Essays on Polymerase

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368). Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

Definition:

Ebola virus, well known for its hemorrhagic effects produced inside as well as outside of body. This virus progresses with bleeding, which leads to organ failure and if not treated properly can also cause death. ("Ebola virus and Marburg virus - Mayo Clinic", 2016). Ebola is also termed as Ebola Hemorrhagic fever because of its hemorrhagic property and it is also known to cause the death of 90% effected people ("Ebola Virus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention", 2016). There are 5 strains of this virus and four of them are known to cause deadly symptoms like hemorrhage. Ebola have its ...

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Introduction

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a very influential technique that helps in amplifying the specific segments of DNA. This biochemical procedure is performed in-vitro that is quite different from cloning. This technique is a fusion of synthesis protocol of distinct repeated segments of DNA and thermostable DNA polymerase application that has given scientists a very potent analytical, immunological and molecular technique used prevalently in clinical laboratory science (Garibyan & Avashia, 2013). PCR is based on three primary steps that include denaturation of the template into single strands, annealing ...

Introduction

Tooth development involves a complex process whereby teeth are formed from embryonic cells, and then eventually mature after erupting as evident in the mouth (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). The development usually originates from mesoderm and ectoderm. At the ectoderm found in the oral cavity, there is the development of enamel and other tissues also come from associated mesenchyme. All teeth don’t develop at the same time, but rather in stages (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). First buds are always observed in the region of anterior mandible, followed by anterior maxillary area then finally ...

Suppliers:

Amersham Biosciences Uppsala, Sweden Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) Ireland, UK Bio Basic Inc. Ontario, Canada Biometra (an analytik Jena company) Göttingen, Germany

Bio-Rad California, USA

Biotek Instruments. Inc. Vermont, USA

Boeco Hamburg, Germany

Damad, The National Medical Products co. Ltd Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany Eurofins MWG Operon LLC Alabama, USA GE healthcare Buckinghamshire, UK GFL Gesellschaft for Labortechnik Burgwedel, Germany Health o meter® Professional Scales Florida, USA Labcaire New York, USA Lab-Line Kerala, India LG Electronics Seoul, South Korea New England Biolabs Massachusetts, USA Nichipet Texas, USA Panreac Darmstadt, Germany Promega Wisconsin, USA Pyrex California, USA Qiagen Boston, USA Sanyo Biomedical ...

DNA, the basic unit of inheritance, has a long history which takes us thousands of years back into the past. It is highly important to have apt knowledge of DNA. In its truest sense, our knowledge of DNA begins with the results of the experiment conducted by Gregor Mendel in the year 1857. He is known by the name of “Father of Genetics”. The study of genetics was further taken ahead by Friedrich Miescher upon his discovery of a substance which he called as nuclein in the year 1869. Later on, he progressed with his experimentations and discovered another ...

Introduction

Avian influenza also is known as bird flu and results from viruses acclimatized to some birds. People may be infected with avian influenza when they get into contact with the infected birds or infected fluids from the birds (Capua and Dennis 10). In this report, the discussion is about the evolution of avian influenza, characteristics of the virus, epidemiology of the virus, as well as the mode of transmission. Moreover, the paper talks about the gene expression of the virus, infection of the human by the virus, evolution of avian influenza's vaccines, and criticisms surrounding evolution of the virus.

Overall features of the avian flu virus

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Hepatitis- A Review of Viral Disease

Abstract The liver is one of the key and principal organs of the body and virus of hepatitis potentially develops an inflammation of the liver due to an increase in particular enzymes. There are many types of hepatitis, but the commonly known virus is hepatitis A, B and C. Hepatitis has a long history since the time immemorial due to inadequate sanitary conditions. The infection of hepatitis A is related to picornavirus, and major symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and anorexia. Moreover, the visitors traveling to endemic countries are at higher risk. Hepatitis B is related to ‘serum ...

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Abstract

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a useful technique for the detection of genes done through the amplification of specific sites. Alu elements are a polymorphic group of elements found in the primate genome amplified by retroposition. The Alu element help in the polymorphism of the populations. The aim of this study was to use the PCR technique to detect the Alu insertion TPA-25 in cells from student population and its relation with genotype frequency, allelic and ability to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Samples were taken from 81 students. Cells were obtained by mouthwash and Polymerase Chain reaction ...

