Essays on Genotype

Gregor Mendel's studies laid the foundation for modern genetics. In a series of elegant experiments, Mendel was able to deduce the most fundamental laws of single-gene and multiple-gene inheritance without having the scientific data on chromosomes, their structure, or meiotic segregation. In this lab, you will learn about and apply examples for 3 different patterns of human inheritance of traits.

Punnett Square is a tool used to theoretically predict genotypes of the progeny from the genotypes of parents as a result of sexual reproduction. Genes from parental gametes are written as rows and columns of the Punnett Square. All ...

Introduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves peripheral circulation, the brain, and the heart. The disease is a primary health issue in many countries around the world (Sawhney, et al., 2012). CVD develops through complex processes involving novel risk markers and common risk factors. Decades of research have demonstrated that a sibling’s or parent’s family history is linked to the development of atherosclerotic CVD (Gupta et al., 2013; Nelson, 2013; Imes and Lewis, 2014), which manifests as peripheral arterial disorder, stroke, and coronary heart disorder (CHD). Various Mendelian disorders have also been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic CVD. Although ...

As it is known, the genotype is not the essential structure that is capable of determining all qualities of an organism. In other words, genotype does not determine phenotype. For instance, a few animals of one species may have different phenotypes with the same genotype. Genotype defines only a set of specific reactions and capabilities of an organism, but they can change under the influence of the environment or other factors (Suzuki & Nijhout, 2008, p. 690). Such changes are called polyphenism. This function of a body is still poorly understood, but nevertheless, it is clear that it is very ...

A proposal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Introduction Wheat (Triticum sp.), an extensively adapted crop, is one of the primitive and primary staple food crops in the world. Wheat is cultivated from temperate; dry to irrigated or rain-fed areas, to warm, humid or cold conditions. Such a high adaptability is attributed to its intricate genome (Acevedo et al., 2002). Wheat cultivation covers more land area compared to other commercial crops and endures to be an essential food grain for humans (Curtis, 2002). Estimations reveal that by 2050, the population of the world will reach 9.1 billion (34 percent greater than today); correspondingly, the food requirement and ...

Final Test

Explain in general terms the process of DNA replication. The replication of the DNA starts when the double helix unwinds. Each of the two strands serves as the template using which the new DNA double helix strands are formed. The different bases on each of the two strands are then matched in order to form a new set of two strands. Each of the new strands partners with the parent strand to form a double helix (Roth 26).

Prophase – Chromatids are joined at the centromere. Spindle formation occurs. The separation of centrioles occurs in animal cells (Tobin and Jennie ...

In 1872, the 22-year-old George Huntington presented a paper describing an elaborately outlined inheritance pattern of a disease, which during the time was referred to as "chorea." In his paper, which was presented at the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine at Ohio, George described all the features of the adult-onset form of the disorder and outlined the disease’s autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Although the mechanism underlying the inheritance pattern of the disease was not understood until the rediscovery of Mendel’s works, his paper was so comprehensive that George Huntington quickly became widely acclaimed. In fact, he ...

Trisomy

Chromosomes are marvelous things! They carry in their genes the entire genetic code required to build a human being. Comprised of nucleic acid (DNA) and proteins, twenty-three pairs of chromosomes located in the cell nucleus are needed for the normal development of a human embryo. However, sometimes things go wrong. This paper will discuss some of the consequences of faulty chromosome separation during fertilization, resulting in Trisomy. Trisomy is a chromosomal condition which occurs when three chromosomes, instead of the normal two are produced during cell division. This happens due to the failure of human chromosome pairs to separate ...

Human Behavior Impact on Environment

Human being is, at the same time, the product of environment and its major influencing force. The development of human activities over the centuries and the development of knowledge innovation and technology allowed our society in many ways control and direct the environmental phenomena to a much greater extent than other living creatures. The truth is that this complex and multifaceted relationships between a human and nature brought a number of new challenges. Some of the human behavior and activities have the very clear impact on the environment, whether positive or negative, but the type of influence that one ...

