Essays on Phobia

Homeopathy is a practice of medicine that depends on small amounts of herbs, minerals, and other substances to activate and energize an individual’s natural defenses. It is based on the beliefs that the body can heal itself and symptoms of illnesses are normal responses of the body when it is trying to regain its health. Some illnesses can turn to other types of illnesses, like eczema can lead to asthma or diarrhea can become rheumatism. Additionally, it was found out that specific types of illnesses can occur in specific kinds of people. Because it relies on the principle ...

Avoidant personality disorder (APD) is a long standing maladaptive behavior that is characterized by certain key behavioral characters. Individuals with APD have severe inferiority complex, feel extremely shy and have a constant feeling of inadequacy in a social situation. They have a constant fear of facing rejection and are hypersensitive to embarrassment. The two core feature of this disorder is negative emotions and detachment. Like the pathology of most personality disorders, certain inner experiences direct the outward behavior of patients with APD. Certain personality traits, helps people to adapt to changes in the environment. However, certain aspect of a ...

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Abstract Sexual aversion disorder is characterized by the presence of aversion and avoidance of making a genital contact with sexual partners. In the DSM-IV-TR, the characterization of the problem was extended by the inclusion of some of the features of phobias such as anxiety, fear, and disgust; thereby describing it as a phobia. However, the disorder was deleted during transition from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, probably due to the presence of scarce studies on the topic. Sexual aversion disorder is commonly found in women as compared to men, and it is commonly found in women in the ...

Social fear is considered to be a form of social disorder wherein an individual tends to be in a state of anxiety when faced with a certain social situation. This kind of is said to emerge along with other psychological disorders such as depression (Jefferson, 2001). As of today, the cure for this kind of disorder is mainly through psychotheraphy and by medications which are usually considered as highly maintenance. Furthermore, one kind of psychotherapy, which is the so-called cognitive behavioral therapy, is regarded as the most common form of treatment for social phobia (Priyamvada, Kumari, Prakash, & Chaudhury, 2009). ...

Part 1

According to the DSM-5-TR 300.23, my diagnosis is that Allyson is suffering from social phobia, which is a co-occurrence of substance dependence (Hsiung, 2015). Allyson’s social phobia can be seen in her abuse of the drugs prescribed to her. Social phobia is also evident in Allyson since she does not want people around her in case she says or does something that would embarrass her.

Karen

According to the DSM-5-TR 305.70, my diagnosis is that Karen is suffering from substance dependence disorder, which is alcoholism (Hsiung, 2015). The disorder is evidenced by Karen’s addiction to alcohol to the ...

How did the fear develop?

Suppose that a young girl is terrified of bugs, fear may have developed through classical conditioning by developing a kind of nervous disorder. This may have started through an early experience that transpired when she was younger. One day, she was out riding on a bike and when she started to get tired, she bowed her head down and that was when she saw a bug right at the center of the road. As the young girl looked at the bug, she failed to see a motorcycle that was coming right at her and so she lost her balance ...

Abstract:

This paper includes information on ophidiophobia or an abnormal fear of snakes. It defines what ophidiophobia is, as well as its causes and its treatments. It also includes details on what the effects of ophidiophobia are, and how it impacts a person’s daily life. Ophidiophobia is a type of panic disorder wherein there is extreme fear of snakes and all things that are related to them. Its causes may either be evolutionary/genetic, the experience of traumatic situations related to snakes, as well as cultural factors. It can be treated by applying cognitive behavior therapy, system desensitization, and/or the ...

Phobia is an irrational uncontrollable fear, persistent manifestations of various fears. Traditionally, fear is an ancient companion of humankind. Most scientists believe that the feeling of fear is common to all higher animals, and, to a larger extent, to human beings with their finely developed psyche (Popescu 2013), 406. But if an animal can only be afraid of specific dangers, then a human being thanks to his imagination and the ability to analyze the environment has learnt to experience fear ahead of time (Popescu 2013), 406. What are people afraid of? Of course, each person has various reasons to ...

