Essays on Respiratory Rate

Abstract

Scholars across the board have been persistent on the need for the near perfection of the concept of vital signs monitoring. Prior contributions to this field of knowledge all seem to bend towards correcting the wrongs that at times overwhelm the nursing practice, while at the same time constructing updates and ingenious suggestions towards the bettering of methods of monitoring vital signs. This paper cuts across the dimensions of nursing practice as applied in a reflective situation, and the evaluative outlook into the perks of vital signs monitoring as a physiological assessment process, its outcomes, and its repercussions both ...

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Question 1: Pathophysiology of Mr. Jensen’s post-operative hypovolemia

Hypovolemia is a surgical condition that indicates the rapid fluid loss that may result in organ failures. The outcomes of the hypovolemia are mostly due to insufficient circulating volume or scarce perfusion. Often hypovolemia is secondary to hemorrhage the reason of which includes severe internal or external blood loss and GI, thoracic and abdominal bleeding maladies (Devitt, 2001). Hypovolemia involves significant fluid loss other than blood that can be further accompanied by refractory gastroenteritis and widespread burns. Hypovolemia may develop in post-surgical incidence, bone fracture, due to ...

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Abstract

Medical personnel working in the emergency department encounter many cases of patients suffering from life threatening conditions. It is important, therefore, that the healthcare provider determines the exact extent of the injuries before the patient is committed to specialized treatment. In this case, a patient presents to the emergency department with a life threatening condition, renal failure. Assessing the vital signs of the patient is critical in ensuring survival, in addition to reducing or mitigating the extent of the injuries. The assessment was achieved via a primary survey of the patient, which involved assessing the airway patency, breathing and ...

Question 1

The spirometer as well as the peak flow meter are among the key equipment needed in adequate assessment of asthma (Apter, 2014). As such, the spirometer measures the FEV (Force Expiratory volume) and the FVC (Force Vital Capacity) while the peak flow meter measures the efficiency in the flow of air from the lungs.

Question 2

Among the key symptoms and signs associated with asthma include; -Chest tightness -Shortness of breath -Wheezing -Fatigue -Coughing -Sleeping difficulties

Question 3

Asthma is usually associated with various precipitating factors that increase an individual’s likelihood of developing the disease. Among the key precipitating factors include; -Family ...

Describe the underlying pathology of COPD and the common pathological characteristics of the condition. Discuss the impact these pathological changes have on normal function, including how alveolar ventilation might be different in Mr Wenham compared to a normal individual. The hallmark pathological attributes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one, poorly reversible airflow obstruction and two, a progressive atypical inflammatory response within the lungs. The abnormal inflammatory response denotes the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems to long-standing exposure to noxious gases and particles especially cigarette smoke. Notably, all cigarette smokers have some degree of inflammation ...

Basing on the laboratory values, the hemoglobin level of the Ms. A is lower than the normal value. Normally, the hemoglobin level lies between 12 to 17 grams per deciliter (Mader, 2004). The hemoglobin level of Ms. A was measured to be 8 grams per deciliter. Moreover, the hematocrit percentage, which measures the red blood cell concentration in the blood, of Ms. A is 32%, which is relatively low. For females, the hematocrit percentage should be around 36% to 46% (O’Leary, 2014). Furthermore, the erythrocyte count of Ms. A was determined to be 3.1 x 10^9 per ...

1. What is the underlying mechanism of M.A.'s asthma? What are the three airway responses that occur during an asthma episode?

An autoimmune response to allergens from cats and plants is the underlying mechanism for the patient’s condition. These allergens, though nonpathogenic, trigger an inflammatory cascade wherein lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells exert their effects on the respiratory tract (Linzer 87). As an example, B lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulin E which helps signal the release of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin and cytokines which are proteins that promote vasodilation and hyperactivity in mucus-producing goblet cells (Murdoch & Lloyd 27). Prostaglandin causes the smooth muscles in the airway to constrict. Along with vasodilation and increased mucus production, bronchial constriction ...

Abstract

Healthcare professionals caring for preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) agree that there is a need to reduce noise in NICU as it affects neurological and behavioral development of premature infants. Healthcare professionals have embraced medical technologies and other interventions to address this issue; an aspect that has reduce neonatal and childhood mortality rate and increased survival of premature infants. Music is one of the effective intervention strategies employed in NICU, but there is a controversy about its effects on the development of preterm infants. Despite this controversy, empirical studies affirm that music enhances alert responses, growth and development, ...

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that is difficult to manage because of numerous risk factors and complicated by poor self-management. This is a case study of acute severe asthma triggered by viral respiratory infection and exercise in an Aboriginal female with chronic asthma. The discussion will include the diagnostic tests, patient assessment, care and interventions, medications, and nursing care performed or should have been performed. The expected outcomes will also be described.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed showing respiratory acidosis and mild hypoxaemia. Above normal PaCO2 and below normal pH meant the lungs could not eliminate carbon ...

