Essays on Oxygen Saturation

Summary

At high altitude human face a unique stress of hypobaric hypoxia due to reduced fall in barometric pressure and the extent of oxygen molecules, therefore, studying humans at high altitude facilitates the understanding of adaptation capabilities of human against evolution as well as environment. The following essay summarizes an article authored by Beall that studied the arterial-oxygen-content phenotypes of three high-altitude inhabitant populations residing on Tibetan, Andean, and Ethiopian plateaus. The article is based on the problem that how people possess diverse adaptation potential on different heights where the oxygen level is very low in comparison of normal sea ...

Abstract

Heart failure (2.6% prevalent worldwide) is a complex clinical syndrome, resulting from a structural or functional cardiac disorder and impairing ventricular filling or ejection capability. The current case of a 59-year-old male patient admitted on August 18, 2016 due to worsening shortness of breath and bilateral left extremity edema (one week) involved an existing diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Physical and clinical profiles indicate a comorbidity between heart failure (HF) and DM2. Laboratory and imaging findings were not indicated, while diagnosis was based on the NYHA Classification guidelines. A review of literature revealed three crucial weaknesses in the diagnosis. ...

Abstract

Medical personnel working in the emergency department encounter many cases of patients suffering from life threatening conditions. It is important, therefore, that the healthcare provider determines the exact extent of the injuries before the patient is committed to specialized treatment. In this case, a patient presents to the emergency department with a life threatening condition, renal failure. Assessing the vital signs of the patient is critical in ensuring survival, in addition to reducing or mitigating the extent of the injuries. The assessment was achieved via a primary survey of the patient, which involved assessing the airway patency, breathing and ...

Question 1

The spirometer as well as the peak flow meter are among the key equipment needed in adequate assessment of asthma (Apter, 2014). As such, the spirometer measures the FEV (Force Expiratory volume) and the FVC (Force Vital Capacity) while the peak flow meter measures the efficiency in the flow of air from the lungs.

Question 2

Among the key symptoms and signs associated with asthma include; -Chest tightness -Shortness of breath -Wheezing -Fatigue -Coughing -Sleeping difficulties

Question 3

Asthma is usually associated with various precipitating factors that increase an individual’s likelihood of developing the disease. Among the key precipitating factors include; -Family ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

INTRODUCTION

Pain and anxiety are a common hospital occurrence among patients. Surgeries are no exception when it comes to experiencing acute pain and anxiety in post-operation conditions. However, the absence of appropriate management techniques after such procedures exposes patients to numerous complications, including but not limited to mortality. The main of this research paper is to determine the impacts of listening to soothing and personalized music on pain and anxiety management after surgery. It proves that music has a significant value in pain and anxiety management for patients in post-surgery units.

PURPOSE AND STUDY SIGNIFICANCE IN MUSIC LITERATURE

Music has long been perceived as an art for ...

1. What is the underlying mechanism of M.A.'s asthma? What are the three airway responses that occur during an asthma episode?

An autoimmune response to allergens from cats and plants is the underlying mechanism for the patient’s condition. These allergens, though nonpathogenic, trigger an inflammatory cascade wherein lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells exert their effects on the respiratory tract (Linzer 87). As an example, B lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulin E which helps signal the release of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin and cytokines which are proteins that promote vasodilation and hyperactivity in mucus-producing goblet cells (Murdoch & Lloyd 27). Prostaglandin causes the smooth muscles in the airway to constrict. Along with vasodilation and increased mucus production, bronchial constriction ...

Part I: Nonparametric Methods

A sign test is a nonparametric method used in statistics for comparison of a single sample with a hypothesized value. The test is commonly used in situations where a paired t-test is traditionally applied. In the study, a sample of n patients is used in determining the preference for central nervous system saturation. The main objective of conducting the test was to determine whether a difference in preferences between the central nervous system saturation and the time of oxygen admission existed. Sign test was explored in paired data whereby central nervous system saturation data from ten patients was collected on admission and 6 hours after ...

Clinical Case Study

The evidence based clinical literature reveals the difficulties in diagnosing Myocardial Infarction (MI) concomitantly with pre-existing left bundle branch block (LBBB) with the application of 12 lead ECG in the pre-hospital environment (Surawicz and Knilans, 2008). Indeed, the T waves and baseline ST segments incongruently displaced in negative direction in cases of LBBB as evident through the ECG findings. These abnormal variations in ECG findings tend to override the actual ECG results in relation to MI manifestations, thereby challenging the confirmation of MI with the ECG intervention. However, the moving ST segments revealed through the serial ECGs during ischemic ...

T.A. is at increased risk of infections due to several factors. To start with, He admits smoking one pack of cigarettes per day. As a result, he is at risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the mouth, throat, lips, kidney, stomach, and other organs. Furthermore, smoking leads to increased risk of the following conditions: heart attack, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis. These conditions are likely to weaken his immune system. As a result, his is prone to infections. T.A.’s laboratory results also show hemoglobin A1C level of 7.9% and serum glucose level ...

Abstract

Healthcare professionals caring for preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) agree that there is a need to reduce noise in NICU as it affects neurological and behavioral development of premature infants. Healthcare professionals have embraced medical technologies and other interventions to address this issue; an aspect that has reduce neonatal and childhood mortality rate and increased survival of premature infants. Music is one of the effective intervention strategies employed in NICU, but there is a controversy about its effects on the development of preterm infants. Despite this controversy, empirical studies affirm that music enhances alert responses, growth and development, ...

