Essays on Hepatitis C

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Introduction Cirrhosis is caused by liver injury that results in fibrogenesis and inflammation. These problems result in collapse of liver structures and significant distortion of hepatic vascular structure. This distortion leads to elevated resistance to portal blood flow as well as portal hypertension. Moreover, hepatic synthetic dysfunction is also caused as a result of these problems. Clinically, liver cirrhosis is considered as an end-stage disease that could result in death until liver transplantation is performed (Tsochatzis, Bosch, & Burroughs, 2014). Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in most of the developed countries. In ...

Based on the latest report by the CDC (CDC, 2014), the total reported number of acute hepatitis B in 2014 in the United States was 2,953. The incidence rate for these cases stood at 0.9 cases/100,000 populace. Additionally, after variations have been made to factor in under-ascertainment and unreported cases, the predictable figure of hepatitis B cases in 2014 stood at 19,200 cases (CDC, 2014). In the same year, the CDC documents a total of 2,196 incidences of acute hepatitis C which was documented in 41 states. This data accounts for an overall incidence rate ...

Amongst the major infectious diseases, hepatitis is one of the most important diseases affecting a huge number of populations worldwide. Hepatitis is majorly caused by virus or other contributors to the inflammation of liver. It can be infectious or non-infectious. It is a big concern to deal with the disease as it is responsible for taking huge tolls of life with its remarkable symptoms in function loss of the liver due to factors like liver scarring (cirrhosis) or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in extreme cases (NHS, 2016). Viral hepatitis is considered to be the cause of hepatitis occurrence in ...

Nurses often play a very critical role in the implementation of healthcare policies; this is because nurses are well conscious and have a better understanding of healthcare systems and delivery mechanisms. Healthcare policy process becomes more efficient and also effective when all relevant stakeholders are involved in its formulation and implementation. The current U.S healthcare system is undergoing a lot of reforms in trying to conform to the new laws, regulations and policies put in place by various government agencies. The goals of these reforms are reducing healthcare costs, enhancing accessibility and improving the quality of care (Benton, 2012). ...

Hepatitis- A Review of Viral Disease

Abstract The liver is one of the key and principal organs of the body and virus of hepatitis potentially develops an inflammation of the liver due to an increase in particular enzymes. There are many types of hepatitis, but the commonly known virus is hepatitis A, B and C. Hepatitis has a long history since the time immemorial due to inadequate sanitary conditions. The infection of hepatitis A is related to picornavirus, and major symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and anorexia. Moreover, the visitors traveling to endemic countries are at higher risk. Hepatitis B is related to ‘serum ...

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its disease Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) appeared, initially, in the early years of 1980s. Since then, the disease has become one of the most important health challenges for researchers from around the world. It is considered as one of the most important killers of humans since its first diagnosis in the U.S. in 1981. The number of newly infected cases of AIDS is increasing every year. Absence of knowledge about the disease is one of the key issues leading to AIDS. Moreover, it has been found that people keep on engaging ...

HCV or Hepatitis C virus infection has over 5 million people affected in US (Chak, et al., 2011) and over 120 million people worldwide hence a global health problem. This virus belongs to Hepacivirus genus and Flaviviridae family (Lindenbach, et al., 2007) with six genotypes and with more than seventy subtypes. In approximately 85% infected individuals it may be unresolved, hence representing a significant hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis cause. It is viewed as commonest cirrhosis cause and chronic liver disease in the world. It also represents the main liver transplantation cause in USA, Europe, and Australia (Thimme, et ...

Article 1

a. The study (Balaraman & Mathew, 2006) presents the experimental investigation of cyclosporine production by Tolypocladium fungi. This is the experimental research. b. The authors found that the maximum production of cyclosporin was significantly (at 0.05 level) higher in glucose (8%), casein acid hydrolysate (3%), malt extract (2%), peptone (1%), and amino butyric acid (0.5%), comparing to medium with lower glucose content (4%).

