Essays on Lung Cancer

Freudenheim, Van den Brandt, Colditz, Goldbohm, Harnack et al. (2005) hypothesized that alcohol consumption increases the risk of lung cancer. Smoking is known widely as the primary cause of cancer of the lungs but a lot remains unknown on the etiology of lung cancer. The study involved a pooled analysis of standardized covariate and exposure data from 7 different prospective studies comprising 3137 lung cancer cases and 399,767 participants. In terms of collection of information, the authors collected information by pooling cohorts, which were arrived at using the criteria of incident lung cancer cases, dietary assessment, a validation study of the ...

Lung cancer (also called – carcinoma of lungs) is a type of malignant tumor. It emerges from cells paving lungs and bronchi. Usually it takes years for this type of cancer to develop. But if a person gets this type of disease most likely other organs will be affected as well. Lung cancer is a really dangerous for a human, as it is hard to diagnose it and it might be too late to treat it. This disease contributes to the major part of deaths throughout the developed countries. Annually there are about 1 million cases of lung cancer around the world. In addition, ...

Introduction

Lung cancer has remained the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women in United States. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), approximately 1.35 million new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed across the world each year. There are a wide number of risk factors associated with lung cancer. These are smoking, exposure to asbestos, silica exposure, and diesel exhaust. The most common cause is the exposure to tobacco smoke through either active or passive smoking. Males are at a higher risk of lung cancer than females, a ratio of 7.8 to 5.8 respectively. There are five ...

Smoking cigarette may although appear as an attractive practice trying to captivate the interest of a lot of people particularly the youth, but is the practice actually that attractive to be allowed to play with the health of a person? Does smoking cigarette have no ill effects on the health of an individual? Surely is does have, rather a lot of them! The most adverse effect that a cigarette can have on an individual’s health is lung cancer, which if not treated within the right time period even possesses the power to become a fatal disease. Lung cancer and cigarette smoking share a very strong ...

Immunity Regulation in Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Introduction Research indicates that lung cancer forms a 24.5% of all the malignant tumors that can happen in the body of a human being. There have been efforts to find the treatment that would eliminate or reduce the spread of cancerous cells to no avail. The procedures that remain as viable options could include surgical resection, which only works to prolong the life of a victim of lung cancer. The natural killer cells can be an option in fighting the spread of cancerous cells. They are nonspecific killer cells, which denotes to their being able to fight all kinds of harmful ...

- Apparently, pollution has been a topic that requires lots of attention during the past and predominantly the present time. This topic had been a phenomenon, beginning at the time when the relationship between human beings and the environment became apparent. Pollution became rampant the time when human beings begun destroying the environment with no regards to the aftermath effects like pollution. In this way, the pollution problem developed and became a huge issue of concern. With developments and innovations, people began depending on machines a fact that made the issue of pollution more sophisticated. - Owing the gradual development of pollution ...

Biology

Introduction Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Natural killer cells play a critical role in immunotherapy for cancer patients. The natural killer or NK cells play a crucial role in cancer patients and developing an understanding of the mechanisms through which their activity is inhibited or enhanced in the case of cancer patients, shall contribute a great deal in finding the most suitable and effective treatment of cancer patients and also enhance their life. The present research paper is restricted to the study of cell mechanisms involving NK cells and their inhibitor and activators in the case of patients ...

Lung Cancer in Canada

Lung Cancer in Canada

Problem Identification

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada, not counting non-melanoma skin cancers. Lung cancer is also the most common cause of death in Canada for both men and women. Particularly high rates are seen in the elderly, especially those over the age of 75. While Canada’s system of socialized medicine is applauded as a model for other countries struggling to establish government subsidized healthcare, there are also problems in Canada’s system. In a socialized medicine system, cost is always a factor, and there are rarely as many services as needed not are there ...

As a nurse, understanding health education helps one to solve many medical challenges facing patients. Unless people understand key concepts about their health, it is, however, the role of nurses and other stakeholders in the health care sector to ensure that people understand these concepts.

Part 1

In my nursing experience, I had the opportunity to interact with a patient who was suffering from lung cancer. The patient who was a chain smoker believed that death is inevitable, and his fate was already predetermined long before he started suffering from lung cancer. He did not believe that his smoking habit has resulted to lung ...

Lung cancer is a deadly disease that jeopardizes health of people globally. Diagnosis of this disease has made it difficult to be prevented or treated since no single test has been found to diagnose lung cancer accurately. Hence, series of tests have been implemented to test for this disease. The diagnosis of the disease has enabled doctors to come up with some specific and accurate preventive measures that have been put in place to reduce the incidences of this disease. The section of this paper will therefore discuss laboratory measures and diagnosis of lung cancer, useful tumors of cancer diagnosis ...

The epidermal growth factor belongs to the HER family receptor tyrosine kinases and it regulates cell differentiation and cell growth and interlinked with several human cancers. The signal transductions in the cells are controlled by EGFR. It is one of the oncogene which is involved in producing cancers via over expression of the ligands and the continuous activation and amplification of EGFR. The activity of the EGFR can be reduced by monoclonal antibodies against them. The activation of the EGFR is activated by binding of the transforming growth factor. The EGFR binds to receptor of HER family in order ...

The lung cancer is of primary concern among western population in the western world by virtue of exaggerated rate of smoker compared to non smokers. The pathology of lung cancer comprises of genomic instability resulting in abnormalities over a long span. The variations occur at gene level via process called as gene silencing mediated methylation; amplification of DNA, sequence changes in DNA along with looses and gains of whole chromosome. The genetic alterations observed in cell lung cancer contain a loss of regions which are in turn part of the genome especially chromosomes 9p and 3p and it is also observed ...

