Essays on Pathway

The Relationship between H. Pylori Infection and Mitochondrial Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Carcinogenesis

Recent research has established that while there are a number of steps that take place in the development of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a major role. However, the mechanism of the influence remains unidentified. Researchers Ling et al. (2016) conducted a study to determine relationships between an infection of H. pylori, IL-8, and mtMSI and whether there is a trigger that causes the infection to progress to intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and ultimately to gastric carcinogenesis.   The method used by the researchers included fresh samples from resected gastric cancerous cells and comparison samples of potentially pre-cancerous mucosa; ...

Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most encountered cardiac rhythm disorder in clinical practice. It affects <1% of persons aged <60 years. This prevalence increases to 10% in persons aged >80 years (Amerena, Walters, Mirzaee and Kalman, 2013). Atrial fibrillation is a key differential diagnosis in patients presenting with chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, light-headedness, and syncope (Cruickshank, 2008). This paper will examine the differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and paramedic implications of atrial fibrillation in relation to the case of a 43-year old male who presents with features and ECG findings of atrial fibrillation. It will first examine ...

Q1: Prioritizing patient care will help to complete nurse’s shift duties without any adverse patient complication. Prioritizing will help to plan out the day and in managing the cases in the most effective way (Alfaro-LeFevre 2014). The best path to plan care for the patient with different medical and surgical priorities is to set timed objectives and meet the discharge goals based on the urgency of the medical or surgical condition. The handover from the staff of the previous shift provided the information for 4 patients, of which Lucy’s condition is more of an emergency that will ...

Personal Review on Self-Assessment

Understanding the concept briefly, Psychological Capital (PsyCap) is an assessment of gather positive capacities of an individual at a workplace through four psychological elements, which could produce effective outcomes after an adequate training. PsyCap comprises of four positive psychological capacities namely hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience. The score of PsyCap indicates the productivity, stress tendency, and well-being of an employee at a workplace (Steeneveld, 2016). Evaluating personal PsyCap scores, I scored 16 points in “self-efficacy” that refers to the broadness in performance and role activation at a workplace. I affirm the accuracy in scored points since my personality during ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

A sexual offender is a person who has committed a sex crime, which is punishable by law. Sex crimes, on the other hand, are determined by a particular area’s laws and jurisdiction and they determine whether a person’s actions fall under sexual offense or otherwise. In many countries, sex crimes are in fact major crimes which are kept side by side with other crimes like physical assault or breaking traffic rules. While some crimes committed by sex offenders are strictly sexual in nature, others might be those that are a violation of those who are chosen by ...

Introduction

Cancer is a disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The Prognosis of the diseases in many of the patients is also poor (Adorno & Brownell, 2014). The Economic cost involved in treating the conditions and other factors serve as an incentive for studies into approaches for the identification of high risk people. The development of brain metastases in patients diagnosed with lung cancer further amplifies the disease burden (Adorno & Brownell, 2014). This paper summarizes two articles in which the authors present content on the use markers in the identification of high risk populations.

Summary of Articles

The article by ...

Introduction

Endometrial cancer refers to a type of cancer that affects the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the womb or uterus. Endometrial cancer is one type of cancer that is somewhat different when compared to other types of cancer, as it affects others parts of the body depending on its severity. That means that poor management of this type of cancer may have significant impacts to other parts of the body attributed to the spread of this cancer to different organs. The cancer arises from an abnormal growth of cells within the womb thereby resulting in a situation ...

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Home and Studio remain the finest specimen of the architect’s innovative approach to the design of buildings in general and spaces for living in particular. The house is located in Oak Park, Illinois in a historic neighborhood which was later adorned by a number of other Wright’s houses representative of his unique style. While construction began in 1889 as soon as the architect married Catherine Tobin, the building was reconstructed and expanded for the next twenty years to arrive at the form one can see nowadays, restored by the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. ...

Introduction

Sentinel events occur unexpectedly within the working areas. When this event occurs, they can lead to serious injuries or deaths at a time. The injuries can be physical or psychological depending on the extent of injury (Valentin et al. 2006). However, the Joint Commission defines sentinel event as any unexpected incident in the health care sector, which can end in demise or solemn physical or mental damage to the patient in place. Nevertheless, sentinel events are not in any case related to the natural sickness of the patient neither the illness result into the occurrence of sentinel events. The ...