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Abstract

Alu elements are a group of mobile elements amplified in primate genome through retroposition. One of the Alu elements is the TPA-25. This element presents a high degree of dimorphism within human population, showing different alleles frequencies in different human group. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique allow the amplification of part of the nucleic acid, including DNA being detecting by agarose gel. The objective of this study was to compare the genotypes of several individuals by using the Alu insertion detected by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cell samples from 82 students were taken. Samples proceed from ...

Introduction

With the help of SFM or Sailfin molly fish as an emerging organism, we can have a better understanding of the theory of evolution. Some specifications such as the environmental impact, population biology and mating behavior can be revealed by studying the Sailfin molly fish. The “Guppy” genome is the closest relative of the sailfin molly since annotated. However the sailfin molly genome has to be annotated and not been done yet. In order to annotate sailfin molly genome we would need to create a proper polymorphic marker and some websites will help us to accomplish our goal. Creation ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Gene regulation involves the cellular process that aims to prevent and control the manner in which gene expression occurs. Gene regulation includes a range of mechanisms used by the cells to decrease or increase the production of specific products of the genes. Many sophisticated programs of gene expression are observed in biology that includes response to the environmental stimuli and triggering of other developmental pathways. Steps involving expression of genes can be controlled from the initiation of transcription, to processing the DNA, and to the mechanisms involved in the post translational modification of the proteins. Gene regulation is important for ...

The process of DNA replication at biochemical level

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a biopolymer that encodes all the structures needed for the organism’s lifespan and development. In a cell it is located in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA consists of four types of deoxyribonucleotides, the sequence of which is used to store the data.

The essential characteristic of DNA molecule that allows it to pass the stored information to the next generations of cells or organisms is the way of self-reproduction known as replication. The molecule consists of two complementary chains that are held together with the help of hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases. ...

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, is the primary structure that carries the genetic material in cells of living organisms and some viruses. The DNA is made up of strands of nucleotides that are made up of nitrogenous bases, a phosphate compound and, a ribose sugar. The nucleotides form a ring or ladder that over lapses to form double helix strands of polynucleotides. DNA aggregates to form the chromosomes that are strictly found within the nucleus of the cell. Some DNA are found in the ribosomes outside the nucleus. In the DNA structure, the series of the bases is arranged, and the sequence in one ...

Gene expression refers to the mechanism by which information from a gene directs the synthesis of proteins. This process is utilized by eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Gene expression involves various steps. These includes; transcription and translation. The central dogma indicates the flow of genetic information from the Deoxyribonucleic Acid to Ribonucleic Acid and synthesis of the required protein.

Transcription is the production Ribonucleic Acid copies of Deoxyribonucleic acids in the nucleus. The DNA consists of two anti parallel complementary strands, each having 5’ and 3’ ends. The strands serve as a template strand for the production of an RNA transcript. The ...

Introduction

Capsular polysaccharides are of high molecular mass and low molecular weight cell-surface polysaccharides of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Wang et al. 2000). They facilitate evading the immune system; therefore, the production and extraction of this layer is a prospective therapeutic target (rcsb.org). In the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, strain TIGR4 the Cps4B is tyrosine protein phosphatase CpsB. The phosphatases have capability to dephosphorylate their analogous autokinases, instead of their similar functionality equivalence; they don’t demonstrate sequence homology. This capsule or CPS act as an interface border between a microbe and its environment that presents an expansive biological and clinical significance. ...

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, is involved in the manufacturing process of all proteins in the body. It synthesizes proteins that repair and replace worn out tissues in the body. Stem cells (undifferentiated cells with the ability to differentiate) researches have shown that cells from some regions of the body can differentiate into different tissues. Therefore, they can replace worn out tissues and hence function as a repair mechanism. These cells can be induced to become tissue or organ cells. Scientists argue that perhaps the stem cells may carry out similar functions as DNA hence can replace it. This paper seeks to ...