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a commonly applied treatment approach aimed to replace the dysfunctional behaviors and thoughts of patients with more accurate and constructive beliefs to relieve their emotional distress. The effectiveness of CBT lies in aspects such as collaboration between the patient and therapist, coping card, and cognitive strategies which help in the therapeutic effectiveness (Wright, 2006). The contribution of such aspects has been highlighted in several study findings in which treatment in both the clinical and research settings has been researched. When it comes to the use of CBT in treating mood disorders, most people would assume ...

Introduction

In the field of social and psychological research, the development of research tools to measure phenomena by attributing quantitative values to them and developing them into continuous variables is a crucial part of data collection and understanding of the phenomena. The reliability and validity of the measuring instruments thus developed is of utmost importance in establishing the value and capability of the constructs. We all can relate to our personal or friends and peers’ childhood experiences of anxiety as a child. The children are more vulnerable as a result of anxiety situations as they have little or no idea ...

Writing Assignment

Which school of psychology do you agree with most? In your paper (at least 5, well-written sentences), provide 3 reasons WHY you agree with it the most. I agree most with the psychodynamic perspective among the schools of psychology. The school is oriented in believing that the human behavior is influenced by the different mental conflicts that are locked in the sub-conscience. The school of thought is more convincing because of the fact that the personality of an individual is inside the individual and is controlled by the interaction between the superego, the ego, and the id. Additionally, the ...

My informal learning experience is connected with the death of close relatives form cancer. Given the rise of cancer and the deteriorating environment, the use of carcinogens in the food industry, fear of cancer cannot be considered unreasonable. In my case it went beyond common sense and became a phobia. My cancerophobia is very closely linked with the fear of death. Everyone knows that according to the statistics, cancer takes the third place among the causes of death (after injuries and cardiovascular diseases). So my informal learning experience is a manifestation of psychogenic reaction to the death of loved ...

A phobia is a very common condition that not always needs any treatment, but when it interferes with normal daily functioning of a person, it needs to be addressed by a professional, and in this case a person should seek appropriate treatment. A phobia is a fear or anxiety that has great strength, but does not have substantial reasons behind it, as the feared object or situations does not really pose great threat to a person experiencing such fear or anxiety (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Although sometimes a phobia is perceived as simply as strong fear, it is, in fact, ...

Introduction

Since the discovery of such phenomenon as social phobia, the scientists and most of the ordinary people were confused about the distinctions between an ordinary shyness and the social anxiety problems. Fortunately, we can clearly distinguish two these notions nowadays and even help the people who suffer from them with the help of a little assessment as assessment plays an important role in determining the problem of the human being. Unfortunately, some of the researches takes the personal feature of shyness and apply a pejorative meaning to it. The others doubt that shyness has the same nature as the ...

Anti-Islam attitudes, particular towards the Muslims and their informal and formal policies and codes of conduct are has become the main target of the Western media. This prejudice has manifested itself in various parts of the non-Muslim world. The Muslims have been portrayed by the Western media as dirty, brutal, uneducated, untrustworthy and fanatical terrorists. Throughout the western world, there exist a strong Islam-phobia; the strong feeling of Islam-phobia takes very many forms including hate and discrimination. Islam-phobia linked to terrorist attacks that are carried by Islamic fundamentalists. The strong anti-Muslim attitudes are widespread in Britain, France, United States and other western countries ( ...

Virtual Reality used in Treatment of Phobia

Virtual Reality in the treatment of phobias offers a new form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that involves systemic exposure to feared situations through a human-computer interaction. Research from renowned psychologists reveals that Virtual Reality is more successful compared to the traditional form of exposure therapy. After the diagnostic interview is conducted, and the psychologist establishes the service would be beneficial to the situation, the patient is placed in a computer generated three-dimensional world and guided through the selected environment. Duke University School of Medicine (2012) states that computer graphics and other display input technologies are integrated to give the patient a sense of reality. ...