Recent developments and current trends in human longevity

Age-related diseases and aging have become one of the greatest challenges with respect to financial burden and social status. Based on current evidence and a review of over 100 years of scientific experience, the concept of aging has received criticism owing to growing population of elderly and age-related diseases that act as a burden to the economy. An international workshop entitled, ‘Interventions to Slow Aging in Humans: Are We Ready?’ was conducted in Italy with an objective to provide a consensus on the discovery and development of safe interventions for aging in humans with the help of biologist and ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

INFECTION AWARENESS

Like any other disease, infectious disease is easier to prevent than to cure. What you can do to destroy microorganisms (bacteria) on surfaces: Apply high temperature (sterilization, pasteurization); Use antiseptics (medical alcohol, iodine, hydrogen peroxide); Wash hands before each meal or after coming from a public place. Ways of transmission of infections and what you can do to stop it on its way: airborne route of transmission – use masks, ventilate rooms; alimentary (food) pathway – wash hands and food, prevent flies from flying around the cooking area; sex (contact) pathway – use condom; blood transmission path – sterilize surgical instruments (watch them ...

Vestibular Projections

Vestibular projections in the central nervous system consist of vestibular end organs which communicate with the brain stem and the cerebellum via the vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve. These nerves are also connected to the auditory fibers. Thus damage caused to these structures can cause both vestibular and auditory disturbances. The vital function of the vestibular system is to coordinate head and eye movements. The ability of the eye to stay focused on an object even while the head is moving is brought about by the vestibular system.

Vestibular Cochlear Nerve

The vestibulo cochlear nerve or the auditory nerve is ...

CHAPTER THREE: MAN AND ARAB MASCULINITY

As Carabí and Armengol (2014) show in their study, Arab masculinity is a hybrid concept entailing adherence to traditional patriarchal values held for centuries in the Arabic world and supported by the religious component of Islam; however, it also “allows liberal values” which might contradict this traditional patterns. Cultural and societal representation of Arab masculinity is thereby rather complex and might emerge in a variety of contexts including family and society on the larger scale. In these representations, stereotypical images of man in traditional Arab context might enclose controversies and correlations between liberal-secular masculinity and conservative masculinity image entrenched ...

Fitness and Training

Fitness refers to a state where one is suitable for fulfilling a job, task or role. Many individuals do not enjoy fitness but it has many benefits (Plowman et al. 384). The social benefits of fitness include offers one a chance to meet and interact with other people. Through interacting with others, friendship may be established and one may become more motivated in performing exercises to improve their fitness. The physical benefits include total weight control and minimize the risk of getting diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. According to Ciccolo et al., physical benefits include stimulation of bone growth, ...

Over decades, Native Americans were facing fierce and severe oppression of non-Indians who targeted at ‘civilizing’ and ‘educating’ savages. Deemed they were helping English Americans were suppressing and erasing unique and beautiful Indian culture. Thousands of Indians were forcibly sent to schools in order to learn ‘correct’ language and values which damaged family relationships and distorted sense of belonging and cultural identity which brought Native American languages and culture in a catatonic state. However, despite all horrible deeds Native Americans try to rebuild and regain their cultural heritage in order to pass it to the next generations. A lot ...

In Tissenbaum and Guarente's research study, they concluded that increasing the dosage of a SIR2 gene is associated with extended lifespan of roundworms, Caenorhabditis elegans (Tissenbaum & Guarente 228). To easily understand their research study, let us discuss a little background abound longevity of C. elegans. In 1997, a research study headed by Kimura, Tissenbaum, Liu and Ruvkun found the gene that potentially regulates the longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. In C. elegans, their life cycle after the initial larval stage can proceed to two different stages: either the reproductive stage, or the dauer diapause stage (Hu). In their ...

Rat Endocrinology

Hypothalamus 1. What is the molecular mechanism to release TRH? TRH refers to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone. This hormone is produced by the hypothalamus. Before the full activity of TRH, some tightly controlled processes occur in the body including the appropriate folding of prohormone to move to the secretary pathway, the processing after translation, and movement of the peptides, which are processed, towards the secretary granules for secretion (Nillni n.p.). TRH develops from bigger inactive precursor (known as proTRH) as a result of modifications after translation and moved through the controlled secretary pathway. Prohormone convertases (abbreviated as PCs) including PC1/3 ...

