glass tube has a scale calibrated ...