Essays on Hemoglobin

Summary

At high altitude human face a unique stress of hypobaric hypoxia due to reduced fall in barometric pressure and the extent of oxygen molecules, therefore, studying humans at high altitude facilitates the understanding of adaptation capabilities of human against evolution as well as environment. The following essay summarizes an article authored by Beall that studied the arterial-oxygen-content phenotypes of three high-altitude inhabitant populations residing on Tibetan, Andean, and Ethiopian plateaus. The article is based on the problem that how people possess diverse adaptation potential on different heights where the oxygen level is very low in comparison of normal sea ...

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Corresponding Address and email)

A 17 years old girl was born on term. At the age of 2 years, the girl went into an unconscious state and admitted to a hospital. Laboratory diagnosis represented severe level of diabetic ketoacidosis (Nagy et al., 2010). Some important signs of diabetic ketoacidosis are abdominal pain, hypotension, rapid shallow breathing, and dehydration (Buttaro, 2013). Blood glucose level of the girl was 37.6 mmol per liter. After thorough diagnosis, type 1A diabetes was found and she was given insulin treatment (Nagy et al., 2010). At the age of 11 years, she became pale and started ...

Diabetes mellitus is the group of serious diseases that lead to fatal cases without the proper treatment. One of the suggested by the World Health Organization, the International Expert Committee, and the American Diabetes Association ways of diagnostics of diabetes is the measure of the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c); HbA1c more than 6,5% (48 mmol/mol) diagnoses diabetes, and HbA1c between 5,7% and 6,4% diagnoses prediabetes (Incani et al., 2015, p. 44). However, this method needs to be improved and additional factors need to be studied, as the level of HbA1c shows poor agreement with fasting plasma ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Critical thinking

Explain what Mucor is and how a patient is likely to become infected with Mucor. Mucormycosis is a condition that is usually caused by mucor mycetes which are typically a group of molds. The condition is rate but in its prevalence it has been associated with high mortality and morbidity rates due to little knowledge of the condition and the fact that patients rarely present with this condition. Once identified rightly, the condition is very manageable and curable. Mucor mostly affects people with a compromised immune system and it may occur in any part of the body where the ...

Blood evidence analysis has rapidly evolved and progressed over the last 20 years and nowadays, there exist a number of various techniques to collect, store and determine blood. Forensic scientists may opt for different ways to analyze the most valuable and helpful evidence of a crime in order to increase the chances to solve a case. The quality and reliability of a certain presumptive test usually depends on the reagents used in analysis and therefore, the right choice of a certain element is critical for determining associations and connections between the victim, perpetrator and different factors of a crime ...

Based on the clinical vignette, this patient is anemic and presents to the emergency department for symptoms relating to her condition. Based on the past medical history and the preliminary workup, one can have an idea of which type of anemia is occurring in this patient has and its underlying cause. Anemia can be divided into three categories based on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the red blood cells: microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic. In the physician’s report in the emergency room, it said that the patient’s red blood cells appeared microcytic and hypochromic. This information would ...

The following questions pertain to:

George, S., & Thomas, S. (2010). Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(5), 1092-1100.

What is the purpose of this research?

What is the research question (or questions)? This may be implicit or explicit. The research question was not specified. A likely research question can be stated as “What are the lived experiences and views of insulin-dependent diabetic rural older adults on diabetes self-management? Did the authors describe the research design of this study? If so, give a description.

Describe the population (sample) for this study.

The sample was 10 female English-speaking, rural-based, insulin-dependent diabetic older adults between the ages of 65 and 85 years aged ...

The evaluation phase is the next step after implementing a research initiative. It involves the assessment of a project to determine its relevance and whether the goals of the project have been met. Measuring project outcomes is an effective way of gauging the success of a change process. Evaluation enhances efficiency and sustainability. DSME initiatives aim at helping diabetic persons to gain knowledge and skills relevant in the modification of behavior and lifestyle. Diabetes literacy improves self-management and prevents disease complications. Measuring DSME outcomes helps educators in analyzing behavior change (American Association of Diabetes Educators, 2011). It also informs ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

1.Diaphoresis is a medical condition of the body that an individual often sweats because of a drug side effect or symptom of a disease. Motor dysfunction has associations with the nerve and muscle center responsible for movement; this term defines the improper functioning of the muscle. Cyanosis is a condition related to the low supply of oxygen in the blood where the skin color of an individual as well as mucous membranes appears to have purple or blue coloration. The peripheral nerve connects the central nervous system and the brain to the entire body neurons; any damage or pressure ...