Classical conditioning is the process of learning whereby an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. It is a process of behavior modification in which the subject responds to a previously neutral stimulus in a desired manner when it is repeatedly presented along with an unconditional stimulus. There have been various speculations by different literature on the possibility of conditioning emotional responses, but the experimental evidence has usually been lacking. There has been a suggestion that there must be a way in which stimuli can call out emotions. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner decided to put the matter to test through the little ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...

Response on Article:

Response on Article: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Social Phobia, and Loneliness in Incarcerated Internet Child Pornography Offenders The article, “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Social Phobia, and Loneliness in Incarcerated Internet Child Pornography Offenders,” is based on the study conducted by Marshall, O’Brien, Marshall, Booth, and Davis (2012). It's aim was to determine any differences in terms of anxiety between child pornography internet offenders (CPOs) and non-internet-related sexual offenders with child victims (CCMs) through measurement. The stance of their study was that there were two types of child molesters based on their rudimentary traits. Proving the factuality of this ...

Anxiety can be defined as a normal reaction experienced by human beings and involves the physical being and the brain as well. Anxiety serves as an alert system that is triggered when and individual recognizes peril or risk. It is an imperative fundamental survival function. An individual feels sensations of anxiety when the brain and the body respond to a threat or peril.

Anxiety is characterized by quicker heartbeats and panting, unsettled stomach, tense muscles, shivering legs and hands and sweaty palms. This response is an element of the body that is meant to fight flight. This is the effect of ...

Social anxiety disorder is also known as social phobia. This state of an individual is an extreme case of the individual feeling pressure and being fearful of certain social situations. Some individuals are not confident in group settings, and constantly fear of being evaluated. Mostly this state occurs when the individual is faced with a new or novel situation. It is not uncommon to feel anxious about a new situation but some people fear it to a very large degree; hence, being a victim of the social anxiety disorder. Individuals may be so frightened of facing these new situations that they may do ...

English

Imagine cruising downtown in a brand new Bugatti car in full speed. It was my dream, which I hoped to achieve. The possibility of driving a Bugatti was not an issue. I had an enormous challenge to conquer ahead of me. I adopted all forms of phobias since my childhood. The phobia of driving in a car was more pronounced and demanding. Every time we stepped out for a ride I will vehemently propose other means of transport. My family members were aware of my fears, but did nothing to help. Instead, my older brother found it amusing whenever we were travelling in ...

Behavioral Psychology is one of the basic topics in psychology that looks into how people or animals behave the way they behave. Although, behavioral psychology is one of the foundations of psychology, teachers have observed that students find the topic a little difficult to understand. The topic tries to find an explanation why people or animals have their corresponding mental and physical reactions in response to certain stimuli. In behavioral psychology, the idea is that the behavior of people and animals can be both conditioned and results of either rewards or punishments applied to them. Further, it is also believed ...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the bell ...

In psychology, there is a learning theory that states that as we learn, we adjust the manner in which we perceive our environment and the manner in which we interpret the incoming stimuli. Consequently, all this alters the way we interact, or behave. It is from this theory that one learns about behaviorism. The latter is the study or our behaviors after exposure to given stimuli within the environment. This helps us in understanding the effects given stimuli have on us. In the learning theory, we have classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, one learns to associate one ...

A phobia is an extreme fear that will not go away. People may develop a phobia after having a bad encounter with a certain situation, object or activity. Therefore, trypanophobia is an extreme fear of needles. The number of people suffering from trypanophobia is increasing significantly since the people with this condition refuse to seek help from a doctor. People with needle phobias constantly experience panic attacks, lightheadedness, or fainting when they come across two needles. This fear prevents many people from obtaining required vaccinations, blood tests and other medical care, which make it a serious issue. Therefore, the paper will examine how Trypanophobia ...

Psychotherapy for Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders entail symptoms of extreme nervous conditions causing high levels of distress consequently interfering with a person's normal daily life. People suffering from Anxiety disorders are always in constant fear and worry and later, if left untreated, depression. As the most common of all emotional disorders, Anxiety disorders affect over 25 million Americans according to the American Psychological Association report (2009). In the effort to obtain relief from these symptoms, some patients opt to indulge in drug and alcohol abuse. This indulgence affects their performance both at school and work as well as their social relationships . Most common ...