1. When placed on an agar slab and incubated at 30°C for 2 days, a single yeast cell proliferates into a colony with a diameter of 2 mm containing 108 yeast cells. If the cell has a functional Ade2 gene (Ade2+), the colony will be white; if Ade2 is non-functional (Ade2–), the colony will be red. You take a strain with a mutant Ade2– at the regular chromosomal position (red colonies) and insert a second, functional Ade2+ gene near the telomere. You find that the colonies are a mixture of red and white patches or sectors. Figure 1 shows some colonies; the black regions represent the ...

In archeology, DNA analysis has been used as an investigatory tool since it became available to scientists. DNA analysis, which is a constantly developing and expanding field, has allowed archaeologists to precisely and decisively obtain results that solve archaeological, historical, and evolutionary questions. Unfortunately, the methods for using ancient DNA analysis tend to destroy the samples from which the DNA is extracted. The results can easily be affected by external contamination as well, which requires the research to be conducted within specialized laboratories by trained laboratory personnel (Arandjelovic, Guschanski, Schubert, Harris, Thalmann, Siedel, & Vigilant, 2009). DNA analysis has been ...

Improving The Efficiency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Abstract The Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to be an important pathogen among patients with prolonged confinement to the intensive care unit and longer hospital stays (Vincent, 2010). The virus is recognized to be a common form of the herpes virus, which the Centers for Disease Control described to be present in about 50% to 80% of the people in the United States who are in their 40’s (Mandal, 2014). The infection can actually affect children and adults alike, however the virus has the greatest impact among certain individuals, especially among children and those with a compromised immune system and ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent designs a plan to ...

Question 1

The type of bloodstain evidence at the scene is a cast off pattern. According to Becker (2005), a cast-off pattern normally results in blood striking nearby surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings. A cast-off pattern indicates that a blunt force trauma to the head. The large wound on top of the head is indicative of repeated use of the blunt force weapon on the victim. The first step in the documentation process of the room would involve conducting an initial scan of the room to ascertain the evidence present. This would then be followed by photographing of the scene in ...

- Why are mutations at D185, D186 and D110 are so detrimental to RT activity? (15 Points) Mutations at D185, D186 and D110 are very detrimental to RT activity owing to the fact that the three carboxylate residues have been documented to participate in some forms of physiological processes and metal coordination function that is fundamentally required in the binding of deoxyrobonucleotide substrates to the enzyme. And so, when these subunits are interfered as a result of mutation then the fore mentioned biological process are essentially incapacitated. Furthermore, the region was also subcloned due to mutagenesis hence the high ...

- If K65R and D113E are conserved mutations, what type of mutations are Q151M and Q151N. They are non-conserved is not the correct answer. K65R and D113E being conserved mutations implies that even after undergoing mutations they retain the original properties. There functionality remains almost the same. On the other hand, Q151M and Q151N, mutations will result in a change of their initial properties or additional functions may be gained in the process of mutation. - The K65A RT mutant had a reduction in RT activity. Explain the reasoning behind this phenotype In the cell, the presence of ...

1. In your own words explain why this paper is important or significant The article is very informative and significant since it introduces another breakthrough in DNA sequencing and analysis. It highlights the polymerase chain reaction which is the new way of identifying mutant genes in both homozygous and heterozygous organisms. The technique uses primers to amplify segments of the DNA by many folds such that it clearly identifies the mutant genes faster than all the other methods. The paper points out important milestones that genomics and gene sequencing has undergone over the years. Geneticists usually use the ...

In the modern society, infectious diseases appear to cause a serious concern. They tend to carry severe economical and healthcare burden, and continue to be responsible for an alarming situation. Infectious disease do evolve in order to become established in a given human host and gradually become responsible for a life threatening situation An early detection and implementation of hygienic protocols is essential to get protection from such conditions. In such context, the present description is concerned with highlighting about HIV virus. Briefly, HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency virus. It is responsible for causing AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) in people worldwide. ...

Introduction

Herpes Simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a virus that belongs to the alpha herpes viridae subfamily and causes genital ulcer diseases. The transmission of HSV-2 occurs most often due to a sexual intercourse in humans, although it can disseminate through physical contact with the lesions and saliva from the patients. Medical professionals may contract the infection and lesions on their fingers, if they inadvertently contact the patient’s vaginal mucosa or mouth, without using appropriate gloves. The HSV-2 infection is known to be asymptomatic in 80 % of the cases . Genital herpes is a frequent infection acquired during pregnancy and about 5 % ...

