Essays on Polymorphism

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a disorder that increases body fat and predisposes an individual to many health complications and problems like diabetes, heart diseases and high blood pressure . It is acquired, when the consumption of calories over time exceeds their burning. Factors that may influence the occurrence of obesity are lack of physical activity, genetic profile, overeating, consumption of calorie-rich foods. An individual is considered obese, when his weight is at least 20 % more than it should ideally be and has a body mass index (BMI) is over 30. According to the survey conducted by

National Health and Nutrition in 2009 – 2010, over 35 % adults were regarded as obese .

FACTORS CAUSING OBESITY Consumption of excessive ...

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INTRODUTION

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and amounts to approximately 60% or more of DA breakdown in the frontal cortex . The gene expressing the COMT enzyme could affect cognition and functioning of the brain via its action on dopaminergic function. A polymorphic variation occurs in the coding area of the COMT gene (a Guanine to Adenine replacement), changing the amino acid from valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at the codon position 158 (Val158Met) and consequently influencing the thermal tolerance and stability of the enzyme. Allelic discrepancies in enzyme ...

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Introduction

Fruits flies or Drosophila melanogaster nourish on the fungi and bacteria present on rotting fruit. They have a unique capability of tracking food via remote chemoreception while flying and landing. Once they sense the smell of the food, they continue to hunt for it on the ground. This behavior is termed as foraging, and it is dependent on the process of chemoreception (Bateman, 1972). Flies possess chemoreceptors in the front pair of legs to sense such unique sensations, which facilitate them to discover or taste the substance ...

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Abstract

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a useful technique for the detection of genes done through the amplification of specific sites. Alu elements are a polymorphic group of elements found in the primate genome amplified by retroposition. The Alu element help in the polymorphism of the populations. The aim of this study was to use the PCR technique to detect the Alu insertion TPA-25 in cells from student population and its relation with genotype frequency, allelic and ability to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Samples were taken from 81 students. Cells were obtained by mouthwash and Polymerase Chain reaction ...

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Abstract

Alu elements are a group of mobile elements amplified in primate genome through retroposition. One of the Alu elements is the TPA-25. This element presents a high degree of dimorphism within human population, showing different alleles frequencies in different human group. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique allow the amplification of part of the nucleic acid, including DNA being detecting by agarose gel. The objective of this study was to compare the genotypes of several individuals by using the Alu insertion detected by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cell samples from 82 students were taken. Samples proceed from ...

Introduction

Every year, new records on different sports are broken by athletes. That is, they set new records on the previous limits of human performance in their respective sports. For example, a previous lap record in a sprint may easily get broken by another individual who can simply run faster and complete the same lap in a significantly shorter length of time. This is, in fact, one of the reasons why most people and experts in the field of sports ask if there is ever a limit to human performance. Some would answer yes and some would answer the opposite. This also raises ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to the atopic individual, ...

Introduction

It is very common to hear of the term “risk factor” in epidemiology as well as in criminal behavior studies. In general, sense, a risk factor is a term used to refer to a variable that is associated with an alleviated risk of infection, disease or disorder. The number of identified diseases, disorders and infections are very large and consequently; the number of risk factors that increase the susceptibility to them is large. Each disease, infection or disorder has its own set of risk factors. However, some risks factors that have been found apply in all three aspects mentioned above. This paper ...

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Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is defined by DSM-V as a developmentally inappropriate and disturbed attachment behavior that is characterized by underdeveloped attachment towards the primary caregiver. RAD was introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III) in 1980 and is considered as one of the disorders of infancy as it is thought to occur as early as 9 months of age (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Attachment could be defined as a predisposition of an infant or child to seek comfort from a specific attachment figure, whom they consider as their primary caregivers. RAD is a condition where ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2 General background 3 Resistance mutants 4 Hemoglobin mutants 4 Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5 Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6 Method: 7 Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8 Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9 Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Introduction

Classes and Objects in C++ are the basic concepts of object-oriented programming - OOP. Object-oriented programming - is an extension of structured programming, in which the basic concepts are the concepts of classes and objects. The main difference between the programming languages C and C++ are classes in the latter, and hence the C language doesn’t support OOP.