Article 2

a. The paper by Irum & Anjum (2012) is a full-size research paper on experimental study of methods to enhance cyclosporin by Aspergillus terreus by mutation induced by UV and chemical mutation. b. The mutation resulted in morphological ...

HL has a multiplicity of complications all which are attributed to his lifestyle. HL has a history of drug abuse and his list of medication all but indicates that his drug abuse lifestyle has had a significant impact on his general health, his body systems and his body organs. HL could probably be having Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension (Cárdenas, 2014). The Cirrhosis could be as a result of alcohol consumption which has then the damage of his liver and probably gastric varices which is a precedent of Hepatitis C condition he already harbors. The gastric varices has led ...

Johnson & Johnson has gained relevant experience in the field of public relations, given that the group of companies was founded over thirty years ago; it definitely had a role in the evolution of public relations. Indeed, J&J has been held aloft in the PR world for nearly 30 years as the torch-bearer of the “right way’ to handle a crisis (Yaxley, 2010). Its public relations personnel, strategies, implementation process and assessment have matured over the years. Johnson & Johnson is a holding company which majorly deals in pharmaceutical products which are under constant scrutiny due to issues of quality ...

Hepatitis is one of the most serious causes of liver disorder and dysfunction, which is responsible for one to two million deaths a year. Hepatitis can occur as infectious or non-infectious. Although major causes of hepatitis include viruses, the other common causes are autoimmune liver disease, obesity, alcohol, tobacco consumption and certain other medications and herbs. Viral hepatitis is a viral-induced necroinflammatory disease of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, namely, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G . Hepatitis and A and E are enterically transmissible viruses, while Hepatitis B, C and ...

The new drug for hepatitis C treatment comprises a combination of both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir which are both novel direct-acting antiviral agents.1These agents possess great potency against the hepatitis C virus.2The high cost of the new hepatitis C can be justified with several reasons. Both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir may be administered as single tablets which may have or lack ribavirin and are to be taken once per day for a duration of 8, 12, or even 24 weeks.3 A justification for the high price of up to $1000 per pill, and $84,000 for a therapeutic duration of 12 weeks with sofosbuvir ...

Question 1

Are there possible criminal aspects of HIV/AIDS? Consider the case law presented in your textbook and elsewhere, and explain. Please provide specific examples.

The intentional spread of HIV is considered a criminal act. Pozgar (2012, p. 362) describes the case of an inmate who knew that he was infected with both HIV and the hepatitis virus. He was also informed of the ways that he can transmit the infection to others. He bit two correctional officers knowing that he can possibly infect them in this way. He was consequently charged with assault and battery. In State of Louisiana v. Schmidt, ...

Introduction

This paper focuses on various tests to determine whether there is need for Red Cross to sort/classify the blood into the various blood types; type A, type O, AB, or B. The aim is to allow the Red Cross to know the supply of each blood type available at any time to help people in need. Another advantage of sorting the blood into various types is that blood can then be stored in a safe place under the right conditions to prevent the blood from spoiling. The paper begins with analysis of the Business Research Methods that emphasizes on testing ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

Introduction

In today's world being a fierce debate about whether marijuana be legalized or not. In some countries, the legalization process has been completed. At the same time, many countries do not support the legalization of marijuana. Supporters of marijuana legalization point to the freedom of choice of every person: to eat or not marijuana should be decided by people, not the government. For example, alcohol is also harmful to health and is the cause of many problems with the law because of alcohol abuse occur worldwide each year, millions of road accidents. However, alcohol is legal in many countries. Opponents ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to: Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak; Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person; Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses; Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses; Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak. Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) estimates that the number of amphetamine abusers to be between 13-53 million globally and most of them are between 15-64 years old. Amphetamines are a group of psychoactive drugs that induce a stimulant effect on users. However, they are associated with a high level of psychological dependence and potential for both mental and physical toxicity-related problems (Sevak, William, and Rush). Being body stimulants, amphetamine's abuse has potential for adverse effects on the abuser. Amphetamines elicit both mental and physical symptoms in active users and those on withdrawal/rehabilitation. Some of the side effects of amphetamine abuse include behavioral ...