1. There are several components to the physical examination. Initially, the patients will have their vitals accesses (heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) This will give the physician an overall picture of the status of the patient. Next, the doctor will consider the general appearance of the patient, noting any abnormalities. After the general appearance, the physician will assess each organ system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, GI, integument, etc.) individually. To evaluate each system, the physician will first inspect the system for any abnormalities. After the inspection is auscultation where, if applicable, the physician will use a ...

Trace elements refer to chemicals that form parts of important enzymes found in the body of a living organism occurring in minute amounts, less than 0.1% by volume (Anonymous, 2015). Trace elements are available in the natural environment and play a critical role in the survival of all living organism. Individual elements attract molecules from the environment and convert them to various products needed by the organism. Examples of trace elements are iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, iodine, cobalt among others. However, the following paper analyzes only three of these trace elements namely, copper, iron, and zinc.

Copper

Introduction ...

Lab Report for Circulatory system

Introduction & background information:- The circulatory system is a large interconnected network of organs and vessels which causes the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, hormones and various gasses between the cells of the body. If the circulatory system were absent in the human body, it would not be able to defend itself against diseases and illness or to maintain a constant internal environment, for example, the correct temperature or the pH. This process is called homeostasis. Hence, it can be said the circulatory system consists of the heart and the lungs which work in unison for the transportation of blood ...

Basing on the laboratory values, the hemoglobin level of the Ms. A is lower than the normal value. Normally, the hemoglobin level lies between 12 to 17 grams per deciliter (Mader, 2004). The hemoglobin level of Ms. A was measured to be 8 grams per deciliter. Moreover, the hematocrit percentage, which measures the red blood cell concentration in the blood, of Ms. A is 32%, which is relatively low. For females, the hematocrit percentage should be around 36% to 46% (O’Leary, 2014). Furthermore, the erythrocyte count of Ms. A was determined to be 3.1 x 10^9 per ...

Hit and run homicide

A hit and run are normally defined as being involved in a vehicle accident with either a pedestrian, another vehicle or an object and escaping from the scene without being identified or give any assistance to those in need. It is mostly defined by leaving the scene whether you caused the accident or not. However, if you return to the scene maybe you had gone to access emergency assistance will not be considered as a hit and run. In a hit and run accident, there are several wound and injuries that are common and they assist in reconstructing the ...

1. a. The pKa value of an amino acid is an indication of how strong or weak an amino acid is, based on the said acid’s dissociation constant. An amino acid that has a high pKa value is weaker than on that has a low pka value. Given that an acid’s dissociation constant is Ka, the pKa value is given by the formula: pKa = -log10Ka pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]),It follows that for Cys12, 7.4= 7.2 + log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 7.4-7.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 0.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 100.2= Cys-/HCys Therefore, Cys-/HCys = 10-4Similarly, ...

Coursename Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder, which affects the red blood cells. It was first described in the medical literature in 1846. In 1910, Ernest Irons became first to write about the pathologically altered red blood cells of the patient with sickle-cell anemia (Serjeant 425-429). It is caused by the mutation of the gene encoding the synthesis of the hemoglobin. As a result, the hemoglobin of the affected people is defective (hemoglobin S). Glutamic acid in it is substituted with valine in the sixth position of the β-chain. This change greatly reduces the solubility of hemoglobin in ...

Iron supplementation on the hemoglobin levels of pregant women in Kenya

Over the years, prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (1). Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (2, 3). According to Pena-Rosas (4), raising iron levels by supplementation results in an increased level of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin level in this regard is dependent on the dosage of iron taken. However, it is still unclear the ideal level in which iron supplements can ...

Smoking is one of the most harmful habits dangerous to the health of not only smokers but also others. Currently, smoking has become a massive "epidemic" common among men, women and even children. The fact that smoking is harmful to health know everyone, but not all realize the true extent of its impact. Damage to health damage is delayed in time and not immediate, but gradual, usually after 10-20 years after the onset of smoking. Therefore, many smokers at first do not notice changes in their health status and believe that nothing will happen to them in the future, ...

Our Vision

What We Do When a person is diagnosed with a life-threatening disease, it can be a frightening experience for the whole family. We provide information and offer practical and emotional support to the affected individuals and their families. We offer improvement in standards of support and care and promote the importance of early detection

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Service Users There are various devastating conditions/illnesses that hinder an individual’s journey through life. The affected people are fellow human beings in need of help and assistance. Together we can make a difference to:

Cancer Patients

Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. ...

