Essays on Liquid

According to Lexus.us, Dosimetry is defined as “Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides”. (2010). Neutron dosimetry is neither as precise nor as complex as gamma dosimetry. In the United States today, neutron dosimetry is among the vital requirements used to carry out comparison of the clinical results gotten from radiotherapy trials done at the fast neutron therapy facilities.
The neutron dosimetry radiation uses specialized devices which includes superheated drop detectors. Gamma rays originating from the surroundings, the phantom or biological object experiencing the radiation, the collimating or field-limiting Continue reading...

Omer Bese

Supervised
Asst. Prof. Fusun Tut Haklidir

Energy Systems Enginering

Istanbul Bilgi University
2014

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS
1. Introduction 3
1.1. Goal of the Study 3
1.2. Renewable Energy Sources 3
1.3. Geothermal Energy 3
1.3.1. What is Geothermal Energy? 3
1.3.2 Geothermal Reservoirs 4
1.3.3 Present Status of Geothermal Energy 7
1.4 Geothermal Applications around the World 7
1.4.1Geothermal Applications in Turkey 8

Flash steam power plants 10

Single Flash 10
Double Flash 11
Triple Flash 11
Binary Steam Power Plants 11
Binary Cycle Types and Differences 11
Organic Rankine Cycle 12
Kalina Cycle 12
Positive and Negative Ways 12
Companies that Produce Binary Continue reading...

Disposal of the hazardous waste has been a cause of concern from the time immemorial. Such poisonous toxic waste has a numerous disadvantages ranging from injuries and death to even permanent birth defects. This hazardous waste when dumped in an open area even used to contaminate the water, posing a threat to the aquatic life. To tackle this disastrous problem US military thus came out with the concept of disposal site.
A site which is generally used for accumulation of waste with the primary purpose of disposal or treatment of such waste is called a disposal site. Before the Continue reading...

Introduction

Mechanics is a branch of physical science that deals with moving and stationary bodies influenced by forces. It is divided into two branches called dynamics and statics. Dynamics deals with moving bodies while statics deals resting bodies
Mechanics also has a subcategory called fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the science concerning the behavior of fluids. It could be fluid statics when it tackles about the body at rest. On the other hand, it could be fluid dynamics when the fluid body being studied is in motion.
Fluid mechanics is a study regarding the behavior of material that can bend Continue reading...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.
Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.
b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam Continue reading...

Falling Ball Viscometer

- Objective
The intent of this experiment is to find the dynamic viscosity of Glycerol by following falling ball viscometer method. Multiple steel spheres will be used to fall down the liquid and the time taken to fall a specific distance will be measured.
- Background
A body falling in a liquid is subjected to gravitational, buoyancy and drag forces which results in the achievement of a terminal velocity of the fall. According to Archimedes principle, we know that buoyant force is equal to weight of the displaced liquid. Implementing these principles, we get following equations, which result in Continue reading...

This study revealed that Kevlar and Kevlar/wool fabric thermal properties. The effect of fabric physical properties on thermal comfort was analyzed. The tests conducted on moisture management techniques were: sweating guarded hot plate (SGHP), moisture management tester, and surface tester. A conclusion for the paper is given which recommends the use of Kevlar and Kevlar/wool in the textile industry. The report examines the different thermal properties of Kevlar A363 and Kevlar/wool in an effort to determine which fabric is best suited for different weather conditions. In addition, the tests carried out shows clearly the difference in thermal properties of Continue reading...

Geothermal power plant operates under various cycles: single flash steam cycle; double flash steam cycle; triple flash steam cycle; kalina cycle; and pure cycle power plant. These cycles are discussed below.

Single Flash Steam Cycle

Single flash steam cycle is as illustrated in figure 1.
Figure 1: Single flash steam cycle (source (Chegg))
The liquid is tapped from the production well. It is then flashed to a required pressure. The vapour separated from the liquid in the separation chamber is then passed to the turbine. The liquid from the condenser and separator is reinjected back to the well.

Double Flash Steam Cycle

This cycle has two flash Continue reading...

Introduction

Since modern computers and the use of internet technology have been introduced, people have become more dependent on digital forms of business transactions and communications to the point that a significant portion of them could not survive without relying on such technologies. Digital communication may refer to the physical transfer of data or any form information regardless of the purpose (e.g. business or for communications) from one point to another by means of the internet or any communication channel that makes use of copper wires, fiber optic wires, storage media, and wireless forms of communication, among others.
This is Continue reading...