Q1 The independent variable was the color information while the dependent variable was attention attraction. Both variables are of nominal level, i.e. the variation of color information or attraction of attention does not vary upon the change of the color or the person to whom they attract attention. Q2 The research was subjective, especially in treating RTs (reaction times) above 1500 ms as misses and 300 ms as anticipatory. There is no proper control or a basis upon which the researcher sets this criterion of exclusion. Besides, there is no background check of the participant to analyze if they ...

Background

Wound healing is one of the most important processes in maintaining the health of a person. Multiple factors affect wound healing in humans regardless of age. A partial list includes diabetes, hereditary healing disorders, obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking and compromised immune condition. Infection, stress, nutrition, and radiation therapy can also contribute to delayed or incomplete wound healing (Guo & DiPietro, 2010). In the start of a wound, an inflammatory response is initiated. Blood vessels expand, helping white blood cells and nutrients to reach the wound. Wound healing is achieved through the processes of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Proper sequence ...

Gene Expression and Signaling Class

Short Answer Different Phenotype in PTEN Mutations While PTEN is either mutated or lost in both spontaneous and heritable cancers, the p110 alpha is frequently mutated in major forms of cancer such as breast cancer, endometrial, colorectal, ovarian, and prostate cancers with a greater prevalence of breast cancers (Nagata et al., 2004). Besides, the monoallelic loss of PTEN mostly contributes to the growth of tumor in the context of other somatic mutations in which case the count of PTEN proteins correlates with the severity of cancer, an indication that PTEN is haploinsufficient in functionality. Additionally, while the gene encodes ...

Drawing from the seminar presentation, I have gathered that the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signals various pathway functions and regulates critical functions in the placenta such as mitochondrial respiration and nutrient transport. Placental amino acid transporter activities are significantly decreased in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with recent experimental research evidence suggesting that the changes directly contribute to restricted fetal growth (Jansson, 2016). In this case, placental nutrient sensing is seen to have a pivotal role in the modulation on resource allocation between the mother and fetus thus affecting overall fetal growth, preventing overgrowth of the fetus and ensuring ...

Philippians 2:5-11 is a bible passage that has been interpreted a number of times and long cherished. The orthodox Christian confession of Christ is mainly based on this passage. Contemporary worshippers and devoted Christians alike have found reason to believe that this passage has an evocative and memorable power. Not so many bible passages have attracted the controversy and interpretation as much as this passage has over the years. A close look at the verses raises significant questions on the meaning of the words used and how they affirm the nature and work of Christ. Most people also look ...

Events that led to the influx of refugees in Turkey

The Arab Spring that was experienced in African countries like Egypt, Tunisia and Libya, inspired the protest against President Bashar Hafez al-Assad’s government in March 2011. The government, in response, sent its forces to contain the protest, and as a result, Syria plunged into civil war (Carpenter 2). As the war continued, alliances, mini-alliances and shifts took place throughout the region, and this led to a complex situation as the war developed dimensions involving Islamic extremists, Assad’s government, rebel groups and ethnic groups. In July 2011, defectors from the Syrian army organized a Free Syrian Army and ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a very complicated neurodegenerative condition including the motor and non-motor manifestations that lead to neuronal loss. Currently, only symptomatic therapies are available but nothing is known yet to prevent this degenerative process. This is a multi-factorial condition with multiple risk factors that includes increasing age, genetic vulnerability, and environmental determinants. All these factors mutually play a role in the pathogenic process of PD. Medical sciences have achieved major advances in understanding the process working behind PD development that are Nigral Dopaminergic Apoptosis, Protein ...

Introduction

Today the world is grappling with several ecological crisis; the effects of Global warming, the degradation of the Tropical Rainforests in South America, the environmental pollution of Oil Sands development in the Canadian Boreal, and the ecological threats from Nuclear accidents exemplified by the recent Fukushima incident. However, the least talked about is Waste management, particularly the problems of Electronic waste, often referred to as e-waste. Not only is the e-waste crisis a massive problem in most developed economies, but it is also quickly becoming a global crisis affecting even to a greater extent the least technologically advanced nations. ...

Holtfreter K. and Wattanaporn K. (2013). The Transition from Prison to Community Initiative: An Examination of Gender Responsiveness for Female Offender Reentry. Criminal Justice and Behavior. The review looks at the reentry of female prisoners based on the context of The Transition from Prison to Community Initiative. The program consists of different stages that the justice system follows to facilitate the restoration of ex-convicts into the society (Holtfreter and Wattanaporn, 2013). The writers conduct the analysis to assess the current reentry practices and policies that allow gender responsiveness. They illustrate the correctional outcomes and restoration methods in two cities ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Do children who have experienced physical abuse in their household grow up to be abusive partners?