Question 1

Compare and contrast the concept of metagenome and microbiome. The microbiome is a term used in describing the entire habitat; it includes microorganisms and their genomes and the surrounding environmental conditions. The microbiome is defined based on the biotic and abiotic factors in a specified environment. On the other hand, metagnome can be defined as a collection of genes and genomes normally from the members of the microbiota. Microbiota is an ecological community that includes symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that share our body space. The analysis of microbiome can be done for a large number of samples and can ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

INTRODUTION

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and amounts to approximately 60% or more of DA breakdown in the frontal cortex . The gene expressing the COMT enzyme could affect cognition and functioning of the brain via its action on dopaminergic function. A polymorphic variation occurs in the coding area of the COMT gene (a Guanine to Adenine replacement), changing the amino acid from valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at the codon position 158 (Val158Met) and consequently influencing the thermal tolerance and stability of the enzyme. Allelic discrepancies in enzyme ...

The movie Gattaca is set up in the fictional not-too-distant future. The not-too-distant future is a society in which eugenics are the dictating ideology and genetic discrimination is real. The use of biometric based on the genetic database registry has helped create two categories of people; the ‘valids’ and the ‘invalids’. The ‘valids’ are those individual who are created based on the choices of the biometrics and are seen as actually being superior that the invalids who have been conceived by tradition la means and are regarded as having a higher likelihood of developing genetic disorders. Genetype profiling is ...

1) The ability to curl your tongue up on the sides (T, tongue rolling) is dominant to not being able to roll your tongue. A woman who can roll her tongue marries a man who cannot. Their first child has his father's phenotype. What are the genotypes of the mother, father, and child?

Genotypes

Mother Tt (heterozygous) Father tt (homozygous) Child tt (homozygous) 2) The mother is blood type O and the father is blood type A. What are the possible blood types of the offspring?

Mother oo

Father Ao or AA Offspring bloodtype A or o 3) In mice, brown eyes ( ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine whether social support can moderate the relationship between acculturative stress and alcohol abuse among international college students. Cluster random sampling will be used to select the institutions from which the sample will be drawn, and stratified random sampling will be used to recruit male international students between the ages of 18 and 24 years, currently residing and studying in the state of California. Data will be collected using a demographic questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), and the Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students (ASSIS). Postal mail ...

Natural selection can be referred to as a process through which biological traits turn either more or less common within a population as a function of the impact of hereditary traits on the differential reproductive victory of organisms’ interaction with their surroundings. It is a major evolution mechanism. Charles Darwin popularized the term natural selection with an intention to have it compared with artificial selection, now referred to as selective breeding.

There exists variation within every organism’s populations. This takes place partly since random mutations happen in the genome of an organism, and these mutations can be acquired by offspring. All ...

- Factors in phenotypic variations Factors in phenotypic variation consist of: Variation in phenotype (Vp); Variation in phenotypes caused by genetic variation (Vg); Variation of phenotype caused by environment (Ve); Variation in phenotype caused by interaction of genotype and environment (Vgxe). In addition to the above factors, phenotypic variation is also influenced by effects of genotype on phenotypes.

- Additive genetic variation formula shows that Va is influenced by phenotypes (p), additive (a) and dominance (d). As population evolves, the values of p, a, and d change. Consequently, Va value also changes. Based on the narrow sense heritability formula, change in Va ...

Introduction

Arable soil can be described as soil tilled or ploughed regularly, usually under a crop rotation system. It is also an agricultural soil that is filled by crops sown as well as harvested in a similar agricultural year, at times over one time. Soil can as well be regarded as arable if it is utilized as temporary hayfields for pasture or mowing, kitchen and market gardens, and temporary fallow land. This means that this kind of soil is not sown for one or more seasons of growing, but it is not left to lie idle for over five years. Arable soil ...

Part B.

1`. If two flowers, a white and a red flower produce a pink offspring, this is known as co-dominance. 2. If two peas, a yellow one and a green one produce green offspring only then the green color is dominance. 3. The yellow color is recessive. 4. If one trait in a given cross does not mask the other and both the two traits are displayed the condition is called incomplete dominance. 5. Genetic trait of Thumb H, h.