In the medical field, there are constant inventions that are intended to improve the quality of care for patients. These interventions are based on qualitative and quantitative research whose results indicate the effectiveness of the practice on different patients. Patients living with medical conditions like Diabetes rely on these practices to make their lives better. The adoption of the interventions is based on how well the medical professions understand it and how it changes the lives of their patients. The following is a detailed look at one of the practices and how I would ensure its adoption in a ...

IRON SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY

Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal care. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 56 million pregnant women globally get affected with anemia, which is associated with iron deficiency. The large group of pregnant women affected with iron deficiency are mostly the poor and most vulnerable, especially those living in developing countries like South-east Asia. They have insufficient iron to meet the increased iron needs both for them and the foetus. According to Staff (2013), approximately 29% of the pregnant women experience iron depletion. Iron is vital ...

We see these days restaurants like Chipotle and grocery stores claiming to serve non-genetically modified foods. Are we eating artificial food? Is that good for our bodies? Is that good for the food that is being modified? These questions raise awareness for people who are oblivious of what GMOs are and how they are affecting our daily lives. GMOs may be more common in our diets than we know. GMO stands for Genetically modified organism and is a term that stems from biotechnology. It is the alteration of the genetic code of an organism to either enhance its properties, ...

Background and Significance of the Problem

Over the last two decades, lifestyle related illnesses have become a problematic issue for the healthcare sector. The calls for primary prevention mechanisms have achieved remarkable progress in minimizing the incidences. However, with an increasing population and the strain on the available resources to support health living, the prevalence rates have remained stagnant. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses that has been diagnosed substantially within the healthcare facilities (Chan & Woo, 2010). However, the emphasis on people to assume proactive roles in the management of health has also taken a significant stride (U.S. National Library of Medicine, ...

Introduction

Prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (West, et al., 2014). There is paucity of information regarding the correspondence between hemoglobin levels in pregnant women and iron supplementation. The limited information in this pertinent public health issue is more pronounced in developing countries as West, et al., (2014) opines. The main purpose of this research is thus to establish the efficacy of prenatal iron supplements on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries.

Research design

In order to achieve the study’s objective, the methodology will ...

Background

Over the last two decades, lifestyle related illnesses have become a problematic issue for the healthcare sector. The calls for primary prevention mechanisms have achieved remarkable progress sin minimizing the incidences. However, with an increasing population and the strain on the available resources to support health living, the prevalence has at some point remained stagnant. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses that have been diagnosed substantially within the healthcare facilities (Chan & Woo, 2010). However, the emphasis on people to assume proactive roles in the management of health has also taken a significant stride. The justification for ...

Researchers have paid a particulate attention to the existing health problems related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. They have performed empirical, systematic, and integrative researches in order to evaluate the effects of variant A1C for the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elderly patients with diabetes type 2 are affected by these variations as compared to the “normal” levels in 6 months. These effects range from the faulty record of A1C results to the complex disease, depression and stress factors leading to low results. This paper reviews the empirical, systematic, and integrative literature in order to avail information on ...

Test

Question 1

Body weight Family history Inactivity Race The AIC test should be done using a method that is certified by National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. Question 2 The standard diagnostic criteria for T2DM are the following: AIC≥6.5 FPG≥126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L) Two hour PG≥200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L) Presence of classic symptoms of hyperglycemia of hyperglycemic crisis (a random plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/L) Adane’s medical record contains AIC=6.9 and random plasma glucose: 171mg/dL.

Question 3

The mechanism of insulin resistance includes the defects of primary target cells, genetic defects of primary target cells, accelerated insulin degradation, autoantibodies to insulin, a ...

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease, passed on from parents to children along the generations. It is a condition which causes severe pain and anemia. It happens when the body lacks healthy red blood cells to circulate oxygen in the body. The usual shape of the red blood cells is round, and they are flexible so they can pass through the narrow blood vessels of the body. However, sickle cell anemia causes them to become sickle-shaped, like tiny crescents, which are sticky and inflexible. This restricts their movement in the blood vessels causing them to get stuck in ...

Iron supplementation during pregnancy

Proposal Title: What is the effect of prenatal iron supplementation on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries?

Over the years, prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (West, et al., 2014). Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (Moin and Lassi, 2015; Lee and Okam, 2011). According to Pena-Rosas (2012), raising iron levels by supplementation results in an increased ...

