Essays on Kinase

Medical genomic can be defined as the utilization of genome-based information in the making of clinical decisions. A broader concept, personalized medicine, is often used to describe the models of healthcare that emphasize the application of an individual’s unique environmental, genomic, genetic, and clinical information to the treatment and prevention of diseases (Brunicardi; Offit). In their practice, doctors combine the results of patient data, which include individual genomic information, family history, medical history, conventional test results, and symptoms. The combination of the data allows the physicians to diagnose diseases accurately and personalize treatment strategies (Alzu’bi et al.). ...

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Introduction

Cancer is a disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The Prognosis of the diseases in many of the patients is also poor (Adorno & Brownell, 2014). The Economic cost involved in treating the conditions and other factors serve as an incentive for studies into approaches for the identification of high risk people. The development of brain metastases in patients diagnosed with lung cancer further amplifies the disease burden (Adorno & Brownell, 2014). This paper summarizes two articles in which the authors present content on the use markers in the identification of high risk populations.

Summary of Articles

The article by ...

Introduction

Osteoarthritis of the knee also known as the degenerative arthritis is a major and growing problem for the elder population all over the globe. Approximately, 27 million individuals have been reported to suffer from osteoarthritis by the Arthritis Foundation in United States (US). Women have been more commonly reported to suffer from osteoarthritis as compared to men. The prevalence of developing arthritis has been found to increase after the age of 45 . Although, mostly elderly population are most affected yet there are few evidences of young people suffering from it. Osteoarthritis is also commonly defined as wear- and- tear ...

Introduction

Cancer is a disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The prognosis of the diseases in many of the patients is also poor (Adorno & Brownell, 2014). The economic cost involved in treating the conditions and other factors serve as an incentive for studies into approaches for the identification of high risk people. The development of brain metastases in patients diagnosed with lung cancer further amplifies the disease burden (Adorno & Brownell, 2014). This paper summarizes two articles in which the authors present content on the use markers in the identification of high risk populations.

Summary of Articles

The article by ...

According to Squire (2009), the altered respiratory pattern in AMPK KO neonatal mice has attracted a lot of scientific approaches to reach out to traditional answers. Knockout mice and transgenic models have however come up with relativity pyramids, which have been efficient enough in explaining why AMPK KO neonatal exhibit altered respiratory patterns(Bertoldo, et al., 2009). This paper bases its assertions on relevant literature to depict the how AMPK, out of its function as a fuel gauge, plays a critical role in the control of respiratory patterns in neonatal mice. AMPK protein kinase is a proposed energy regulator. ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

Abstract

The literature defines hypertension as a medical condition experienced when the systolic blood pressure (BP) is equal or greater than 140 mm Hg or when the diastolic blood pressure is equal or greater than 90 mm Hg. Additionally, it offers a description of systematic, cellular, as well as molecular causes of hypertension. High blood pressure within the arteries is referred to as systemic hypertension (SH). The primary role of the systemic arteries is the transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The constriction of the arterioles (small arteries) is responsible for the high ...

The activity of AMPK supports the normal function of the endothelial barrier (Xing, Wang, Coughlan, Viollet, Moriasi, & Zou, 2013), while on the other hand, the exposure of LPS ensures that there is inhibition of AMPK, thus accentuating lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction (Kratzer et al., 2012). It is a fact that LPS increases the permeability of the endothelium, which occurs once there is a decrease in the AMPK activity. This is consistent with the fact that the activation of AMPK activator, AICAR, emphasizes LP, once it is applied in vitro to test the hyper endothelial permeability. Experiments done ...

In Tissenbaum and Guarente's research study, they concluded that increasing the dosage of a SIR2 gene is associated with extended lifespan of roundworms, Caenorhabditis elegans (Tissenbaum & Guarente 228). To easily understand their research study, let us discuss a little background abound longevity of C. elegans. In 1997, a research study headed by Kimura, Tissenbaum, Liu and Ruvkun found the gene that potentially regulates the longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. In C. elegans, their life cycle after the initial larval stage can proceed to two different stages: either the reproductive stage, or the dauer diapause stage (Hu). In their ...