Abstract

This research paper will discuss the significant contribution of DNA fingerprinting in the criminal justice system for being able to provide a reliable basis for conviction. DNA fingerprint analysis is referred as an accurate indicator to determine the guilt and innocence of an accused. The history, importance and various DNA fingerprinting techniques shall be discussed. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is considered as more superior than other forensic science methods since the technology has improved over time. DNA fingerprinting has allowed the test of smaller amounts of material, faster testing procedures and more conclusive results. Finger ridge analysis is science and ...

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction known as PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. It is a Molecular Diagnostic technology used for amplification of DNA. A single copy of DNA can be amplified to higher magnitudes with a thousand copies of a single DNA sequence. PCR has now been developed as a Molecular Diagnostic tool for Cancer and mainly to detect the early onset of leukemia or lymphomas. It is widely used as a diagnostic tool in the field of microbiology and is also utilized in detection of infectious micro-organisms y detecting specific disease causing genes. In the year 1993, Mulis was awarded the Noble ...

Most chemotherapy drugs are designed to block DNA replication; majority of the generally and successfully drugs are DNA-damaging agents. The DNA targeting has proven to result in comparatively potent and discerning distribution of cancerous cells. Compounds which are empirically identified with anticancer activity have been indicated to target DNA as the crow flies or through enzyme inhibition which controls the integrity of the DNA of offers the DNA building blocks. With the revelation of the DNA structure various therapeutic modlaities have been established namely; the antimetabolites which, depletes the nucleotides comprising folic acid, an example being methotrexate. Alkylation agents ...

The Flu is Heading to the Zoo

The bird flu in China has raised a growing concern to medical researchers who are attempting to study the genetic behavior and sequences of the H7N9 virus together with other H7 strains and avian influenzas. Three people have been killed with approximately 10 others infected raising speculations and questions of the spread of the virus between humans to humans and birds to humans and the consequent risk of a global epidemic. Certain researchers are however worried especially since the virus has been reported to have genetic markers that will aid a faster spread within the human populations amidst claims that the virus ...

The advancement of technology has precipitated a revolution in scientific understanding over the last several decades. Advancements in research tools has led to new insights into every facet of scientific discovery within the realms of chemistry, physics, and biology and all the sub-disciplines forming their constitution. Increased discovery has brought with it opportunities for cross discipline cooperation which has resulted in the formation of new disciplines and has galvanized scientists to press the boundaries of research and application as has never been seen in human history. One such field testing those limits is genetics. Today’s geneticists have expanded beyond ...

The bird flu in China has raised a growing concern to medical researchers who are attempting to study the genetic behavior and sequences of the H7N9 virus together with other H7 strains and avian influenzas. Three people have been killed with approximately 10 others infected raising speculations and questions of the spread of the virus between humans to humans and birds to humans and the consequent risk of a global epidemic. Certain researchers are however worried especially since the virus has been reported to have genetic markers that will aid a faster spread within the human populations amidst claims that the virus ...

Question 2

Non covalent bonds attach the paired bases that compliment each other. The bond serves a strengthening feature in attaching the complimentary pairs. The bases that are complimentary in the bases of a DNA are G= guanines, A= adenines, C= cytonines and T= thymines. The bonding process of bases is done when G bonds with C, T bonds with A. This is the rule for bonding of the DNA bases. These are strongly found between the base and nucleotides that are completed when the four bases interact to make a adenosine monophosphate (Audesirk, et al., 2011).

Structure of the DNA 3

The polymer of the DNA is referred ...

Introduction

Trichomonas gallinae causes avian trichomoniasis infection, which is often a lethal disease. The parasite is considered to primarily affect columbiform birds like pigeons and doves, but can affect other wild and domestic birds as well (Stabler, 1954). Diagnosis of the infection can be reliably done by collecting and studying material from the bird’s mouth and crop.