The probability of Hitchhike phenotype is ¾ while that of nonhitch phenotype is 1/4

6. Two different individual one of tongue roller while the other one is no roller.

Let the mother be roller hence the genotypes are Tt while the father be a non-roller tt.

Offsprings’ genotype Tt, Tt, tt,tt. Roller ...

Introduction

It is very common to hear of the term “risk factor” in epidemiology as well as in criminal behavior studies. In general, sense, a risk factor is a term used to refer to a variable that is associated with an alleviated risk of infection, disease or disorder. The number of identified diseases, disorders and infections are very large and consequently; the number of risk factors that increase the susceptibility to them is large. Each disease, infection or disorder has its own set of risk factors. However, some risks factors that have been found apply in all three aspects mentioned above. This paper ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

Inheritance Lab Report

Inheritance Lab Report

Materials and Methods There were no materials that were required for this lab. A variety of phenotypes were observed and recorded in the Table 1 below. Using the logic of Mendelian genetics, possible personal genotypes, as well as those of my parents were recorded. The presence of attached earlobes was recorded as yes and no if absent. For the other phenotypes, their presence was indicated by a yes and their absence with a no. The genotypes were identified based on the recorded phenotypes using the alleles indicated below. - E – free earlobes; e – attached earlobes ...

Introduction

Understanding the ways of predicting the chances of inheriting certain genetic traits makes up the value under the study of genetics. Such ability has enabled development of varieties of animals and plants that have most of the qualities that are a desirable prediction of inheritance patterns in family lineage. One of the methods that are used in determining the mathematical probability that a given trait would be inherited is the Punnett square. The Punnett square is a simple graphical method that is used to discover all the combinations of a given genotypes that can be passed to children in cases where parent genotypes ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs. One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

Introduction

Evolution is the change animals and species undergo over time to adapt to certain environmental changes and eventually produce multiple descendent species. Evolution and natural selection are often taken as complimentary to each other. However, evolution, by definition, is a historical process of change, while natural selection is merely a mechanism that results in this change. Advances in technology and biology has thrown light on several causes and consequences of evolution. Some of the deepest understandings of evolution come from understanding fossils and examining phylogeny and from the study of natural selection. Evidences suggest that when natural selection is strong, the rate ...

Introduction

Handedness can be considered as the use of the hand for better, faster and more precise performance or control in certain tasks. In the concept of handedness, right and left hands are considered, and generally the use of one hand more than the other is considered. However, there are four kinds of people in terms of handedness: right-handed people, left-handed people, mixed-handed people, and ambidextrous. Left-handedness is less frequently found than right-handedness. Researchers have found that left-handedness is fairly more common in men as compared to women (Papadatou-Pastou, Martin, Munafo, & Jones, 2008).

Theories of left-handedness

Several theories have been presented in order ...

Introduction

Genetics is the study of genes and variation in living organisms. Genetics characteristic generally considered the field of biology but it is clear that it does happens frequently with many of the life sciences, strongly discussed, and linked in the study of information systems. The genes structure and function variation and distributions extended in the study of the cell, the organism and within the context of a population. Nature versus nurture is the process of genetics work with the combination process with an organism’s environment, and experiences to influence development and behavior. The extra-cellular environment includes on switching ...

Abstract

The objective of the current experiment is to describe how plants function and pass on the traits. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. A statistical approach is used for goodness of fit between observed data and data that are predicted from a hypothesis. Null Hypothesis: The results of the experiment are in agreement with the Mendel’s Laws. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. The chi square values that are greater than 3.841 are expected to occur less than 5 percent of the time due to random sampling ...

Evolution of Sexual Reproduction

There are different forms of reproduction, which includes vegetative, asexual, sexual reproductions. Naturally, the question arises, what are the benefits of sexual reproduction in terms of fitness of a species, and how does it compare to other forms of reproduction? Logically, females reproducing asexually are more likely to have twice as many grandchildren and can increase their fitness two folds(Hurst and Peck). On the other hand, by reproducing sexually, both sexes have to invest copious amounts of time in selecting mates, making nests, bringing up offspring etc. In this paper we will try to understand the benefits and disadvantages ...