1. Hallucinations Hallucination is affection by the sensation that appears real but created by the mind. Therefore, hallucination caused by fatigue that affects the body and the function of the mind but not the senses. 2. Stage 3 Sleepwalking is the movement that seems purposeful. This occurs while in a state of partial wakefulness from deep sleep. The sleepwalking occurs because of the effect from the brain due to the disability of the immature during the sleep period. Sleep terrors are a situation that the individual wakes up immediately due to the nightmare. The sleep terrors occur ...

Every individual fears something that has or has not been experienced depending on his or her views, perceptions, beliefs, and information shared by others. Before going to the school, there were certain fears that I had regarding my life away from home and being part of a group unknown to me. In the current reflective paper, I would present three different fears that I had about my life at school and shared my experiences that actually either helped me to overcome these fears or strengthened them further. My first and foremost fear of selecting a school was related to my ...

This article is based on the research done by Joseph Wolpe attempting to understand the root of a type of Neuroses in the form of an intense Phobia. The article states that phobia’s were original thought to be the result of an individual experiencing an extreme childhood trauma that linked intense irrational fear to an object or act. They were treated by a process known as psychoanalysis, in which the patient worked through the source of the fear with a therapist. A phobia goes far beyond the rational fear of being afraid for your safety due to, for example, a spider being ...

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Introduction

Cyberbullying is a recurrent reason of emotional distress among children and adolescents. This situation becomes further complex by interpersonal safety issues. These safety issues come through the peer group of adolescents and are difficult to control and monitor. This paper will give an account of cyber bullying, some common responses of adolescents to cyberbullying and the ways to fight it. There exist a lot of technological tools to combat cyberbullying. But it is an interpersonal issue in the social situation. It is, therefore, necessary to build a foundation ...

Psychology

Anxiety disorders are occurrences in our human life today. They can affect everyone in the society, and its effects are extensive in the society as well. There are several factors that play a significant role in the existent and development of anxiety disorders among human beings (WITTCHEN, STEIN, & KESSLER, 2009, p. 13). One of the elemental factors that relate to anxiety disorders is biological preparedness. The anxiety disorder presented includes fears and phobias towards different aspects in the environment. Graham explains the uneven distribution of the fears through various evolutionary and mechanistic explanations. Psychological or behavioral mechanisms explain the ...

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a goal oriented psychotherapeutic approach that examines the relationships between feelings, thoughts and behaviors. It examines the patterns of thought that trigger self-destructive actions and what directs the thoughts. The therapy addresses maladaptive behaviors, dysfunctional emotions and cognitive processes through professional systematic procedures (Linehan, 1993). The therapy is based upon a selected combination of basic cognitive and behavioral principles. It makes the acknowledgement that there are some human behaviors that cannot be controlled through rational thinking. The therapy can also be viewed as form of mental health counseling technique directed towards individuals with mental problems. The mentally ...

It goes without saying that the patients suffering from the paranoid personality disorder are mostly characterized by possession of various symptoms, especially the long-term ones, including the suspiciousness of all the surrounding people and a pervasive distrust long-lasting pattern. Every person that suffers from such a disorder will in majority of cases believe that the motives of all the other people are potentially malevolent and suspicious, at least. The patients with the paranoid personality disorder usually tend to assume that all the other people will somehow harm, exploit or deceive them; moreover, for such people there’s no need for any ...

The Professor's name

In a daily routine life, people unconsciously learn by using classical and operant conditioning. The source of many fears, such as fear from animals and fear from public appearance is closely connected with the classical or operant conditioning. However, not only negative experiences are associated with conditioning, but positive one as well. Classical and operant conditioning are essential for understanding the close connection between our inner self and the surrounding. One of the elementary principles of learning is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning where, in time, one stimulus takes over the possibility of ...