Introduction

Music therapy is an evidence-based clinical use of musical interventions to achieve individual goals within a therapeutic relationship by a certified practitioner. Music therapy may sound not like a very much practiced medical procedure but that is not true. In fact, music therapy dates back as early as ancient civilizations like Egyptian, Indus valley and old Chinese civilization. Music combined with various dance forms was used at that time to treat various illnesses. Even today music therapy is used to address physical, cognitive, emotional and social needs of an individual. After assessing the problems of a patient, a certified music therapist provides treatment which ...

Oxygen and Respiratory Disease

Part 1: Introduction Oxygen and respiratory complications are closely associated with oxygen therapy. Long term oxygen treatment can help to make the quality of one’s life better. Oxygen therapy help COPD patients and those with hypoxaemia, low oxygen levels to live longer. Even if oxygen is prevalently used in hospitals, it has often been wrongly prescribed causing further complications to patients. The major indication for oxygen therapy is the respiratory failure. Respiratory failure involves the failure to keep up adequate gas exchange. Documentation in a number of hospitals fails to record the respiratory rate and other vital signs ...

The patient was a 24-year-old black male who was brought to the emergency room via an ambulance on June 21 at 03:50 pm. The report indicated that it was a pedestrian versus vehicle accident. The state of the patient reported included acute lung injury, pulmonary contusion, deep road rash extending over right side of axillary region to the abdomen, deep avulsion to the right hip area and exposed muscles. Trauma alert team and the respiratory therapist were called to the bedside. The patient developed respiratory failure and immediately was intubated by the respiratory therapist with an endotracheal tube size 7.5 mm. ...

Introduction

The amount of carbon dioxide that is in the blood is regulated within a very optimum range in order to keep the functioning of the body cell in the right order. Reducing the level of carbon dioxide in the cells may result into the reduced pH in the blood which eventually results in the reduction of the blood vessels. The reduced blood vessels are known to cause reduction in the amount of blood that is being taken to vital organs such as the brain. The reduced carbon dioxide may also result in reduced heart rate as well as breathing rate ( ...

As incremental exercise progresses, the lower lobe of the lung exhibits an increase in alveolar PO2, a decrease in alveolar PCO2, and a marked increase in mixed venous PCO2. During exercise, the ventilation rates increase gradually from resting values of around 5-6 liters per minute to over 100 liters per minute. On average, the rate of oxygen consumption is 250ml per minute but as during high intensity exercise, this can go up to 5000ml per minute. Increased pulmonary ventilation triggers a subsequent rise in the tidal volume of the lungs and respiratory rate hence more oxygen is taken into the alveoli. The ...

Kangaroo Mother Care: The Benefits of Skin-to-Skin Contact with Newborns

Kangaroo Mother Care, or Skin-to-Skin contact with a newborn immediately after birth, has proven to be a highly beneficial practice, with hardly any negative impact. Kangaroo Mother Care, or KMC for short, provides a newborn the warmth, stimulation, safety, protection from infection, and love that they need. KMC has benefits for not only the newborn, but also significant benefits for the mother, including a boost in her self esteem. Through various studies, pediatricians and obstetricians have found little negative impact through the use of the Kangaroo Mother Care method. The only time it should not be used is in emergency situations, where a newborn ...

Vicent’s case study

Question 1- Discuss in point form The clinical features of the scenario that lead you to administer oxygen. The clinical scenario that lead you to administer oxygen; cyanosis, level of consciousness indicated with GSC 7, respiratory rate of 4 breath per minute which is regular but shallow, lowered pulse rate which is weak and regular are the clinical features that are responsible for the initiation of oxygen administration.

The physiological rationale for administering oxygen.

The physiologic rationale is to manage hypoxia and thus reduce the cyanosis, which is the result of shortage of oxygen and increased concentration ...

Introduction

Clinical Audit is a very important process that helps us to enhance the quality of treatment and patient care with the help of a systematic audit which includes an assessment to find out any shortcomings and ensures that the entire clinical process is improved regularly, is effective and is executed step-by-step.

If we discuss the goals and objectives of a clinical audit, it is obvious that patient safety and quality of care is the priority however few other important areas that we concentrate on, include reduction in variation of clinical outcome, assessment of risk in clinical procedures and making recommendations based on ...

Introduction

Bronchiolitis is an infection in the lower tract of the respiratory system common amongst children. “The major cause of the infection is RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) accounting for over 90% of infections in Australian children and infants” (Lenney 2009, p. 36). Globally, it is a leading cause of infant hospitalization being associated with increasing morbidity rates and costs in recent decades. For instance, it was reported that 21% of infants in North America developed the disease in the first year of their life, with an annual cost of $390 million annually (Checchia 2008). In the UK, the infant death rate ...