Lab report

Introduction. The Mendelian genetic effort, revolve around the inheritance of biological characteristics that trail the proposed Mendelian laws brought forward by Gregor Mendel (He & University of Chicago, 46). These regulations advocate for independent assortment, trait dominance in alleles, and the segregative capability of alleles. Thus the hypothetical endeavor of this report is to ascertain the identity of the first filial generation -F1, based on the phenotypic quotients of the second filial-F2 cohorts Fruit fly drosophila is considered ideal in genetic experiments, because they share the majority of their genes that cause diseases with humans up to 75 ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2 General background 3 Resistance mutants 4 Hemoglobin mutants 4 Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5 Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6 Method: 7 Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8 Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9 Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

1. The alleles we inherit from our parents get expressed as outward traits. For almost all traits, one allele will be expressed and the other will not. If one of your alleles is dominant, its trait will be expressed. If both alleles are recessive, their trait will be expressed. Each of the traits in the table below follows a simple dominant/recessive system. For each trait, circle whether you have a dominant or recessive trait.

Trait Dominant Recessive

When a diploid organism (remember, carries two alleles for each gene!) has two of the same allele, we call it homozygous. When it has two different alleles, we ...

Abstract

Theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin has for long hinged on the fossil records to prove the process of evolution. However, the prevalent gaps in the fossils led way to the development of the punctuated equilibrium theory that was proposed by Eldredge and Gould as an alternative to Darwin’s phyletic gradualism theory. The punctuated equilibrium postulated that speciation occurs in an isolated peripheral subsect of population as a rapid change after a period of stasis. Unlike the anagenetic speciation of phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium promotes the concept of cladogenetic speciation. However, punctuated equilibrium does consider rapid anagenetic speciation as a ...

Abstract

The research deals with the problem of phobias, the types of this irrational behavior, the history of research as well as the key founders and co-researchers who contributed significantly to studying this psychotic disorder. It was also studied whether phobias have relationship with age and gender of those being prone to the disorder. The questions of reasons, symptoms and treatment were given a particular focus in the concluding part of the project. The question of whether phobias are acquired in the course of life or transmitted genetically was scrutinized based on the opinions of world’s finest psychology experts, professors ...

- Describe the basic elements of the nature-nurture controversy (i.e., what is meant specifically by “nature” and “nurture”). The basic elements of the nature-nurture controversy relate to arguments contending that human personality could emerge from genetics/hereditary or the environment. These two sides of the debate produce various interpretations of nature and nurture. Importantly, nature encompasses those innate qualities believed to have been obtained through biological process during intrauterine development. Nurture is perceived from the premise of personality traits being developed from social experience with a person’s environment (Stiles, 2011). Precisely, the elements contained in this controversy embrace ...

Abstract

This research paper will discuss the significant contribution of DNA fingerprinting in the criminal justice system for being able to provide a reliable basis for conviction. DNA fingerprint analysis is referred as an accurate indicator to determine the guilt and innocence of an accused. The history, importance and various DNA fingerprinting techniques shall be discussed. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is considered as more superior than other forensic science methods since the technology has improved over time. DNA fingerprinting has allowed the test of smaller amounts of material, faster testing procedures and more conclusive results. Finger ridge analysis is science and ...

Answer for Part 1

A: In the F1 generation there were 445 purple and 437 white flowers. If the homozygous dominant genotype is (PP) and heterozygous genotype is (Pp); then the recessive genotype would be (pp).

White flowers = (pp) = 437 The ratio of purple flowers to white flowers is nearly 1:1, i.e. the number of purple flowers to the number of white flowers is nearly same. Hence, the parents would heterozygous purple flower (Pp) with homozygous recessive (pp). The following is an example of a test cross. B: In genetics, a test cross, first introduced by Gregor Mendel, is used to determine if a ...

Introduction

Mutation induces the formation mRNA strands that are formed later that they are converted into a native protein. Mutational causes the peptide formed develop a structure similar to a protein. Antimicrobial peptide formed after mutation depends on the chemical property. Mutation causes bacteria to increase in the peptide leading to low hemolytic function. Bacteria lead to anoplin to causing the shape of peptide to form a protein like shape that is spectroscopy. Mutation causes the chain of the peptide to form a protein structure that later forms a tertiary that is the antigen molecule responsible for forming the body immune system. The chains amino ...

!Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue and mainly caused due to heterozygous mutations in fibrillin-1 encoding gene. This syndrome was described by Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan in the year 1896. This disorder involves skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular systems, dura, lungs and integument. The manifestations observed are aortic aneurysm, dislocation of ocular lens, over growth of long bone. Most of the cases are due to FBN1 mutations. This syndrome affects 1 in 3000-5000 and one-fourth of the cases are sporadic. Diagnosis of this syndrome is often challenging since it is age-dependent and frequent in all types of populations, ...

- Abstract Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with Australia being one of the country’s most greatly affected (McLean, Esclick & Coats, 2006). An area of interest in the pathology of heart failure is the significance that polymorphisms of adrenergic receptor genes have on the outcomes of patients with heart failure. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs that occur in the genes that encode for adrenergic receptors are known to have various physiological and functional consequences. Specifically, the β1-adrenergic receptors have a crucial role in the regulation of heart rate and ...

Sex linkage is the expression of Phenotypic allele that depends on the gender of an individual and is linked directly to the sex chromosomes the individual has. In mammals, the male sex is most likely to show the recessive sex linked traits. Genotype is the genetic compositions of an individual and it refers to the genes an individual has in a genome. It determines the characteristics of a person and how he or she responds to certain stimulus. Phenotype, on the other hand, is the physical characteristics or the appearance of an individual. These can be seen in things like the ...

Molecular Diagnostics

Genomic Evaluation of Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Alzheimer’s Disease

Session You Attended

Abstract The aim to of this series of experiments is to examine a patient’s DNA for association to atrial fibrillation (AF) and Alzheimer’s disease. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2200733, associated with an increased chance of development of atrial fibrillation. Two SNPs: rs439358 and the rs7412, located within exon4 of the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Isolation of the DNA from patient white blood cells, followed by PCR-RFLP and cycle sequencing are among the techniques ...

Abstract

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally varied scaffold proteins which are found to regulate the PKA pathway by localizing the protein kinase A and some specific enzymes at sub cellular level. So far several of the AKAPs have been found to play critical role in the regulation of phosphorylation of several PKA dependent substrates which are necessary for the modulating the cardiac function. Abnormalities in these AKAPs genes have been found to cause various forms of cardiac disease. The most prominent AKAPs are the AKAP9 and AKAP13. Mutations in the AKAP9 gene has been found to be ...

Abstract

This essay aims to explore several scientific issues: the relation between the burning of fossil fuels and its consequential unbalance of the carbon cycle and the increase of the greenhouse effect that follows it, causing a biosphere change with multiple deleterious effects, both on environments, species and life itself; understand how Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection explains the existence of different species of a being (such as lizards) in one same island; why, now in the Genetics area, a cell’s DNA is only visible during mitosis for being condensed, why “daughter cells”, in meiosis, all have unique genetic material, caused ...

Introduction

Mental health is perhaps one the most important forms of health that humans consider to be vital. Several mental conditions such as Alzheimer’s and depression have been recorded with high prevalence in the society and this has alarmed medical practitioners and government bodies as well . While these condition may abound, little knowledge exist as to the manner in which they occur and treatment methods. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in the endeavor to comprehend the causes and treatment methods of mental disorders. However, since the biological processes that lead to mental illnesses are quite ...

Mental disorders are a common illness in the society. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in attempting to understand the causes and treatment methods for these conditions. However, since the biological processes that leads to mental illnesses are quite difficult to understand, several hypotheses have developed to assist studies. Genetics and other environmental factors have been associated with numerous mental disorders. This paper first evaluates the issues of mental disorder such as depression and provides review into the genetics involved. Then the paper reviews studies into twin cases, association and neurodevelopment disorders. The research will then argue ...