Abstract

Shaping is the process used to develop a terminal behaviour through reinforcing its successive approximations systematically and differentially. Successive approximations refer to the building blocks of the eventual behaviour. Shaping is applied in various contexts that can range from using shaping to teach children how to use contact lenses, how behaviour analysis can influence people with intellectual disabilities. Also, it used to study the performance track of athletes, and how to eliminate autism in children. Moreover, shaping is also applicable in helping people quit smoking and teach self-initiated toileting among children. The authors provide various agreements to advance their research, ...

The article, “Adult School Phobias” edited by Miller and King informs on experiences of women empowerment through literacy. The article reiterates on women stories of anxiety and the adult education practice to assist them. According to Miller and King most, women experience pain, debilitating emotion, isolation, and pain in their school life. Fear and anxiety is inherent in the course of learning to hinder a person’s thoughts to lead to phobias. Some of the phobias associated with school and learning include fear of ridicule, fear of incompetence, fear of the unknown, and fear of the school environment. Women try ...

Allyson suffers from an anxiety disorder called Social Phobia. Evidently, her fear of interacting with other people has dictated her choice of employment as she works from home. She has an unreasonable fear of saying something that is embarrassing, which falls under the rubric of "being judged" (BehaveNet, web). After being prescribed antianxiety medication, she takes more of the prescribed dosage after a short time of being on the medication -- tolerance. As a result, Allyson can be diagnosed with (SUD) Substance Use Disorder characterized which, according to the DSM IV TR is "A disease process characterized by the ...

Abstract

The research deals with the problem of phobias, the types of this irrational behavior, the history of research as well as the key founders and co-researchers who contributed significantly to studying this psychotic disorder. It was also studied whether phobias have relationship with age and gender of those being prone to the disorder. The questions of reasons, symptoms and treatment were given a particular focus in the concluding part of the project. The question of whether phobias are acquired in the course of life or transmitted genetically was scrutinized based on the opinions of world’s finest psychology experts, professors ...

Introduction

The psychological field is familiar with the difference of B.F. Skinner and John Watson’s theoretical perspectives. However, none of the two differs as much as Edward Tolman’s perspectives. One of his popular assertions is that his believes in the importance of every aspect in the psychological field. In addition, all those aspects can undergo investigation through perpetual theoretical and practical analysis of rat demeanor determiners in a maze (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010). These different perspectives are captivating and are popular in this era’s modern psychology. This paper will generate a fair comparison and contrast on Skinner and Watson’s ...

Psychology

Description of Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Classical and operant conditioning are two learning theories extensively studied in psychology. Classical conditioning involves a response to a certain stimulus. Reflexive responses are brought under control of stimulus actions that usually herald the response (Klein & Mowrer, 2009). A certain event provokes a response. A once neutral stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior thus feelings, thoughts, and emotions are assumed irrelevant in explaining a particular behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an ...

Slide 2: Introduction

- Social anxiety or social phobia is one of the most common types of mental disorders. - It is classified as the third most prevalent psychological disorder in USA, next to depression and alcoholism. - About 7% of the population in USA is plagued by some form of social phobia.

Slide 3: Overview of Social Anxiety Disorder

What is social anxiety? - Irrational persistent fear of being judged negatively by others - Self-consciousness while doing common things in front of others. - Characterized by increased palpitations, feelings of self-doubt, low self-esteem, embarrassment and inferiority complex.

Types of social anxiety

- Generalized - Non-generalized

Slide 4: Types of Social Anxiety

Generalized ...

Social phobia is a psychological disorder that makes a person a social misfit. The affected person finds it difficult to fit in any social gathering or any activity that involves people. Depending on the environment they have been brought up in, such a person may only feel free around his or her close family members. Social phobia is a common occurrence in the society with millions of people in United States affected. However, the disorder is usually looked at as a personality, and therefore not giving it, the treatment attention required. A low self-esteem is just one of the symptoms exhibited by a person suffering from ...