Gene Expression and Signaling Class

Short Answer Different Phenotype in PTEN Mutations While PTEN is either mutated or lost in both spontaneous and heritable cancers, the p110 alpha is frequently mutated in major forms of cancer such as breast cancer, endometrial, colorectal, ovarian, and prostate cancers with a greater prevalence of breast cancers (Nagata et al., 2004). Besides, the monoallelic loss of PTEN mostly contributes to the growth of tumor in the context of other somatic mutations in which case the count of PTEN proteins correlates with the severity of cancer, an indication that PTEN is haploinsufficient in functionality. Additionally, while the gene encodes ...

Abstract

This paper is about the investigation of Parkinson’s disease, and in particular is involved with the examination of its symptoms, stages, causes, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment, and social impacts. Finally, the paper analyzes and evaluates two ongoing on Parkinson’s disease researches, which are also examined in respect to their impact on Parkinson’s disease patients. Key words: Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease causes and impacts, Parkinson disease symptoms and prevalence, Parkinson disease diagnosis, and Parkinson disease ongoing research.

Idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressively evolving disease with main manifestations resting tremor, muscle stiffness, slow movement and loss ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Magnesium is an essential nutrient

Magnesium is a mineral which is of great abundance in the human body. Along with enzymes, it is important for protein synthesis, muscle regulation and a host of other important cellular factors such as oxidative phosporylation, energy production which involves production and utilization of ATP and glycolysis. Additionally, Magnesium is required to assist in different cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription and RNA translation(Barbagallo, 2012). Magnesium is found usually in the bones and or in the soft tissues of humans. Next to Potassium, it is the most abundant ion in the body. The plasma actually contains ...

Psychology Summaries

Solomon, Caren G., Murray B. Stein, and Jitender Sareen. "Generalized Anxiety Disorder." The New England journal of medicine 373.21 (2015): 2059-68. ProQuest. 7 Apr. 2016 .Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1735349848?pq-origsite=summon Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a condition that creates excessive worry and concern in a debilitating manner for those afflicted with the condition. “According to representative epidemiologic surveys, the estimated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in the general population of the United States is 3.1% in the previous year and 5.7% over a patient’s lifetime; the prevalence is approximately twice as high among women as among men” (Solomon, Stein, and ...

Abstract

Cancer of the lungs is among the leading causes of cancer in the world. It has two forms; small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC constitutes about 85% of cases of lung cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutations are found to have an important role in this cancer. Therefore, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can work effectively against NSCLC. Gefitinib, which is a first generation TKI, and afatinib, which is a second-generation TKI, are effective as a first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. Erlotinib is effective as a second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. ...

Bio Exam

Codominant traits exist when two different alleles for a genetic trait such as flower colour, and hair texture are both expressed. The expression of codominance infers a relationship between two types of a gene. In codominance, the phenotypes of both alleles inherited from the parents are expressed ("Codominance - Glossary Entry", 2016).

Genetic expression feather colors in purple penguin ("Basic Principles of Genetics: Probability of Inheritance", 2016).

With the order of dominance as pd>pm>pl>pvl a 1 dark: 1 medium ration of phenotype among the baby penguins is expected. Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that exhibits variation among affected individuals. The range of phenotypic severities is an example of variable expressivity. ...