Review of Relevant literature The awful effects of childhood abuse and the role of their parental abuse are well documented. However the causes of parental physical abuse are less well documented. Research with clinical illustrations recommends that individual who display offensive behaviors are more likely to have a history of youthful abuse and higher rates if adopting and externalizing disorders. The question of whether the juvenile abuse contributes independently to parental abuse or if the association of childhood abuse and parental abusive behaviors are separate are studied empirically by Amada Medley . The results indicate that there are multiple patterns ...

Giovanni Paolo Pannini (1691–1765) was an Italian artist active during the Baroque period. One of his well-known oil on canvas paintings is called Picture Gallery with Views of Modern Rome (see fig. 1) was painted in 1757. What makes this piece of work so magnificent compared to other Baroque paintings was the fact that this was paintings within a painting; and not only paintings are the ones featured here in Pannini’s work, sculptures are also included in the piece. In addition, just by looking on the scenery, anyone will have a gist on how museum curators back ...

Introduction

The Anti-Markovnikov process in organic chemistry generally involves addition reaction method of an electrophilic substituent, HX to an alkene or alkyne compounds, in such a way that the Hydrogen atom in the HX electrophile are chemically bonded to the carbon atom containing the least amount of Hydrogen attached to it. This addition process commonly uses catalysts or additive compounds in order to hasten the reaction since the process is quite expensive and toxic in nature. Furthermore, there is also a limited number of reactions involved in using the Anti-Markovnikov addition, making its research more difficult to expand and develop.

Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Alkoxides to Alkynes

...

Summary

Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest among neurosurgeons on the potential for therapies that impact on diseases, over and above the movement disorders and pain. One of the biggest targets of this increasing interest has been the nucleus accumbens. It has been studied for long, as an area of the brain that mediates a variety of behaviors, including reward and satisfaction (Salgado & Kaplitt, 2015). With this in mind, the modulation of the biology of the Nucleus Accumbens through either deep brain stimulation or through biological therapies like gene therapy or the transplantation of cells ...

Abstract

Cancer of the lungs is among the leading causes of cancer in the world. It has two forms; small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC constitutes about 85% of cases of lung cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutations are found to have an important role in this cancer. Therefore, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can work effectively against NSCLC. Gefitinib, which is a first generation TKI, and afatinib, which is a second-generation TKI, are effective as a first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. Erlotinib is effective as a second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. ...

4 – Nitroaniline

INTRODUCTION

4-Nitroaniline is an organic nitro aromatic compound. It is a yellow powder with a pungent odor and is highly soluble in hot water, methanol, ethanol, acetone etc (Lide 1994). Its chemical formula is C6H6N2O2. It has the following chemical structure: (Courtesy: PubChem 2016) It is also known as P-Amino nitrobenzene, P-Nitraniline or Benzene amine (PubChem 2016). It explodes on decomposition to emit toxic nitrogen oxides (Lewis 1996). 4-Nitroaniline is used in the manufacture of textile dyes such as the red azo dyes. It is also used in preparation of antioxidants, fuel additives, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and poultry medicines ( ...

Introduction

The total number of patients with cancer keeps soaring globally with around 14 million cases diagnosed by 2014. Each year, about 8 million people die of cancer-related illnesses globally. There are quite some remedies that have been proposed to mitigate in the cancer menace. This study is focused on cancer treatment by curcumin through tyrosine kinase inhibition. Curcumin is the primary coloring agent found in turmeric, a tuber of the herb Curcuma longa Lin. It has widespread use as a flavoring agent (Aggarwal and Bokyung 87). It is also well known for its medicinal value commonly used to suppress ...

Mechanisms by which Incompatible Red Cells may be Cleared from Circulation

Introduction One of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality is related to haemolytic transfusion reactions.1 Many factors that account for haemolytic transfusion, and complement activation is the most widely studied and documented feature linked with such reactions and fatalities, and many researchers have focused on the role of complement initiation, activation and regulation with respect to these reactions. Others have focused on the underlying strategies involved in mitigating the complement modulation, in the event of an incompatible red blood cell transfusion.1 Many reports have stated that incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are the leading cause of death in ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Roads are generally made for the purpose of having an easier access of different places and in order for the different modes of transportation to have a smooter flow of traffic and a quicker time to reach their destination. These maybe the meaning of roads for engineers, architects, and other people who view roads based on the functions and benefits. However, for other people with multiple views upon things, a road is more than its functions and benefits. For them, roads are not just a result of a construction project nor a huge infrastructure. Roads may symbolize something depending ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

I have always been interested in working with other people and having the opportunity to communicate with others. Through communication people find out a lot of new information and share it with others as well. That’s why I have decided to become an educator in future. Teaching people is a constant process of teaching oneself too as every day we discover new things and new facts. But even more important is the following: being an educator we bring light into areas which need it, into special communities which have no access to studying and self-development in this particular ...