Patient information

The patient under review is a 42 year old female Indian who is admitted into the emergency room presenting with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Prior patient diagnosis reveals the patient had suffered from dental abscess and also a fractured tooth, which was subsequently treated with antibiotics. However, a tooth extraction procedure was carried out for the extraction of the tooth. Ensuing dental ache was treated with drugs purchased over the counter (OTC) including ibuprofen and acetaminophen before the medical prescription of Vicoprofen. The patient complains of nausea and headache in addition to vomiting copious amounts of a dark brown liquid ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Disease is a common term in medical biology, and it refers to the description of red blood cell disorders having an inherited connotation. Individuals suffering from this disease are attributed to have abnormal hemoglobin, which is often referred to as hemoglobin s. This term is also called sickle, thus the name sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin is the red coloring in matter of the blood, and it carries various nutrients, which are either transported or inferred into the body system (Johnson, 2005). This disease thus, ruins the red blood cells making them incapable of carrying out their normal ...

Abstract

Secondhand smoke contains many chemicals, including substances that can stimulate the development of cardiovascular diseases. Regular exposure to cigarette smoke put people at risk of developing various diseases including cardiovascular dysfunction. This is true even to non-smokers, due to the thousands of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Inhalation of these substances may lead to serious and life-threatening health concerns. Consequently, those who are exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher possibility of developing lung, nasal and other forms of cancer and heart diseases. The toxic substances upset the normal functioning of the heart and blood vessels which leads ...

Thesis proposal

ABSTRACT NIRS is the continuous real- time monitoring of the efficiency of human brain perfusion. It can provide important information that belongs to the variety of clinical situations. Typical technologies can include pharmaceutical, food and agrochemical quality control, medical diagnostics that include blood sugar and pulse oximetry and combo-tion reach. The current availability of near- infrared spectroscopy can detect the cerebral ischemia. Moreover, NIRS can be also used in monitoring of other tissue beds. These are splanchnic, renal and spinal cord. Near- infrared spectroscopy is based on molecular overtone and combination vibrations. As a result, in the near- IR ...

Background

The frequent practices of physical exercises remain a crucial factor to decrease mortality and morbidity rates of cardiovascular plus other conditions. There likewise appear to be some gains from physical activities and enhancement of aerobic conditions. Although moderate exercise improves health conditions, there is consistent and recent evidence that strenuous or high-intensity exercise have even more substantial positive effects on lipid profiles, reducing about two times mortality rates for a decade. During the workout, numerous physiological adjustments take place to offer required supply of nutrients and oxygen to achieve the demands of muscular activity dictated by the role presented. ...

Manganese

What function does it perform, in critical metabolic events in human biology? Manganese acts as a co-factor to nearly all classes of enzymes such as hydrolases (phosphohydrolase), transferases (phosphotransferase), ligases, lyases, oxido-reductases, kinases and decarboxylase. It also helps in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It can also mediate reactions as a metalloenzyme (Medeiros & Wildman, 2015; Gropper & Smith, 2013). While manganese can be replaced by magnesium in some of the catalytic reactions, two reactions in the synthesis of connective tissue pathway, namely, the activation of xylosyl transferase and glycosyl transferase or galactosyl transferase, are specifically manganese–dependent. These ...

Iron supplementation during pregnancy

What is the effect of prenatal iron supplementation on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries? Justification Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (Moin and Lassi, 2015; Lee and Okam, 2011). Intake of Iron supplements during pregnancy is hitherto, a challenge to most women in developing counties as Pena et al., (2012) and Alam, et al., (2015) documents. Numerous research in this regard have been conducted especially research work focusing on adherence ...

Source

Abstract Sickle Cell Disease is a life-long debilitating disease that affects nearly 100,000 Americans (Sickle Cell Disease). Sickle Cell Disease is most common among people of African, Caribbean, Indian, Mediterranean, Saudi Arabian and people of Central and South American descent. Many scientists attribute Sickle Cell Disease to being the result of an evolutionary response against malaria (University of Utah Health Sciences) The reason for this is because the majority of cases of Sickle Cell Disease are located in regions of Africa or exist in descendants of Africans who used to live in areas that had high levels of ...

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder that affects the hemoglobin, the protein molecule in the red blood cells responsible for delivering oxygen to the body cells and throughout the body. The disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin that forces the red cells to assume a sickle shape. Normal blood cells are disc-shaped which allows them to be flexible as they navigate through the blood vessels. The abnormal hemoglobin forms rod-like structures immediately after unloading the oxygen. The sickle-shaped red blood cells are inflexible making it difficult to navigate the blood vessels and can stick ...