The Beginning

A Class So a class in C++ is an abstraction describing the methods and properties of objects that don’t exist yet. An object is a concrete representation of that abstraction and has its own properties and methods. Objects, created on ...

Abstract

This research paper will discuss the significant contribution of DNA fingerprinting in the criminal justice system for being able to provide a reliable basis for conviction. DNA fingerprint analysis is referred as an accurate indicator to determine the guilt and innocence of an accused. The history, importance and various DNA fingerprinting techniques shall be discussed. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is considered as more superior than other forensic science methods since the technology has improved over time. DNA fingerprinting has allowed the test of smaller amounts of material, faster testing procedures and more conclusive results. Finger ridge analysis is science and ...

- Abstract Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with Australia being one of the country’s most greatly affected (McLean, Esclick & Coats, 2006). An area of interest in the pathology of heart failure is the significance that polymorphisms of adrenergic receptor genes have on the outcomes of patients with heart failure. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs that occur in the genes that encode for adrenergic receptors are known to have various physiological and functional consequences. Specifically, the β1-adrenergic receptors have a crucial role in the regulation of heart rate and ...

Molecular Diagnostics

Genomic Evaluation of Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Alzheimer’s Disease

Session You Attended

Abstract The aim to of this series of experiments is to examine a patient’s DNA for association to atrial fibrillation (AF) and Alzheimer’s disease. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2200733, associated with an increased chance of development of atrial fibrillation. Two SNPs: rs439358 and the rs7412, located within exon4 of the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Isolation of the DNA from patient white blood cells, followed by PCR-RFLP and cycle sequencing are among the techniques ...

Skeletal muscles are complex and highly specialized group of cells that are not isomorphic but can be categorized in a heterogeneous group with different qualities. This heterogeneity of the skeletal muscles is important because ensures different sets of functions that skeletal muscles perform in the human body. This heterogeneity also enables a significant ability of the human organism to adapt to different conditions in life (Pette and Staron 2000). In addition of this heterogeneity, skeletal muscles also posses the ability of plasticity. This means that muscle cells can evolve and adapt to different stimuli and change their characteristics (Tavi and Westerblad ...

The concepts of databases have been devised with an effort of serving several clients (users) by a centralized system (database). Here, data is stored in a computer system that can be retrieved and modified in any manner the user sees fit. Thus the collection of the data, files, records and the application used to retrieve and modify such data is referred to as a databases management system. There several types of databases management systems due to the different methods that are used to manage the data. These different management systems are all defined by the manner in which the data is described ...

The hypothesis of the research is brilliant in that the role played by genetic factors in peptic ulcer pathogenesis is not clearly understood. This is despite the fact that peptic ulcers have caused many deaths across the globe. However, the research background does not use past studies to indicate that there is a correlation between C3435T polymorphism of the ABCB1 gene and susceptibility to peptic ulcers. Therefore, the research background does not link well with the research hypothesis.

The research methodology shows that the research subjects are drawn from various ages, and both genders are well represented. Genotype distribution shows ...

Psychology: Nature Vs Nurture predisposition to violent behavior

The researcher hypothesizes that both the variation in genes and the environment in which people are nurtured affects their tendency towards violent crime. Monoamine Oxidase (MAOA), serotonin Transporter Repeat Length polymorphism (5HTTLPR), Variable Number of tandem repeats (uVNTR) and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) alone or in combination are associated with violent criminality in imprisoned subjects (Neuropsychopharmacology, 2007). The researchers also hypothesized that MAOA genotype exerts its effects on violent or antisocial behavior following childhood maltreatment. The study found that the effects of adverse childhood and those of the MAOA genotype are independent in the tendency of individuals towards violent crime ( ...

Introduction

The article, “Genotyping and identification of mycobacteria by fingerprinting Techniques” by Khosravi and Seghatoleslami (2009) shows how fingerprinting can be used to identify mycobacteria in combating Tuberculosis (TB) which for a long time has been a serious health concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some of the techniques used in molecular epidemiology like MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping are described in the article.

Summary

The article has deeply illustrated the various ways of carrying out Genotyping of mycobacteria for carrying out epidemiological studies. It has also shown that through molecular typing of MTB the disease can be controlled. The study of the epidemiology ...