In the heart, a large number of the vital pathway, which includes energy metabolism, stress response, and survival, apoptosis, oxygen sensing, and inflammation response are all regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a cellar redox state (Dickinson & Chang, 2011). Through upregulation of proapoptotic proteins and mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways, ROS is part of a process of cardiac remodeling, cell death and hypertrophy (Dickinson & Chang, 2011). Molecular oxygen is a center for both formations of NO and regulation of ROS as significant energy metabolism by-products. Since the intermediates that are meant to be short-lived can either act as signaling molecules ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

The British Journal of Community Justice Vol.12 (2):57-66 is an article that discusses how the Corrections Victoria in Australia. The article identified the risk factors that drive women into offending and develop an extraordinary response to the women offenders. The report emphasizes particularly on support and re-integration of these women into the community.Moreover, it looks at the factors that influence women’s self-efficacy, as well as their community integration. The document further outlines the development of The Better Pathway Strategy. The strategy was developed with the realization of the implications of women’s imprisonment as far reaching, with ...

Kelly has been active in employment for a while now. She has been able to balance work and marriage successfully up to the point where she found it necessary to find therapeutic support. Recently, Kelly has been suffering from regular insomnia (deprivation of sleep) and cases of depression. She has developed a high temperament that leads to a domestic misunderstanding with her husband George. Kelly has concern over her growing impatience as she is easily irritated, an issue which she acknowledges has surfaced recently. Therefore, her behavior may be the main reason for her quarrels with George. These symptoms indicate an acute ...

My choice of Waseda’s Business School for my professional business career’s training was based on the following reasons:

The primary reason is the existence of an exceptional, international full-time two-year program, which will definitely help me acquire much more strength for the strategy of my plans of business management, leadership skills and business analytical skills for possible and promising future careers, available in a global era; furthermore, it will enhance my abilities for optimal researches and future education on more advanced and specialized academic courses or training.

Secondly, the course’s structure of small-scale classrooms and working groups provide me a perspective of better interaction, both between professors and students, and colleagues; this way, the learning processes appear ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

- Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose Enzymes are organic catalysts. In this context, organic denotes the matter in question is generated or is obtained from a living life form. The word Catalyst indicates a matter that has the aptitude to boost a chemical reaction’s rate, and is neither transformed nor damaged by the reaction that it speeds up.

Many chemical reactions occur but a slow rate that their progress would seem to be imperceptible at normally encountered environmental temperature. However, the enzymes are specific to certain functions. Generally, they may speed up a reaction, ...

- The Warburg effect was an observation found in cancer cells by a German biochemist Otto Heinrich Warburg. He was able to observe that in cancer cells, there is a high rate of glycolysis under aerobic conditions, a trait which is technically inefficient for energy production in multicellular organisms. Hence due to his discovery, it subsequently also became known as the “Warburg Effect” over the years.

- Apparently Warburg was wrong. It was said in the paper that not all cancer cells have their mitochondria improperly functioning.

- In a proliferating cell, more than just requiring energy (ATP) for cell function, it ...

1) What does the toll of two decades (1980-2002) of climate-related disasters tell us about vulnerability and inequality at the global level? (Chapter 3) The inequality at the global scale is very obvious when it comes to the degree of adverse effects that climate-related disasters cause. Accordingly, wealthy nations suffer relatively at a lower level compared to poor or developing nations. The reason behind this is the inability of the latter to respond to such natural calamities in a timely, efficient way. They basically, do not have enough resources to mitigate the damaged done by natural calamities. Timely and sufficient ...

Is Globalization a Peace Producer?