Anemia

This is a condition that normally develops when blood lacks enough hemoglobin or red blood cells. Hemoglobin being part of the red blood cells is responsible for binding oxygen. When one has abnormal or too few red blood cells or the hemoglobin is low or abnormal, the cells in the body will lack enough oxygen (World Health Organization. 2015). Symptoms like fatigue occur in people with anemia because the body organs lack what they need to operate appropriately. Other possible symptoms are; feeling tired, a feeling of the heart racing, feel having short of breath, experiencing worse heart problems ...

In Diabetic type II Patients, how does Self-Management Education Affect Overall Health Care Cost?

Introduction Self-management education is a fundamental paradigm that helps a majority of diabetic patients from severe consequences associated with the disease. Since debates type 2 is one of the chronic diabetic conditions, proper DSME is an appealing solution that provides a firm foundation to diabetic patients towards an overall improvement of their health conditions and physical activities (Kumar, & Snooks, 2011). In addition, DSME has been shown to be an intervention that improves on the overall health outcome of these patients. DSME often involves processes that facilitates the knowledge, skills, and the ability that aid with the prerequisite techniques for ...

Response 1

Upon the loss of blood, the patient’s body will be stimulated through the action of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys to increase erythropoiesis. The result is the increase in the concentration of reticulocytes that will be seen in the peripheral blood smear. The reticulocyte will peak to range between 10 to 15% by the seventh day after the blood loss.

Response 2

The hypoxia is as a result of inadequate delivery of oxygen into the tissues. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen into the tissues. Hypovolemia causes a significant reduction in the level of hemoglobin which results in ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

The history of pathology testing is dated back to the 3rd century BC, when Greek scholars such as Herophilos and Eriasistratus began systematically examining dead bodies. At the beginning of the first century AD, several Greek, Roman and Arabian physicists made significant developments in the understanding of the pathology of tumors. In the 18th century, Giovanni Morgangi correlated the symptoms of his patients with the pathological evaluations o the autopsies. The discovery of the circulation of blood by William Harvey and the emergence of microsby is regarded as the foundation of modern pathology. The 19th and 20th centuries experienced ...

Background

Pernicious Anemia (PA) is a chronic illness that is caused by impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 due to lack of (IF) intrinsic factor in gastric secretions. It is a condition in which the body lacks a sufficient number of red blood cells (hemoglobin). Present within red blood cells, hemoglobin is important for carrying oxygen in all body tissues. Pernicious anemia is therefore a decrease in red blood cells which occurs when one’s intestines cannot absorb vitamin B12 properly. The body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. Pernicious anemia is most prevalent in Caucasian people of northern European lineage than in ...

The paper with the title “Hemoglobin: A Gas-Transport Molecule That Is Hormonally Regulated in the Ovarian Follicle in Mice and Humans” has been researched and written by researchers from University of Adelaide, Australia. Some of the important points related to this paper have been presented under the questions.

Introduction and Background:

Hypothesis of the paper

Researchers hypothesized and explored the temporal variations of hemoglobin expression and the genes controlling heme biosynthesis. They have also hypothesized that the possible function of hemoglobin is oxygen transport during in vitro maturation under low oxygen incubation conditions and tested it.

Why authors worked on this experiment?

Initially researchers found Hbb and ...

Question a

Diabetes mellitus (also type 2 diabetes) is a medical condition affecting the body’s use and conversion of energy. It may arise from various biological malfunctions such as over-secretion of glucagon hormone, insufficient secretion of insulin and resistance to regulation of glucose levels by insulin hormone. The condition may arise either from poor diets or from the effect of hereditary and environmental factors. Excessive consumption of high calorific foods, minimal exercising and obesity are some of the predisposing factors that may make one susceptible to the disease. This is especially so when these factors supplement genetic factors. The main risk ...

1. What is Normal hematocrit ranges?

The normal hematocrit ranges are dependent on two things which are the age and sex of the individual. However, it is only dependent on sex after adolescence. The normal hematocrit ranges are: 55%- 68% for Newborn babies, 47% - 65% for one week old babies, 37% - 49% for one month old babies, 30% - 36% for three month olds, 29% -41% for one year olds, 36% - 40% for 10 year olds, 42% - 54% for adult males, and 38% - 40% for adult women.

2. What is Occult blood?

An occult blood is defined as a negligible amount of blood present ...