Section I

The main reason for Muslims being violent is the victimization of Muslims in the world of sectarian violence against Muslims. Recently, in the course of the violent genocide in the western part of the country from the hands of the extremists were killed, tortured and left homeless thousands of defenseless Muslims. According to reports, criminals have not given up on any action, including burning children (Anwar 39). This comes at a time when not only the government has not taken serious measures to put an end to the crimes, but the international human rights organizations and their silence unties the ...

Introduction

The fight or flight response is one of the body’s autonomic defense mechanisms. This innate defense mechanism gets triggered whenever a person encounters a harmful entity or event, or basically anything that one may perceive as a threat to his survival. In such cases, the body’s hyper-arousal state which is characterized by dramatic changes not just in one but across all organ systems. The fight or flight response actually started as a simple theory by Dr. Walter Cannon. Dr. Cannon explained that any animal is subject to a reaction called fight or flight response which is characterized by a general and fast-acting discharge ...

Introduction

Social Phobia also known as social anxiety disorder is an issue that is increasingly common among the males of young age who are experiencing and taking various new steps of life and making great efforts to develop good image, their own recognition and worth in the world. As they grow, passing each year of their age they encounter various different issues that affect their personalities directly or indirectly. Social phobia or social anxiety disorder is one of such issues that can affect upon them very negatively and drastically as it relates to avoiding social gathering, lacking confidence, having fears, ...

Introduction

Anorexia nervosa is an increasingly serious eating disorder characterized by a patient’s preoccupation with weight loss, which motivates them to engage in such actions as skipping meals, engaging in extreme physical activity to lose weight and using diet pills among others. It is a psychiatric disease which is increasingly common, partly due to the way the current society glamorizes thinness, leading many young women to get anxious at the thought of gaining weight. The health condition affects virtually people of all demographic segments, but young women are arguably the main culprits as research has shown (Ruth et al. 2003, p. ...

TITTLE

On September 11, 2001, nineteen captors stole control of four passenger jets passing from U.S. airports. Two planes crashed the two towers of the World Trade Center in New York, the third plane crashed on the Pentagon, and with the fourth plane, US had successful recourse and crashed in an unfilled land. Overall, approximately 3,000 people passed, and the fault was directly engaged with the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda. ("American Muslims Since 9/11 | Wilson Center." xx-xx) This paper will try to explain what the consequences on the life of Muslim society in US had this attack, ...

In the book, A Ruling Race, James Oakes outlines a view and perception of the slaveholding class entirely. Whilst prior history explains the class of the slaveholder’s planters, James Oakes in his book does not agree that the planter gives an accurate representation of the entire slaveholding. In the book, slaveholding class included of diverse ethnic communities or groups that were shaped and controlled by differing economic, political, ideological, as well as demographic development. Slaveholding class could be divided into three phases, that of small, middle-class masters, and finally planters. The analysis is based on social, religious, as well ...

Bilateral relations between countries, especially neighboring ones are essential to economic growth and peaceful co-existence and are mostly mutually beneficial especially in the areas of commerce and tourism. Seeing as China and Malaysia are both Asian countries they both stand to benefit from good neighborly relations. Relations between China and Malaysia formally began in 1974 this was in a bid to increase trade ties between both countries that were mutually beneficial. This article seeks to examine the changing faces of Malaysia’s policy towards China from the cold war era, through the post cold war and up to 2004 ...

Music therapy is defined as a clinical technique employed by physicians to complement medicine; however, the therapy needs a prescription from a trained music therapist to achieve the desired objectives. Such techniques are designed to aid patients in overcoming challenges; music therapy is employed in many settings including community centers, schools, and rehabilitation centers to help the patients deal with the challenges they face. Childbirth is an experience associated with a significant amount of pain; some people compare the pain experienced during childbirth to the pain endured by a person burnt alive. This comparison serves a purpose to describe the intensity of the childbirth process. ...