Facts

The case under scrutiny is named as Echazabal v Chevron USA, Inc. This is a case about a legal tussle between a man called Mario Echazabal and the firm for which he used to work viz. Chevron. The reason why Echazabal decided to sue his employer Chevron was that his employment offer was rescinded due to direct threat reasons by Chevron. The company came up to such a decision because they came to know about the ill-health of Echazabal and also that it was getting damaged due to him working in the cocker unit of the refinery. Echazabal was later diagnosed with Hepatitis ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs. One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

Abstract

The number of people being affected by various diseases that require them to have organ transplants increases every day. Meanwhile, the amount of donated organs is extremely insufficient to meet the high demand. There is also the problem of finding a donor match for a recipient and the need to take strong medications that suppress the immune system of the recipient so that the transplanted organ is not rejected. A solution to these problems has been and is still being developed, with laboratory-grown organs holding much promise. These organs can be tailor-made using the patient’s own cells or other cell sources, ...

Introduction

Scientific advancements have enabled antibodies that identify non-changing structures of the protein of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) to be identifiable. This development has strengthened the efforts of developing universal influenza vaccines. The goal of this research is to find out how HA stimulates naïve B cells into maturation and induces protective immunity. The researchers chose to investigate this phenomenon because the antibodies that can be used for the vaccine derive from a particular antibody gene of the region IGHV1-69. Currently, the manner in which influenza haemagglutinin stimulates naïve B cells into maturation and protective immunity remains unknown. This essay ...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. ...

CrisisMgmt / Discussion 4

Part I: Example of Public Health Crisis Shortly following Hurricane Katrina, the less remembered Hurricane Rita struck Houston, Texas. Personally, I recall Rita because it caused my wedding to be delayed by two months. You might recall Rita because its poorly prepared evacuation plan resulted in absolute gridlock on the interstate highways. Motorists found themselves trapped on highways for endless hours, many running out of gas and sleeping in their cars. Fortunately, Texas got smarter from both Rita and Katrina. Years later, when Hurricane Ike ravaged Galveston, the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) was ready. Public ...

Today, society allows people to donate organs, place their organ donor status on their driver’s license and at hospitals when signing in, but the government and FDA are against the selling of human organs. This legislation has been in place since 1984, when the National Organ Transplant Act banned any type of financial compensation for organ donation ("Financial incentives for organ donation," 2010). The question arises if there is a difference. I believe that just like paying your taxes, one should indeed have the rights to do as they please with their bodies. It should be within one’s ...

Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. The prefix hepat is the medical term for liver just as the term cardio is the medical term for the heart. The suffix –itis means inflammation and has been known for its attachments to many prefixes that represent different parts of the body. For instance, tonsillitis means inflammation of the tonsils, arthritis means inflammation of the joints, and bronchitis means inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs. When a part of the body or organ system is inflamed it means that there is a swelling or enlargement. This usually leads to other ...

Introduction

In developed countries, homeless people have various problems which predispose them to infectious diseases. Homeless intravenous drug abusers face a heightened risk of contracting HIV/AIDS as well as hepatitis B and C type of infections. Homeless people are at risk of infections as a result of their lack of hygiene and poor physical state. Prevalence of intravenous drug users is considerably higher in the homeless population than in the general population. The result of this is weakened immunity as well as a host of other biological abnormalities. According to Raoult, Foucault and Brouqui (2002), homeless people are mainly male (60-95%). However, adolescents ...

According to the case study, it is clear that the deeds of the medical practitioner are coming due to incompetency in the job. This makes the case to be an ethical act or problem. The doctor ought to have known that it is always recommended to treat all the patients equally. For example, the case of Marguerite who was to undergo angiogram shows lack of medical ethics among the doctors. This case presents legal and ethical problems in hospitals. It was wrong for the angiogram physicians to decide to attend Sarah instead of Marguerite basing on the reason that ...