Introduction

The total number of patients with cancer keeps soaring globally with around 14 million cases diagnosed by 2014. Each year, about 8 million people die of cancer-related illnesses globally. There are quite some remedies that have been proposed to mitigate in the cancer menace. This study is focused on cancer treatment by curcumin through tyrosine kinase inhibition. Curcumin is the primary coloring agent found in turmeric, a tuber of the herb Curcuma longa Lin. It has widespread use as a flavoring agent (Aggarwal and Bokyung 87). It is also well known for its medicinal value commonly used to suppress ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

In the process of wound healing, angiogenesis is also known as neovascularization. The process commences in lined with the proliferation of the fibroblast when the endothelial cells mover towards the wound site. Oxygen and other nutrients are required for the formation of epithelial cells and the activity of fibroblasts. In comparison to the fibroblast and epidermal mitigation, angiogenesis is crucial for other stages of wound healing. The process of angiogenesis is complex and occurs in the following stages: Latent period: In this stage, vasodilation and premeabilisation are known to permit leukocyte extravasation during the haemostatic and inflammatory phase. Decontamination ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ION CURRENTS IN DETERMINING THE SHAPE AND DURATION OF CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL

Introduction Selective permeability to various ions is an important characteristic of cell membranes, one that determines myriad cellular functions. In animal cells, ion permeability and the electrical potential generated thereof determines the activity of neurons, myocytes and the like. The electrical potential depends on the concentration of the ions inside and outside any given cell, the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions and the ion channels that are present on the surface of the cell. Cardiac cells also possess different ion channels on their surface. These determine the two types of electrical potentials, namely, resting membrane ...

- Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose Enzymes are organic catalysts. In this context, organic denotes the matter in question is generated or is obtained from a living life form. The word Catalyst indicates a matter that has the aptitude to boost a chemical reaction’s rate, and is neither transformed nor damaged by the reaction that it speeds up.

Many chemical reactions occur but a slow rate that their progress would seem to be imperceptible at normally encountered environmental temperature. However, the enzymes are specific to certain functions. Generally, they may speed up a reaction, ...

Introduction

Capsular polysaccharides are of high molecular mass and low molecular weight cell-surface polysaccharides of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Wang et al. 2000). They facilitate evading the immune system; therefore, the production and extraction of this layer is a prospective therapeutic target (rcsb.org). In the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, strain TIGR4 the Cps4B is tyrosine protein phosphatase CpsB. The phosphatases have capability to dephosphorylate their analogous autokinases, instead of their similar functionality equivalence; they don’t demonstrate sequence homology. This capsule or CPS act as an interface border between a microbe and its environment that presents an expansive biological and clinical significance. ...

Formation of bone during foetal development occurs through the process of ossification. This process is extremely important to proper bone length, density, and uniform skeletal formation. It is driven by a complex network of genes that code for signalling proteins whose function is to turn the ossification process on, off, or slow it down. Defects in these genes can cause problems with the ossification process, and can lead to conditions of skeletal dysplasia (improper formation of bone). One such condition is Achondroplasia, one of the most common forms of dwarfism, or congenital short stature (Lister Hill National Centre for Biomedical ...

- The Warburg effect was an observation found in cancer cells by a German biochemist Otto Heinrich Warburg. He was able to observe that in cancer cells, there is a high rate of glycolysis under aerobic conditions, a trait which is technically inefficient for energy production in multicellular organisms. Hence due to his discovery, it subsequently also became known as the “Warburg Effect” over the years.

- Apparently Warburg was wrong. It was said in the paper that not all cancer cells have their mitochondria improperly functioning.

- In a proliferating cell, more than just requiring energy (ATP) for cell function, it ...

Glade Bender JL, Lee A, Reid JM, Baruchel S, Roberts T, Voss SD, Wu B, Ahern CH, Ingle AM, Harris P, Weigel BJ, Blaney SM. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of pazopanib in children with soft tissue sarcoma and other refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group phase I consortium report. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 20;31(24):3034-43.

This study describes a phase I clinical trial of “Pazopanib” in pediatric patients suffering from soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Pazonapib is an anti-angiogenic drug. It is a competitive inhibitor of ATP molecule1,2. It competes with the ‘substrate’ ...