I carefully collected oropharyngeal swabs from the oral cavities of hunter-killed Woodpigeons in eight areas of Norfolk and one area of Suffolk counties in the three months’ time period between April and June. Using sterile cotton swabs, I collected crop swabs from the ...

Introduction

This report is completed after a survey of cardiovascular and human papillomavirus disease that are found among the united states women.Reference The main source of this report is from the national health and nutrition examination survey that was conducted from 2003 to 2006.Kind of research The research was experimental as sample of participants had to be collected and then examined. Some test was conducted in order to now the real result of the expected research. From the data and result that were collected, a lot of analysis was done and conclusions reached at in a decisive manner. Purpose This ...

Introduction

The emergence of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays was much of a relief in the medical field especially given the fact that this model offers the most accurate way in the process of determining false-negative outcomes (Burggraf & Olgemoller, 2004).This ideology also finds support in the works of Nolte (2004) who asserts that, following the discovery of PCR and its application in a clinical setting, it has become possible to use nucleic acid amplification methods as transitions from research to clinical laboratories. This makes it possible to have a wide array of application in addressing issues relating to genetics, pharmacology, oncology ...

Abstract

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally varied scaffold proteins which are found to regulate the PKA pathway by localizing the protein kinase A and some specific enzymes at sub cellular level. So far several of the AKAPs have been found to play critical role in the regulation of phosphorylation of several PKA dependent substrates which are necessary for the modulating the cardiac function. Abnormalities in these AKAPs genes have been found to cause various forms of cardiac disease. The most prominent AKAPs are the AKAP9 and AKAP13. Mutations in the AKAP9 gene has been found to be ...

- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins is a protein that comprises of RNA binding proteins. It is a complex made up of RNA & proteins that is characterized by binding of premRNA. This occurs in the nucleus during the transcription and post transcriptional stages of preMRNA. The protein has different roles which include; prevent formation of secondary structures by preventing folding of pre-mRNA, inhibit the interaction with other proteins, usually has a link with the splicing apparatus and transportation of the mRNA away from the nucleus. This type of protein is a multidomain protein with multiple RNA binding proteins. RNA recognition Motif which is the commonest ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Introduction

Gene expression is the process through which the information that has been encorded in the gene is firstly converted into messenger RNA and then finally to a protein. The study of gene expression is critical especially to the biological student and more so to one who would like to study biology related course like microbiology in future. Therefore, it is important to note that we study gene expression in order to determine how the genes and the proteins which they encode functions in the intact organism. Zhang (2006), Another reason why we study gene expression is in order to ...

- Describe the phases of meiosis II Meiosis II has 4 phases, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. At the end of meiosis I, microtubules move each member of the centriole pair to an opposite spindle pole in both daughter cells. During prophase II, the microtubules attach to the chromosomes causing them to recoil and shorten. During metaphase II, the microtubules, duplicated chromosomes, and motor proteins, interact in a manner that positions all the duplicated chromosomes halfway between the 2 spindle poles. During anaphase II, the connection between the 2 sister chromatids of every chromosome breaks and each of the ...

Sometimes Forensic Casework items consist of less than 100 picograms (pg) of template DNA which, if we assume 3.5 pg of DNA per haploid cell, can be equated to approximately thirty haploid cells or fifteen diploid cells are termed as LCN DNA (low template DNA or LT DNA). (Gill 17) Such low copy number (LCN) samples exist due to several factors like damaged or degraded DNA, oligozoospermia or aspermic perpetrators or extended interval post coital samples, where there is loss of sperm over time because of the effects of drainage or host cell metabolism. From crime scenes, Trace ...

According to Shortliffe and Cimino (2006), Bioinformatics enables students understand the processes involved in biotic systems. Biotic systems support in the study of how complex social systems interact by accumulating information, forming restrained behavior and maintaining prebiotic evolution models. Shortliffe and Cimino assert that developing this database we need to develop and design complex interfaces that researchers use to access the available data, revise it and then submit the data (2006). Bioinformatics helps to study, analyze and interpret data that involve amino acid and nucleotide sequence. Using of the computer has also improved the study of bioinformatics hence enabling ...