Psychology: Nature Vs Nurture predisposition to violent behavior

The researcher hypothesizes that both the variation in genes and the environment in which people are nurtured affects their tendency towards violent crime. Monoamine Oxidase (MAOA), serotonin Transporter Repeat Length polymorphism (5HTTLPR), Variable Number of tandem repeats (uVNTR) and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) alone or in combination are associated with violent criminality in imprisoned subjects (Neuropsychopharmacology, 2007). The researchers also hypothesized that MAOA genotype exerts its effects on violent or antisocial behavior following childhood maltreatment. The study found that the effects of adverse childhood and those of the MAOA genotype are independent in the tendency of individuals towards violent crime ( ...

Genetic diseases are generally caused by abnormality in the individual's genetic makeup or genome. The effect of this abnormality ranges from mild to severe. Those effects depend on the affected genetic components. The changes or abnormalities could be a mutation in a single base to that which could affects the large chromosome. The main forms of occurence are either through inheritance or spontaneous mutations. The basic types of inheritance are; single gene inheritance, multifactoral inheritance, chromosome abnormalities and mitochondrial inheritance. Haemophilia A is a type of chromosomal abnormality associated with a defective X chromosome hence tagged as X-linked disorder.

Haemophilia A

Haemophilia A is a genetic ...

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder of the blood where the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. The Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues are generally flexible and round, facilitating them to move easily through the blood vessels. Nevertheless, in individuals with sickle cell anemia, the texture and shape of the red blood cells can vary. They turn out to be sticky, hard and take the shape of a disc. The cells die prematurely, resulting to a deficiency of red blood cells (David, 2011). Sickle cell anemia is passed through families ...

Introduction:

Phylogenetic tree also known as evolutionary tree depicts the connection between various species of animals and plants based on their physical and genetic traits. Top points of the trees symbolize descendent common species whereas nodes symbolize common ancestor of descendents. Phylogenetic trees very effectively show the evolution that took place by adaptive and sudden ancestry splits. The Phylogenetic trees can be classified mainly in four types rooted tree, un-rooted tree, bifurcating tree and special tree types.

The basal universal phylogenetic tree inferred from comparative analyses of rRNA sequences.

1. Horizontally acquired variations – Horizontal acquire variations occurs due to horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer is a ...

Introduction

The culture where I came from is rather a mix of cultures and not just a single one. Because of that it would sometimes occur, not only at my own instance, that my phenotype contains unusual characteristics; characteristics that are not usually seen on the description of the natives who came from our land. First, I would like to start by differentiating phenotype from genotype traits. Though they have some correlations (they are both under a larger umbrella called genetics), they are two different things. Phenotype, according to Blamire (2000), involves the outward physical appearance of an individual organism. These would ...

1.0 Introduction Serological blood grouping has been used successfully for decades to ensure safety in blood transfusion. However blood incompatibility continues to be a significant challenge in transfusion medicine reflecting the inherent limitations of the hemagglutination based serological blood typing. Some of the limitations of serological blood grouping include weak reactivity of some antibodies that are clinically significant; weak expression of some red cell antigens; the subjective nature of the available tests and lack of universal methods of detecting and identifying antibodies. In addition there are several issues related to the reagents used which include the wide variability of ...

Genetics Exercise

Directional selection entails natural selection favoring one phenotype causing its allele frequency to shift in one direction. The constant increase in frequency of the favored allele is independent of its dominance compared to other alleles; thus, even recessive alleles can ultimately become fixed. For instance, environment pressures and changes of diet affect the size (depth) of beaks of a population of cardinals in the subsequent generations. During the rainy spells, there is a huge supply of small seeds as compared to large seeds; therefore, the cardinals seldom ate large seeds and their beaks become shorter. Throughout the dry spells, neither the ...

Life span development is a window into the nature of human development from conception to death. The life span perspective involves seven basic contentions: development is lifelong, covers the various life aspects , multidirectional, plastic, historically embedded, multidisciplinary, and contextual (Papaya, 1981)

Development is lifelong. Development includes changes that take place from conception to death.

Development covers various aspects of life. Development consists of biological,cognitive, and social dimensions.

Development is plastic. Depending on the individuals life conditions, development may take many paths.

Development is embedded in history. People's life paths are influenced by the happenings of that particular time.

The human development ...