Abstract

This paper adequately and sufficiently dwells into the concept and usage of cooling systems in computers. It talks about the advents which have been made in the cooling technology right from the very starting to the modern times. It discusses and elaborates on the different kinds and types of cooling systems available and their respective advantages and potential, if any, disadvantages.

Cooling Systems in Computers

According to Moore’s Law the number of transistors on a chip will double approximately every two years. Since 1965 this law has stood the test of the times and consequently the performances of computers have increased while Continue reading...

Normally, oxygen is found in gas form. However, this gas can be separated from other components of air through distillation, and then cooled into liquid oxygen. In its liquid form, oxygen can be used to propel rockets as they are launched into space. Liquid oxygen can also be used in making explosives. However, liquid oxygen is a very volatile substance hence; making it dangerous to make explosives. When liquid oxygen comes into contact with an asphalt pavement, there are likely to be hazardous impacts. The reaction usually causes fire, which is followed by an explosion.
In its liquid form, Continue reading...

Question 1

Highlighted herein are the different sources of finance available to the Greens’ family for the funding of their £120,000 dream home in Seychelles. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these sources are considered and a conclusion arrived at on how best the dream home can be funded. The available sources of finance are:
i. Family house valued at £450,000
ii. Buy- to- let flat worth £150,000
iii. The house in Sheffield valued at £130,000
iv. The flats in the Seychelles worth £120,000
v. Family assets valued at £1.1m
vi. The liquid assets in Bank Continue reading...

Falling Ball Viscometer

Objective:
Purpose of the Falling Ball Viscometer experiment was to measure the viscosity of glycerin or glycerol by using falling ball viscometer technique.

Background:

When a body falls in a liquid under the force of gravity, it accelerates until weight of the body is balanced by the buoyancy force and drag force. Terminal velocity is gained by the body at this point. Viscosity of the liquid can be evaluated by measuring this terminal velocity of the body in the liquid.
In this experiment a steel sphere was allowed to fall in glycerol and dynamic viscosity of glycerol was measured by Continue reading...

Mark Deuze (2007) expressed in his book Media Work the changes that media practitioners experience in their work and lifestyle through the developments in culture, society, economy, and technology, which in turn make ways for new paradigms such as convergence culture, and liquid life. He used such paradigms for discussing the altering condition of media work. In the book, he described it as a complicated reality with contradicting components, necessarily working on the way to the convergence of content, creativity, connectivity, and commerce. With these contemporary circumstances, power has also been shifting. The term new media is used nowadays, Continue reading...

- Yes. It will be in its flammable range to ignite since 7.8% lies within the flammable range of alcohol which is 3.3% to 19%.
- The vapor density of alcohol in air will rise since it is less dense than air.
- Since ethanol is less dense than water, it will form an upper layer on top of water and will continue to burn.( Doolittle, A. 658).
- If heat is added to the ethanol, the vapor pressure will rise since there will be an additional energy to drive the molecules.
- The material with the highest flammable Continue reading...

Introduction

For every meal, snacks, parties, gatherings with friends or co-workers, or even just sitting back watching television, there is always that incessant presence of a can or a glass of one’s favorite carbonated drink. For most people, especially for adolescence, these sugary carbonated drinks liven up the quality of the food or even the company, or provide that quenching ‘kick’ for the thirsty, something that water sometimes cannot do. Unfortunately a liter of soda can contain 700 calories (US Department of Agriculture 2012), and frequent intake could pose serious health problems such as obesity or diabetes. Studies show Continue reading...

[First Last Name]

English [Number]

[Date Month Year]

Introduction
Originally, 3D printing technologies were designed for nonbiological materials, such as metals, ceramics and thermoplastic polymers (Murphy and Atala 6). However, recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues, giving rise to a new technology referred to as ‘3D Bioprinting.’ However, unlike non-biological 3D printing, it involves important complexities, such as choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues (Murphy and Atala 1). Overall, 3D Continue reading...

Lander Project: Life on Jupiter’s Europa Moon

Water is life, and scientific research has long proven this fact. Water is the most important substance that living things need in order to survive. So far, scientists have been excited to find the possibility of life on some of the planetary moons. They have used the fact that evidence of the existence of life-supporting elements such as water and oxygen to other parts of the solar system has been presented through previous research to end up with this possibility.
There could be alien life on Jupiter as shown by promising discoveries so far. The problem is that few Continue reading...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below.
When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and Continue reading...