Globalization is defined as upspring of a global society in which political, cultural, economic, and environmental circumstances in one part of the globe have particular significance for people in other parts of the world. (Globalization; Salzman, 2008). The globalization refers to rapidly growing connections between nations, economies, and societies (Barbieri and Schneider, 1999:387). Several literatures or studies have evaluated globalization in the context of international politics and social security to ascertain whether it is a peace producer or not (Blanton and Apodaca, 2007).Of course, most of the literatures have different views on the subject matter. This paper examines globalization in ...

Part 1. Group development

The process of group creation and evolution cannot be viewed as the single-moment one. Common framework of group development, formulated by Tuckman (1965), involves four main stages of group development. In the first stage of the development of a group, group forming takes place. As team members usually do not know each other well, they tend to avoid discussing their perspectives on serious issues and concentrate on routine. Storming phase is associated with the growth of the team and is usually characterized with difficulties because misunderstandings and conflicts may arise. At norming phase, participants are aimed at the development of ...

Glade Bender JL, Lee A, Reid JM, Baruchel S, Roberts T, Voss SD, Wu B, Ahern CH, Ingle AM, Harris P, Weigel BJ, Blaney SM. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of pazopanib in children with soft tissue sarcoma and other refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group phase I consortium report. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 20;31(24):3034-43.

This study describes a phase I clinical trial of “Pazopanib” in pediatric patients suffering from soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Pazonapib is an anti-angiogenic drug. It is a competitive inhibitor of ATP molecule1,2. It competes with the ‘substrate’ ...

1. When placed on an agar slab and incubated at 30°C for 2 days, a single yeast cell proliferates into a colony with a diameter of 2 mm containing 108 yeast cells. If the cell has a functional Ade2 gene (Ade2+), the colony will be white; if Ade2 is non-functional (Ade2–), the colony will be red. You take a strain with a mutant Ade2– at the regular chromosomal position (red colonies) and insert a second, functional Ade2+ gene near the telomere. You find that the colonies are a mixture of red and white patches or sectors. Figure 1 shows some colonies; the black regions represent the ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

Personal transformation refers to a dynamic and uniquely individualized practice of increasing consciousness where individuals turn out to be critically knowledgeable of old, as well as new self-views, thereby choosing to integrate these opinions to a new self-definition (Campebell, 2004). Although these views might take the form of Transpersonal Psychology, Taoism, Contemplative Psychology or Confucianism, they are capable of distinctively conceiving the temperament of human existence thus transforming the individual differently (Campebell, 2004). As a result, this essay explores personal transformation through the various perspectives of Transpersonal Psychology, Taoism, Contemplative Psychology and Confucianism.

1) Transpersonal Psychology

Transpersonal psychology widens the theories of traditional psychology concerning ...

When I was in eighth grade, my close friend Rick was diagnosed with a hole in his heart. After repeated attempts to repair it, his doctors just decided that he needed a new one. It took two years to find a donor, but Rick finally got a new heart. A year or two went by, and he started developing the same problem that he had before. His immune system was causing the hole which had by then grown so large that he needed another replacement. Another donor was quickly found, and he was back by the end of junior year. This time his ...

The United States government has been facing challenges in controlling the illegal immigrants who enter the country through the Southern Border. The Federal government has been tasked with the mandate of protecting the border however due to its wide territory it has been facing several challenges. The States that have been facing the border have enacted laws to assist them to deal with the crisis. The State of Arizona came up with laws that have stirred up high emotions across the country. Statistics show that in the year 2010, 450,000 illegal immigrants managed to enter the country through ...

Cortisol is a steroid hormone synthesized in adrenal glands with a myriad of functions mainly in the endocrine and immune systems, and produced during stress circumstances. Under normal conditions, stimuli such as a pathogen release immune proteins called interleukins, which further activate T-lymphocyte cells. T-cells multiply to amplify the immune response and ultimately attack the pathogen (Abbas, 2014). Other immune responses are simultaneously activated, e.g. the complement system. The complement system exerts its functions through three pathways: classical, alternative or lectin pathways. The main activators of the classical pathway are antigen-antibody complexes, which trigger a series of events mainly mediated by complement proteins ...

Chapter One

Despite the fact that in 1996, Supreme Court Justice Scalia called single-sex education in public schools “functionally dead,” Single-sex education has become an increasingly popular model in schools since the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was passed. This federal legislation promoted innovative programs for states to implement that included single-sex classrooms and schools (U.S. Department of Education, 2006). Within any educational setting there were many factors that impacted student achievement that related to boys’ and girls’ physical, social, emotional, and intellectual needs. A single-sex environment provided boys and girls with a setting that promoted specific gender related ...