Introduction

CD4 is a cellular immune response co-receptor that raises the avidity of relationship between an antigen-presenting cell and a T-cell through interaction with non-polymorphic parts of the complex between T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules. It directly contributes to transduction of signal via cytoplasmic relationship with the lymphocyte kinase. CD4 also plays a role as the high-affinity receptor for attachment of cells as well as entrance of HIV. The CD4 extracellular part consists of domains that resemble immunoglobulin D1 to D4. This component of the CD4 has been qualified as a recombinant soluble protein, and crystal structures have been identified for ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

- The stromal cells that are found in the developing gonads of tetrapods begin from the medulla from the peritoneal wall and the cortex from inter-renal blastema or mesonephric. Hence the gonads have a dual origin. - Spermatogenesis occurs in a syncytial complex because it involves the formation of sperm from undifferentiated cells that are first attached to rachis. Syncytial cell complex or syncytium result when cells with single nuclei fuse to for a cell with nucleus. Syncytial cell complex is vital in oogenesis in that it assists in the differentiation of cells. One other developmental model is vitellogenesis. - ...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to the atopic individual, ...

Connective tissue growth factor induces collagen I expression in human lung fibroblasts through the Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1 pathway

Many lung inflammatory diseases present pulmonary fibrosis as one of the symptoms, which is characterized by shortness of breath, chronic coughing and discomfort in the chest. It causes modifications of the lung tissues due to overgrowth, hardening and scarring. This occurs mainly due to deposition of collagen, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, whose turnover is regulated by fibroblast. Fibroblast is an important cell regulator that is enlisted by a site of injury. This process is driven by release of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8/CXCL8. Previously, fibroblast was thought to express no or very ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...

Summary

Introduction The two articles focus on researches that were conducted so as to get some viable findings that involved analyzing the effects of amino acids and carbohydrates of muscular adaptations under different circumstances. Summary In the research by Ferreiraa et al. (2014), the most beneficial strategy of improving the performance of muscles is through the intake of nutrients, especially carbohydrates and protein during peri-exercise. Several methods and materials were used before coming to this conclusion. The methods used were supplementation protocol, experimentation approach and pretesting analysis. Resistance exercise protocol, muscle biopsies and blood sampling were highly ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

(Author)

Regulation of Xiap Protein in Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the breast. Two most commonly reported types of breast cancer are “ductal carcinoma” and “lobular carcinoma”. Ductal carcinoma is initiated in the lining of the milk ducts, which are thin tubes involved in carrying of milk from lobules of the breast to the nipple. Ductal carcinoma can be in the form of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) as well as Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). IDC is the most commonly found type of breast cancer ...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167) - Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167) - In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176). - The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

DNA DAMAGE

1. Introduction The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that is activated whenever a cell is subjected to cell damage. The p53 gene determines whether a cell should survive a damage or should undergo apoptosis. These decisions are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Phosphorylation of the serine 46 residue is one such modification that is relevant to this study. However, it is unclear why a Ser46 phosphorylated p53 favors apoptosis over survival (Feng et al. 2006, p. 2812; Taira et al. 2014, p. 717). Studies have shown that the elusive molecular mechanism of Ser46 phosphorylation of p53 induce apoptosis in the tumor ...

Introduction/background

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an organism that can exist either as a singled-cell organism or as pseudomycelia. It is used in many scientific studies. It is commonly known as baker’s yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely employed in scientific studies mainly due to the following reasons: it has a sequenced genome, it is easy to maintain in the lab, researchers can easily manipulate its genetics, and it grows rapidly. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can live with two genomes (diploid, n=32) or one genome (haploid, n=16). Consequently, the organism can undergo meiotic differentiation. In diploid phase, cells of the saccharomyces cerevisiae are more resistant to ...

Introduction

Herpes Simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a virus that belongs to the alpha herpes viridae subfamily and causes genital ulcer diseases. The transmission of HSV-2 occurs most often due to a sexual intercourse in humans, although it can disseminate through physical contact with the lesions and saliva from the patients. Medical professionals may contract the infection and lesions on their fingers, if they inadvertently contact the patient’s vaginal mucosa or mouth, without using appropriate gloves. The HSV-2 infection is known to be asymptomatic in 80 % of the cases . Genital herpes is a frequent infection acquired during pregnancy and about 5 % ...