Heroine is an opioid synthesized from morphine, which is extracted from opium poppy plant seed. In 2011, about 1.6% of the American population above 12 years of age had abused heroine at least once in their life. Heroine dependency is estimated at 23% of all its users. The routes of administration of heroine include smoking, inhalation and intravenous injection. The drug is then rapidly distributed to the brain where its effects predispose the user to health and addiction risks. While in the brain, heroine is reconverted to morphine, which binds to opioid receptors. These receptors are numerous in the ...

LIVER DISEASE

Pathophysiology of the Disease Liver disease is a major concern all over the world. The initial stages are referred to as hepatic fibrosis. In case of severe and critical advancement, the stage is called cirrhosis. In this stage the disease is not reversible; the fibrous is scarred and the hepatic structure is characterized with interconnecting bands (Regenstein & Dickerson, 2006). Normal working of the liver is hindered by the resulting insufficient blood flow and continuous destruction of hepatocytes (Sorrell, Maddrey & Schiff, 2011). The etiological factors which lead to cirrhosis include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and abuse of ...

ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION

Proper Syringe Use: Medical and Recreational Consumption of IV Drugs as a Public Health Concern

This is a photo of a syringe disposal box in one of the university bathrooms. It represents the dangers associated with IV drug use. The population affected by this public health issue is anyone who has ever received an injectable drug; the subpopulations are (1) people who receive injectable drugs under medical supervision and (2) people who self-administer drugs for recreational value. The use of injectable drugs is an international public health problem, as they are used for medical and non-medical reasons everywhere.

Subpopulation 1 faces a ...

The New Heroin Epidemic

According to Gilderman (2012) the United States experienced their largest heroin epidemic from 1967 to 1971; the second largest epidemic lasted from 1976 to 1981 (para. 9). So generally when people hear about a heroin epidemic they immediately think back to the 60s and 70s. There seems to be no recognition that there could be an ongoing epidemic of heroin use right now in the United States. Not only that, the epidemic is global including large areas of sub-Saharan African countries as well as in other locations around the world.

The question considered in this essay is: Does a new heroin ...

Introduction

Hepatitis is a major health threat to our environment because of the associated effects on liver and the mode of transmission. Hepatitis C which is one of the types of hepatitis that has become a major challenge since the discovery. Different factors have contributed to these challenges. One of those major challenges is the inability of researchers to discover suitable vaccine for the infection. The prolonged inactive period of the causative organism in the body before clinical manifestation is another factor (Department of health). The infectious course usually leads to enlargement of the liver and this in turn affects the functions ...

Vicent’s case study

Question 1- Discuss in point form The clinical features of the scenario that lead you to administer oxygen. The clinical scenario that lead you to administer oxygen; cyanosis, level of consciousness indicated with GSC 7, respiratory rate of 4 breath per minute which is regular but shallow, lowered pulse rate which is weak and regular are the clinical features that are responsible for the initiation of oxygen administration.

The physiological rationale for administering oxygen.

The physiologic rationale is to manage hypoxia and thus reduce the cyanosis, which is the result of shortage of oxygen and increased concentration ...

Abstract

This is a report on Hepatitis C virus infection in Australia discussing the population at risk, clinical presentation, management, and issues with vaccine production. The findings in the report show that injecting drug users among youths are the major group at risk. The presentation of the disease could be in acute or chronic form. The management is not 100 percent achievable due to unclear reasons but the drugs are effective. There are major side effects associated with the drugs hence there is a need for pre and post testing counseling. The major issue with the infection is the absence of vaccine ...

Introduction

In any blood bank laboratory, definite tests must be done on all donated blood. This incorporates typing to verify the donor's ABO blood grouping and Rhesus factors in addition to several screens to guarantee the safety of the blood. Screening is usually conducted for unanticipated red blood cell antibodies that could cause severe reactions in the recipient and bacterial contamination in components of platelets as well as present and precedent transmissible infections. Each unit of donated blood is usually tested for Hepatitis C, HIV, Human T-Lymph tropic Virus, Syphilis, West Nile Virus and Malaria. But before any test is ...