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that is difficult to manage because of numerous risk factors and complicated by poor self-management. This is a case study of acute severe asthma triggered by viral respiratory infection and exercise in an Aboriginal female with chronic asthma. The discussion will include the diagnostic tests, patient assessment, care and interventions, medications, and nursing care performed or should have been performed. The expected outcomes will also be described.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed showing respiratory acidosis and mild hypoxaemia. Above normal PaCO2 and below normal pH meant the lungs could not eliminate carbon ...

Introduction

The healthcare sector has changed significantly due to the rise of chronic and lifestyle diseases, and better educated clients who demand quality services. To meet these challenges nurses have embraced evidence based care to improve quality by enhancing aspects such as safety and efficacy of interventions. One of the most important aspects of delivering quality nursing care is ensuring that nurses have the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude needed to improve care. Giving nurses these skills, knowledge and attitude is the key goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) program. This essay evaluates the clinical management ...

Safety Issue in Engineering Work Place

Oxygen Saturation is a key parameter that is measured by Intensivists and doctors all over the world, and specifically in the critical care environments, since brain cannot survive beyond a couple of minutes without oxygen. This parameter needs constant monitoring of all critically ill patients. Oxygen saturation is usually measured today by inserting a thimble-like cap on one of the patient’s fingers, which is in turn attached to a monitor. There are a number of resulting leads that get attached to the patient’s body like the BP monitor and other cardiac leads. This is usually in addition to other intubations a patient might ...

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of injury to the lungs that impedes the supply and uptake of oxygen from the alveoli resulting in a state of severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea. This review has established that genetics may be playing a role in increasing one’s susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS. Moreover, biomarkers would also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it still remains unclear on the type of genes and biomarkers that play a role in causing ARDS. It has also been established that young children (less than 2 years ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...

Oxygen and Respiratory Disease

Part 1: Introduction Oxygen and respiratory complications are closely associated with oxygen therapy. Long term oxygen treatment can help to make the quality of one’s life better. Oxygen therapy help COPD patients and those with hypoxaemia, low oxygen levels to live longer. Even if oxygen is prevalently used in hospitals, it has often been wrongly prescribed causing further complications to patients. The major indication for oxygen therapy is the respiratory failure. Respiratory failure involves the failure to keep up adequate gas exchange. Documentation in a number of hospitals fails to record the respiratory rate and other vital signs ...

Article Review: The Causes of Cerebral Desaturation in

Article Review: The Causes of Cerebral Desaturation in The study by Brinkman, Amadeo, Funk, and Grocott (2013) investigated cerebral desaturation, which frequently occurs in one-lung ventilation procedures for thoracic surgery and is possibly caused by lower cardiac output. The aim of the study was to explore the correlation between decreases in cerebral oxygen saturation that occurs in patients undergoing one-lung ventilation and decreased cardiac output. Although cerebral oxygen saturation was lowered in all of the participants, the researchers did not have statistically significant data that could be used to establish a correlation between cerebral desaturation and cardiac output, so ...

RTE 1503

Abstract: Hypertensive pulmonary edema is a frightening disease that occurs occasionally with acute hypertension. This case study analyzes a middle aged woman and her visit to the hospital emergency department when she collapses and has difficulty breathing. It is shown by the x-ray technician that she is suffering from hypertensive pulmonary edema and after proper medical management she quickly gets better. It is important to distinguish this disease from cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which is chronic in nature and has a very different clinical picture. A 47-year-old woman with a history of hypertension recovering from a recent bout of the flu suddenly fell ...

Current methods

The current methods which are used to monitor heart rate and blood oxygen levels are Phonocardiography, Oscillometry, Photoplethysmography and Electrocardiography. The sounds generated due to heart beat and murmurs can be recorded using through a microphone. This acoustic property which determines heart rate can be studied using phonocradiographs. As a result of repeated relaxations ad contractions variations in blood pressure is observed. The frequent pulsation of the vessels is detected by automatic blood pressure monitors via peizo sensors. The rhythmic properties of blood can be sensed through alight ray reflected from the finger or an ear lobe through Photoplethysmography. The relaxation ...

Kangaroo Mother Care: The Benefits of Skin-to-Skin Contact with Newborns

Kangaroo Mother Care, or Skin-to-Skin contact with a newborn immediately after birth, has proven to be a highly beneficial practice, with hardly any negative impact. Kangaroo Mother Care, or KMC for short, provides a newborn the warmth, stimulation, safety, protection from infection, and love that they need. KMC has benefits for not only the newborn, but also significant benefits for the mother, including a boost in her self esteem. Through various studies, pediatricians and obstetricians have found little negative impact through the use of the Kangaroo Mother Care method. The only time it should not be used is in emergency situations, where a newborn ...

Introduction

Bronchiolitis is an infection in the lower tract of the respiratory system common amongst children. “The major cause of the infection is RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) accounting for over 90% of infections in Australian children and infants” (Lenney 2009, p. 36). Globally, it is a leading cause of infant hospitalization being associated with increasing morbidity rates and costs in recent decades. For instance, it was reported that 21% of infants in North America developed the disease in the first year of their life, with an annual cost of $390 million annually (Checchia 2008). In the UK, the infant death rate ...