The regeneration of nerves throughout the human body has been a subject of much interest in biology recently. The unique characteristics of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide insights into the mechanisms occurring after once damage occurs. A good understanding of tThe differences between these mechanisms also may lead to new therapies for nerve-damaged patients, including stroke patients. Following injury, the nerves in the CNS of an adult mammal will not regenerate, while the PNS will. These differences appear in every stage of axon regeneration. Within hours of axotomy, the PNS begins ...

Abstract

Obesity is a heritable and genetically influenced disorder. Recent studies have proved that obesity is a biochemically driven neurological disorder. Obesity has a complex and heterogeneous genetic and phenotypic manifestation. Familial obesity is monogenic and common obesity is polygenic. Leptin and its receptor (LEPR), the α-melanocortin-stimulating hormone receptor (MC4R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and prohormone subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) are some of the single genes involved in monogenic obesity. Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 gene (GAD2) gene is thought to be part of a polygene system resulting in common obesity. GAD2 coding sequence is present on chromosome 10p locus and encodes for a protein GAD65. This protein catalyzes ...

Cancer is the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of cells in an abnormal tissue incongruent with the growth pattern of normal cells that persists even after the stimuli that evoked the change is withdrawn. The cell cycle check points at G1, G2 and at the end of metaphase that prevent transmission of genetically damaged DNA fail to occur. Transmission of faulty DNA results in either an abnormal rate of cell division and multiplication or abnormally constituted daughter cells. The genes affected are the normal regulatory genes including growth promoting proto-oncogenes-normal genes that are prone to becoming cancerous on mutation ...

Discussion of the Dynamics of Endoplasmic Reticulum And Mitochondria

Introduction The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of an organism forms an interconnected membrane network that extends from the outermost nuclear to the periphery cell wall. Mitochondria are a group of cell organelles that undergo fusion and fission at a constant rate. . In plants, daily regulation of energy is important for optimal growth thus mitochondria are important for integral regulation of the cellular responses for the survival of the plant. . In this paper, we are going to discuss the dynamics of ER and the mitochondria in plants by looking at the importance of Lat.B, AA and MV regulation energy in treated and ...

Introduction:

The function of many living organisms is coupled with a vast array of cells .These units in turn serve as role playing agents for the fundamental physiology that determines the well being of organisms. However, variations in cellular environment are thought to regulate cell growth, division and survival. A network of molecular pathways or signaling events are interlinked with the cellular functions .Alterations in this specific functional aspect could lead to unnecessary complications which may lead to health abnormalities. In such context , the present description is concerned with highlighting about mTOR Signaling in Carcinogenesis. mTOR stands for mammalian target ...

- Abstract Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with Australia being one of the country’s most greatly affected (McLean, Esclick & Coats, 2006). An area of interest in the pathology of heart failure is the significance that polymorphisms of adrenergic receptor genes have on the outcomes of patients with heart failure. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs that occur in the genes that encode for adrenergic receptors are known to have various physiological and functional consequences. Specifically, the β1-adrenergic receptors have a crucial role in the regulation of heart rate and ...

Introduction:

Living organisms are equipped with robust machinery for executing a myriad of tasks to meet the day to day biological challenges. This machinery in turn relies on one or more interconnected pathways or networks composed of nucleic acid, proteins and other essential constituents. To say, it is the precise function of these components which determines the physiological well being organisms. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinases is one such known component that performs diverse physiological roles through its associations with the molecular machinery. mTOR is a protein that responds to metabolism and ageing, intercellular stress to growth regulation, growth factors ...