Introduction

Heat of vaporization and vapor pressure are the two essential properties of a liquid in thermodynamics. The vapor pressure of a substance is the measure of the tendency of its molecules escaping (Blauch). The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of the attractive energy that exists between molecules in the liquid and has to be overcome in order for the molecules enter the vapor phase. When a liquid sample is put into a container, there is the tendency for the liquid to evaporate. Liquid molecules escape from their state into the gaseous state. When the liquid is Continue reading...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass.
Non-fossil wastes Continue reading...

Introduction

Banking, financial, and even insurance-issuing institutions were badly hit by the global financial crisis that happened in 2007 to 2008. It created a serious domino effect that eventually took its toll on the U.S. Federal Government. The struggling dollar and U.S. economy—the world’s largest economy in terms of GDP, led to a serious wave of financial and stock market corrections that were felt globally, especially in countries whose economy is largely dependent on U.S. commodity and financial supply and consumption. The ultimate effect of the global financial crisis of 2009 was an increased uncertainty and negativity in Continue reading...

A better understanding of thermodynamics may be achieved by understanding the general molecular structure of matter as it exists in water and steam. Molecules are the smallest amount of the compound material that has complete chemical traits of that element, which can exist. Molecules consist of smaller particles that define basic elements called atoms. Most minerals constituents can exist in solid, liquid and vapor states called phases. The three phases of a substance can only coexist in equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure. In the liquid state, the molecules can move, but they are still one molecular diameter Continue reading...

Introduction to Modeling of Engineering Systems

The model that my group has developed is based upon the separation and accumulation of solids which flow into a settling tank from a feed steam. During this separation procedure, the solid accumulates into the settling tank and the cleaner liquid product accumulates in a storage tank. The feed stream, containing solid particles in liquid, flows continuously to the settling tank, and solids are thus able to settle to the bottom as the liquid moves upward through the tank. A product stream leaves the tank; this stream contains a smaller fraction of solids than the field stream. Eventually the Continue reading...

Introduction

Steroids play a central role in enhancing human growth, development and normal health, since they take part in development of secondary sexual traits, reproduction, gene expression, neurological and cardiovascular functions and maturation among others. Accordingly, imbalances in the metabolic mechanisms of steroids in humans is associated with an array of health complications such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer among others. The foregoing underscores the importance of steroid profiling to establish its levels in humans, particularly in disease diagnosis, because it enables health professionals to understand a variety of steroid-related health conditions. For efficiency and accuracy, a good Continue reading...

Introduction

Mayo’s Clinic is a health organization that is based in Rochester in Minnesota. It was founded in 1899 and has grown tremendously over the years. Today, it employs approximately four thousand physicians and scientists and 60 thousand allied health staff. Similarly, Erie County Medical Centre is a health organization located in New York City. It has a hospital facility with 550-bed capacity and more than thirty outpatient service centres. This paper seeks to analyse the financial viability of the two entities. In addition, it seeks to analyse the financial viability of merging these two entities. To this end, Continue reading...

Introduction

Membrane filtration is a technique used to separate a liquid from any particles present in it. In membrane filtration, a liquid is passed through a semi-permeable membrane. The size of the pores on the membrane determines its permeability thereby enabling the membrane to act as a barrier to all particles larger than the pore sizes. Different approaches and systems can be employed in membrane filtration depending on the type and capacity of the liquid being purified but the overall goal is to obtain a clean liquid. Membrane filtration can be used in the treatment of wastewater, filtering milk during Continue reading...

Introduction

Alternative energy is a general term that is used to refer to any source of energy that is serviceable and is intended to be used as a substitute for other fuel sources without undergoing any undesired consequences. Hydrogen is therefore ideal alternative fuel energy for Army after Next (AAN) platforms. However, considering the current technology, use of Hydrogen as a form of alternative energy, has two setbacks that hinder its use as substitute energy. One of the setbacks is that, Liquid Hydrogen which is the ideal form of hydrogen needs four times storage space of convectional petroleum –based Continue reading...

Instrumental Analysis

Mephedrone molecular structure
Nephyrone molecular structure
There are several structural differences between the three chemical substances that make adrenalin distinguishable from both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin molecular structure has a more stable structure more than both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin structure has an extra OH molecule that makes it distinguishable from the Mephedrone and Nephyrone. Several analytical tests can be used to determine this difference.
There are various chromatographic techniques that can be used to test the purity of the adrenalin tablet. The first method is paper chromatography. This chromatographic method is used to analyze chemicals that Continue reading...