- Erythrocytes or red blood cells are the most well-known components of the whole blood. They contain hemoglobin, a complex protein, which contains iron. This helps red blood cells to carry oxygen through the body. And this is the main function of erythrocytes. When hemoglobin concentrations fall down and there is no sufficient amount of red blood cells to carry oxygen it is termed anemia. Iron is very important component of the erythrocytes because iron can bind oxygen and transport it to the tissues.

- The blood runs a certain path through the body. It moves through pulmonary circuit and then ...

Introduction

This paper focuses on various tests to determine whether there is need for Red Cross to sort/classify the blood into the various blood types; type A, type O, AB, or B. The aim is to allow the Red Cross to know the supply of each blood type available at any time to help people in need. Another advantage of sorting the blood into various types is that blood can then be stored in a safe place under the right conditions to prevent the blood from spoiling. The paper begins with analysis of the Business Research Methods that emphasizes on testing ...

Keywords : Gene therapy, Sickle Cell Anemia, Stem cells, lentivirus, β-globin

Project type: GBE-492 Genetic Engineering Project I. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND and AIM Sickle cell anemia is a devastating genetic disease which causes premature death. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused due to single amino acid change (glutamine to valine at position 6) in β chain of hemoglobin molecule, which causes the hemoglobin molecules to aggregate. These aggregated hemoglobin molecules make the red blood cells (RBCs) stiff and deformed (sickle shaped). These deformed cells block the normal blood flow. Although this disease is well-characterized, but no long-term treatment 1 is still available for this disease. The discovery of the sickle ...

Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HgA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed by the irreversible, non-enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to the amino groups of lysine and valine residues in hemoglobin. It is measured as a ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin to non-glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of HgA1c in erythrocytes depends on the concentration of glucose in blood. When level of blood glucose is high, the rate of glycation is increased, hence more glycosylated hemoglobin. Glycation occurs slowly and over the entire lifespan of the red blood cell, i.e. 90-120 days. Therefore, HbA1c reflects the average level of blood glucose exposed to the red blood cell over the past ...

Abstract

Proteins are made up of amino acids and have major structural as well as functional roles in the body. Amino acid chains are synthesized from DNA sequences through transcription and translation. Proteins become fully functional only after co-translational or post-translational modification of the amino acid side chains and folding into appropriate three-dimensional conformations. Even slight changes in the DNA code could drastically alter the protein folding, alter its functioning, and eventually lead to certain diseases. Inherent cellular repair mechanisms, protein degradation pathways and molecular facilitators such as chaperones try to keep proteins in their native, stable conformation by acting ...

T.A. is at increased risk of infections due to several factors. To start with, He admits smoking one pack of cigarettes per day. As a result, he is at risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the mouth, throat, lips, kidney, stomach, and other organs. Furthermore, smoking leads to increased risk of the following conditions: heart attack, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis. These conditions are likely to weaken his immune system. As a result, his is prone to infections. T.A.’s laboratory results also show hemoglobin A1C level of 7.9% and serum glucose level ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Introduction

Blood consists of erythrocytes and leucocytes suspended in it. Blood is pumped from the heart to the body through the arteries and it enters back in the heart through the veins. Blood without cells is known as plasma while serum is the straw colored liquid obtained after the removal of the clot. Plasma contains different proteins, nutrients and waste materials. There are different cases of blood disorders observed in humans.

Blood cells and platelets

The most abundant cells in the blood are the anucleate, biconcave erythrocytes. They contain a red pigment known as hemoglobin (Hb) that carries dioxygen (O2). Hb contains four subunits each ...

Debra Dutton

BIO 201 Pollution and the Human Body The human body has an incredible defense and healing system. It uses the various senses like smell, sight and taste to filter the food, air and water as they get into the body. The skin safeguards the body tissues and internal organs from environmental hazards. The skin also senses the variations in environmental temperatures and acts as the body’s stimuli in controlling the body temperature. The brain and the nervous system are part of the complex response and flight mechanism that responds to emergencies and dangers. An army of ...

Introduction

It will be documented that the oxygen molecule, which basically glides through the air, happens to breathed in via the nose and mouth in the course of inhalation. It then moves from the nose and mouth into the pharynx, precisely, to the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Studies hae extended to reveal that the epiglottis in return closes so as to inhibit foreign substances from flowing into the windpipe (trachea). As it moves from pharynx, oxygen molecule passes through the voice box (larynx) via the trachea. It will be realized that the trachea actually separates into bronchi, which are mainstream branches ...