Bioinformatics combines the subjects of biology, mathematics and computer science in to a single field of study. There are various tools available for the biomedical researchers so that they are able to find out the desired biochemical, genomic and medical information. Search programs, data base storage and software programs are some types of bioinformatics tools that help in the analysis of proteomic and genomic data. The web based tutorial of bioinformatics programs will be used in this study to analyze the most important enzyme of fertilization called phospholipase C-gamma. This tutorial will use the bioinformatics tools easily acquired from the ...

J.K has acute kidney failure with Rhabdomyolysis. Acute kidney failure happens when the kidneys are suddenly not able to sift waste products from the blood. This results to accumulation of waste and affects the chemical balance of the blood. Rhabdomylosis is caused by skeletal muscles injury (Grau, Poch, &Bosch, 2009). The injury of the skeletal muscles results to the production of different intracellular muscle ingredients. In this case, J.K had an acute renal failure with Rhabdomyolysis because of cocaine and heroin use. Cocaine and heroin cause damage to myocyte. Damage to the myocyte leads to an entry of sodium ...

(City, State)

Introduction

A balanced diet refers to the food intake, which incorporates all the dietary needs of an organism in the right proportions. This is unlike the adequate diet, which includes the energy that is sufficient energy for the need of an individual. A balanced diet, therefore, includes both sufficient energy as well as all the dietary requirements that are needed by an individual at the right proportion. The main components that make up a balanced diet include carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins, fats, dietary fiber, water and minerals. Carbohydrates as a source of nutrients in the body are usually broken down through ...

Mechanism and Progress of Anti-Angiogenic Drugs

Cancers are one of the common and devastating conditions affecting human being for a long time. The landmarks and progress made in achieving consummate and effective drugs for the management of this conditions are worth mentioning. Researchers have embarked on finding solutions to the nagging issue of cancer among human beings, which are commonly based on the behavior of the mutant carcinogenic cells in the body. Understanding the environment that favor mutation and proliferation of mutate genes is a remarkable approach towards getting a long life solution. In this respect, it has been identified that targeting blood vessels development in a tumor tissue ...

Abstract

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally varied scaffold proteins which are found to regulate the PKA pathway by localizing the protein kinase A and some specific enzymes at sub cellular level. So far several of the AKAPs have been found to play critical role in the regulation of phosphorylation of several PKA dependent substrates which are necessary for the modulating the cardiac function. Abnormalities in these AKAPs genes have been found to cause various forms of cardiac disease. The most prominent AKAPs are the AKAP9 and AKAP13. Mutations in the AKAP9 gene has been found to be ...

The epidermal growth factor belongs to the HER family receptor tyrosine kinases and it regulates cell differentiation and cell growth and interlinked with several human cancers. The signal transductions in the cells are controlled by EGFR. It is one of the oncogene which is involved in producing cancers via over expression of the ligands and the continuous activation and amplification of EGFR. The activity of the EGFR can be reduced by monoclonal antibodies against them. The activation of the EGFR is activated by binding of the transforming growth factor. The EGFR binds to receptor of HER family in order ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

The lung cancer is of primary concern among western population in the western world by virtue of exaggerated rate of smoker compared to non smokers. The pathology of lung cancer comprises of genomic instability resulting in abnormalities over a long span. The variations occur at gene level via process called as gene silencing mediated methylation; amplification of DNA, sequence changes in DNA along with looses and gains of whole chromosome. The genetic alterations observed in cell lung cancer contain a loss of regions which are in turn part of the genome especially chromosomes 9p and 3p and it is also observed ...

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma is a devastating disease that oftentimes results in a poor prognosis because there are few effective chemotherapeutic options. The renal carcinoma cell line 769-P is an ideal in vitro model for investigating novel drug treatments for renal cell carcinoma. Two drugs that may potentially reduce renal cell carcinoma proliferation are Actinomycin D and phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA). Both of these drugs have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation in other in vitro models of cancer. This study examined the effects of Actinomycin D and PMA treatment on the proliferation of 769-P cells. Cell viability studies indicate that ...