1. Introduction
The electrical energy is generated to bring some development to the world. The electrical energy lights the world during night time. People can do their work even during night time without any disturbance because the electrical energy replaces the sun during night time. The energy is neither be created nor be destroyed. The electrical energy is generated by converting other form of energy. Generally mechanical energy is converted in to electrical energy. The electrical energy is generated by different methods; say hydro thermal energy generation, diesel power generation, gas power generation, and nuclear power generation. The nuclear Continue reading...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract
Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights Continue reading...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process Continue reading...

Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer first exhibited the piezoelectric effect in the year 1969 followed by the pyroelectric effect some years later, leading to the development of numerous applications of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. PVDF possesses many attractive features as a tactile or touch sensor. Tactile sensors can be used to monitor skin conditions. They find use in minimally invasive surgery. Tanaka et al. developed an active palpitation sensor to detect hypertrophy and prostate cancer. Pyroelectric and piezoelectric polymers help in energy conversion. The Energy Harvesting Eel device created by Taylor et al. used piezoelectric polymers for the conversion of mechanical flow Continue reading...

Abstract

In today’s economic climate, everyone has an opinion about policy reactions to the current world recession and aftermath of the financial crash. I do not see where government austerity has the potential to bring about the immediate changes that stimulus spending would. We are now trapped in a cycle where an unstable economic environment has made liquid assets more valuable than capital investments. This is not going to change until unemployment levels rise and that is not going to happen without capital investments. It is a catch 22. Austerity makes the problem worse, it adds unemployment by cutting Continue reading...

Introduction to Use of Silica in Sampling of Plant Compounds

Liquid chromatography is the most widely accepted and fundamental methodology for the separation and sampling of plant compounds. Liquid chromatography has the abilities to separate and sample a huge variety and diverse range of organic compounds ranging from proteins and peptides to small molecule protein drugs. The liquid chromatography is a technique that works by placing or injecting a minute volume of liquid sample into a silicon tube which is packed with porous substances or particles. This phase is called the stationary phase. The next phase is the extraction phase where the individual compounds present in the sample are Continue reading...

Introduction

Waste biomass is usually in the form of manure, agricultural residues, municipal sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and industrial bio-sludge which can be converted to animal feeds, alcohol fuels or industrial chemicals. There are various processes which are employed to convert this waste into the respective useful end products rather than being dumped away. The complexity of these processes depends on the kind of technologies being used. Conversions of waste biomass into renewable energy forms play a major role in reducing the dependence on crude oil and thus promote economic growth. The process of waste biomass conversion to useful Continue reading...

Executive Summary

Financial management is one of the crucial success tools for any organization. A good financial management must include the use of the required accounting standards when presenting the financial reports. A company that is financially viable is most likely to compete favorably with its peers. In this paper, I have analysed the financial performance of Persimmon Plc in the last four years. The company’s current success lies in its ability to treat the global competition as an opportunity in building capabilities, and adopting strategies that result into competitive advantage. The analysis includes a brief introduction of the company Continue reading...

Literature review

Heat transfer and friction characteristics in a square duct roughened by various shaped ribs on one wall [Aliaga, b, 1994]. Liquid crystal thermograph is used to measure local and average heat transfer coefficient of ribbed surface. The ribs height to duct hydraulic diameter ratio is fixed to 0.1. The rib pitch to height ratio varies from 8 to 15 and Reynolds number spans from 8000 to 20,000[Aliaga, b, 1994]. The experiment consists of heat transfer test and pressure test. The test experiment consists of 750mm long smooth duct followed by a rib-roughened section of equal length. Plexiglas Continue reading...

Abstract

Crude oil, also known as petroleum, is one of the most important natural resources. It is a fossil fuel that is non-renewable and has different components such as hydrocarbon compounds and other materials like oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, salt and water. It is normally extracted from the ground, under the seas, and on land and is then transported to refineries. Most of the substances are removed in the refinery, and the oil is broken down and blended into useful products (McCants, 1989). Some of these products include medicines, plastics, fabrics, dyes, cosmetics, and transport fuels. Transportation of crude oil is Continue reading...

Research analysis indicates that hydraulic jumps may occur in places like rivers and any other fast flowing liquid channels. They occur when liquids with a high rate of kinetic energy are slowed down immediately leading to its format. These hydraulic jumps can happen in in places like waterfalls and also in fast flowing cataracts. According to Bonn 2009, a hydraulic jump occurs in open channel flows which include spillways and rivers. A high velocity of liquid discharges into a lower velocity zone and an immediate rise occurs on the surface of the fluid. An immediate slowdown of the rapidly Continue reading...