Methodology

The first step involved ligation of digested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products into pGLUX1 proteins. Thereafter, the resultant proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose filter membrane (NCF). This is where the ligation reaction was used to transform E. coli XL10-gold cells. Thereafter, specific cells were selected to undertake DNA plasmid isolation through being subjected to 200 volts for 50 minutes. In confirming complete ligation of the cells, restriction digest using XhoI and KpnI enzymes were used. The digested products were then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. In this case, the transfected culture was grown at 37°C under drug selection ...

Fungal endophthalmitis (FE) is endophthalmitis caused by any of a wide variety of fungal pathogens. Generally, endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous (the substance that composes most of the posterior chamber) of the eye and can spread to the retina (the layer of the eye contiguous to the vitreous) and the choroid (the layer behind the retina) (Wu).

Causes

In FE, the fungal infection may be either endogenous, i.e., spread from some other site of fungal infection in the body) or, more commonly, exogenous (acquired directly from outside the body, such as by trauma or at the ...

Introduction

The collection of bacterial, archaeal, eukaryal and viral microbes in surface waters, oceans soils and wastes together constitute the environmental microbiome. This microbiome is vital to humans and the environment in several ways including but not restricted to nutrient recycling, biotechnological application in the food and beverage industry and genetic engineering technologies. Nonetheless, pathogenic microbes can invade and grow within other organisms causing disease (Egli and Koster). Different strategies have been used to define microbial community structure across microbial ecosystems. Taxonomic classification based on morphologic and physiological traits of cultured microbial communities is no longer attractive since the ...

Introduction

The collection of bacterial, archaeal, eukaryal and viral microbes in surface waters, oceans soils and wastes together constitute the environmental microbiome. This microbiome is vital to humans and the environment in several ways including but not restricted to nutrient recycling, biotechnological application in the food and beverage industry and genetic engineering technologies. Nonetheless, pathogenic microbes can invade and grow within other organisms causing disease (Egli and Koster). Different strategies have been used to define microbial community structure across microbial ecosystems. Taxonomic classification based on morphologic and physiological traits of cultured microbial communities is no longer attractive since the ...

Abstract

The main Babesiosis diagnostic tests available are microbiological and serological. Unfortunately these tests have low specificity and sensitivity. Two molecular tests, the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) tests, developed by IGeneX have great potential. Using 100 mice models the sensitivity and the specificity of the two tests will be determined and compared with the serological test.

1.0 Introduction

Babesiosis is a disease caused by an intracellular parasite, Babesia, which infects erythrocytes. Four main species of this parasite are known to infect humans; Babesia microti, B-MOI, B. divergens and B.duncani. Babesiosis is transmitted by ticks and has symptoms such ...

Summary: Examination of a biotechnology patent Theoretically, thermal cycling refers to a process of temperature regulation scheme that is used to strengthen variety of materials or lengthen their durability. Thermal cycling apparatus and method refers to the equipment and technique used to carry out thermo cycling processes. Improved thermal cycling apparatus and relates to the modern advanced inventions of equipments and methods of carrying thermoregulation processes and minimizing related movement of fluids from two zones with two different temperatures to control chemical reactions. Background of the invention Temperature is one of the main factors that have been found ...

1.0 Introduction Serological blood grouping has been used successfully for decades to ensure safety in blood transfusion. However blood incompatibility continues to be a significant challenge in transfusion medicine reflecting the inherent limitations of the hemagglutination based serological blood typing. Some of the limitations of serological blood grouping include weak reactivity of some antibodies that are clinically significant; weak expression of some red cell antigens; the subjective nature of the available tests and lack of universal methods of detecting and identifying antibodies. In addition there are several issues related to the reagents used which include the wide variability of ...

Introduction

Biology is broad and therefore embraces various topics in life that concern living organisms. Micro biology for instance deals with the study of very small organisms that are able to reproduce and sustain their generations. This is where the study of prokaryotes comes into the scene. The contrasting organisms to prokaryotes are referred to as eukaryotes. Contrary to prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms have complex cell structures. Biology tends to full describe the complete nature of these organisms, their feeding habits, how they reproduce and where they thrive best, that is, their habitats.

Prokaryotes are single celled organisms whose cells lack ...