In the study of behavioral psychology, it is important to understand the motivation behind phobias and addictions. Phobia is an irrational fear associated with a certain stimuli, while addiction is a state developed from engaging in habit-forming behaviors. However, both phobia and addiction come as a result of learning. The two most important processes that cause phobia and addiction are classical and operant conditioning. Although both concepts result in learning, the processes differ. Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus pairs up with an unconditioned response. A good example is Ivan Pavlov’s study with dogs. In the study, the dogs associated ...

Disorders have been present as long as the existence of human kinds. As time passed, human beings have been able to come up with better ways of dealing with the disorders. Technological advancements and innovations have been able to form a milestone in approaching these disorders. Some disorders have no curative measures, but there are medicines that have been able to suppress the disorders thus enhancing the duration of time a person lives with the condition.

Description of the disorder

American Psychiatric Association has formulated a system referred to as The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, abbreviated as DSM-IV-TR. This manual is used to ...

Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that tries to concentrate more on what people term as abnormal in life. This is mainly in terms of behaviors which are considered as deviant from the expected code of conduct. In any case, any strange or rare experience in behavior makes one to be treated as abnormal. Most of these disorders are extremes of the normal circumstances and are mostly caused by imbalance in some physiological processes, biological factors or even some physical factors. Several symptoms can be used to describe the disorders whereby some of the factors are unique to a disorder ...

Introduction

In this paper, I would like to introduce Sarah, a 15-year-old girl, mid-adolescent, 9th grader, who seems to have a rather normal life on the surface, but is definitely in need of help if one examines closely. One of the attributes that is alarming is that she is extremely school phobic, which is perhaps understandable for a first grader, but unusual and wrong for a somewhat grown-up 9th grader. Sarah is a high school girl studying in a co-ed high school in her town. She had to take a remedial course because of her struggles with school work. She has a distant dream of going to ...

Anxiety disorders are conditions that are characterized by pathological anxiety that has not been caused by physical illness and is not associated with substance use besides not being part of a psychotic illness (Starcevic, 2004, p. 1). The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), anxiety disorders comprise of a group of diagnostic entities. They include panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia), agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, acute stress disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety (social phobia), posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, substance-induced anxiety disorder, general anxiety disorder and ...

Anxiety, pain, worry, fear, confusion, and other related things are common to people of all ages. Everyone experience such things in life, and no one can claim to be invulnerable to these things – even to their simplest form. However, it is attested that these things could also become drastically unpleasant. Considering anxiety, this can become a [serious] disorder when the symptoms become chronic and interfering with one’s daily life and ability to act/function (Grohol, 2010). When it worsens, an individual can no longer work, eat, and even do the essential responsibilities a human being should be doing in life. Like ...

In such scenarios where families seem like collections of individuals, in this case the mother and grandmother, the elder and young sisters, family therapy can be tricky because all of them are ultimately affecting the 7-year-old child in unpredictable ways. A structural family therapist would view the child’s school phobia rooted in the dysfunctional structure of the family. Based on the unique features of the structural family therapy, the therapist’s main goal would be to focus on restructuring the structure of the family and offering a framework that restores order and meaning to system of transactional rules of ...

Research Design

Statistics Used Results Martin A. Safer Linda J. Levine Irvine Amy L. Drapalski Distortion in Memory for Emotions: The Contributions of Personality and Post-Event Knowledge Memory Distortion, Emotional Bias Distortion in Memory for Emotions Duration or intensity of their emotional responses is an important factor of identification however the article does not cover this aspect of investigation. (N = 189)

Co-relational Design

Correlation method is used in the research. revision of memory for prior emotions can occur immediately, with an introduction to the post event information Olivier Corneille, Johanne Huart ...

The reading informs us about the types of anxiety disorders, and an explanation of how to detect simple anxiety from the certain state when it transfers into a disorder. One of anxiety disorders is phobia, this is a permanent state when a person has a strong fear of other people, objects, or actions. Many people can live with their phobias, or better say learned how to live with them, so they would not face much inconveniences. Others, incapable to accept or fight their fears may turn the situation into much worse state. It is extremely difficult to control your emotions if you are ...