Darline Stvictor-Viau

Molloy College Abstract Lung cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States today. While smoking is a significant risk factor, there are other causes of the disease. Second-hand smoke, exposure to radon gas and asbestos, and possibly other environmental contaminants act in conjunction with gender and ethnicity to result in a diagnosis of lung cancer. Numbers indicate that more non-smokers are being diagnosed with lung cancer at this time than non-smokers due to development of the disease after cessation. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly extend the life of the lung cancer patient while studies continue seeking ...

Health Care

Health Care Expenditures Attributable to Smoking In the United States alone, there are about 440,000 individuals who die annually of smoking related diseases (Pubmed). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, recent studies linked cigarette smoking to a numerous other diseases to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer. “These are in addition to diseases previously known to be caused by smoking, including bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, and throat cancers, chronic lung diseases, coronary heat and cardiovascular diseases, as well as reproductive ...

Speech

According to research, lung cancer is the major cause of death amongst American men and women. Data trends suggest that lung cancer alone causes majority of deaths than the other four kinds of cancer combined, namely, colon, breast, pancreas and prostate cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for 25% of all the death occurred. Even though this deadly cancer is a major concern, it is the least funded. Merely $1,200 are received per death for research, in comparison, breast cancer receives $27,000 per death. Despite such shocking figures, it remains the least funded and ignored field. Unfortunately people ...

Abstract

The research paper deals with the problem of whether or not cannabis and cancer are interrelated. There are arguments provided in favor of cannabis stimulating the growth and proliferation of cancer and counterarguments, claiming that not only has marijuana consumption no negative impact on human health, but it also has the potential of being used for medical purposes for treating brain, breast, lung, prostate, blood, oral, liver, and pancreatic cancer inasmuch as it serves as a natural inhibitor of tumor growth as well as providing apoptosis of malign cells. Cannabis treatment may also be used as a legitimate, harmless and far ...

WHI Trial (Writing Group for the WHI Investigators; JAMA)

What was the main objective of the WHI study? Assesment of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the US for health benefits and risks When and why was the subject enrollmentstopped early (specific statistical reason)? After 5.2 years. This was due to harm from the breast cancer.

What was the design of the trial?

16608 postmenopausal women underwent the study over 8.5 years

Who monitored the “double-blind” data? How often?

Safety monitoring board.Monitored semiannually.

How many women: screened, randomized, assigned to either arm?

373092 – Screened, 16606 – Randomized, 8506 – Estrogen, 8102- Placebo Why was the dose of E 0.625 mg/day and P 2.5 mg/day in a single tablet chosen?

Highest amount without damaging the subjects

Why was an “intact uterus” necessary for entry ...

Literature Matrix

References

Breghmans, T., Tragas, G., & Sculier, J.P. (2002). Age and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: a database analysis in elderly patients. Support Care Cancer (2002) 10:619–623. Cataldo, J., Dubey, S., & Prochaska, J. (2010). Smoking Cessation: An Integral Part of Lung Cancer Treatment. Oncology 2010; 78: 289–30. Hirashima T, Suzuki H, Okamoto N, Morishita N, Yamadori T, Tamiya M, Shiroyama T, Kurata K, Kawase I. (2014). Important factors for achieving survival of five years or more in non-small cell lung cancer patients with distant metastasis. PubMed, 2014 Jul;8(1):327-334. Epub 2014 Apr 30. ...

It’s a small world after all

Effects of globalization on health, poverty, human rights, and the environment in the U.S and Japan. Globalization has its effects on different aspects of a country. The major effect was seen in the health care system. The article enlightens and compares the various effects of globalization between United States of America (US) and Japan. Both are considered to be developed nations with emerging economy. However, there is a vast difference in the health and poverty system in these 2 countries. The US in early 60’s ranked 13th in terms of health in comparison to other wealthy nations. This ranking ...

Abstract

Cancer is an abnormal condition characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and spread of cells, such as in the colon, rectum, lung, breast and prostate. Cancer is caused by both external risk factors (physical inactivity, obesity, and radiation and chemicals exposure) and internal factors (innate mutations, and immune and hormonal aberrations). Cancer can remain dormant for ten years following contagion for it to manifest itself. Cancer is managed through surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy-where various drugs are used. Cancer death rate shows a disparity since higher deaths are reported in populations of low socioeconomic status than the well-off populace. Cancer infections also show ...

Abstract:

A number of cancer studies have maintained that the various cancer rates within successive generations and mortality shifts for purposes of explaining the prevailing prevalence rates in the country that the variations of the most kinds of cancers are largely reflective of the differences around various environmental and behavioral risk factors. This will include aspects of lifestyle and culture as well as genetic differences. In general, behavioral characteristics that will be as influential include elements of reproductive, dietary patterns, and smoking behaviors, which are known to be major risk factors causing cancer in America as well as other infectious ...

“Air toxics” is defined as “air pollution,” where pollution is an “undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities.” In addition, the EPA (2012, July 16) says pollutants include compounds that are known or suspected to cause serious health effects, which may include, but are not limited to, cancer, reproductive effects, or birth defects, and/or to cause harmful environmental effects. The pollutants may come from natural sources (such as radon gas rising from the ground) or from man-made sources (such as chemical compounds emitted by factory smokestacks ...

General introduction: Historical Background about Tobacco

Cigarette consumption started as early as 16th centuries among the pre-Columbian Americas. However, the natives smoked for medicinal and ceremonial purposes only. The cultivation and smoking methods were completely different as compared in the early 1960’s. The people used to smoke the tobacco in pipes. Tobacco consumption started in Europe at the end of 16th century after Christopher Columbus took with him some few tobacco leaves and seeds. However, its used was largely popularized by such individuals like Jean Nicot who champion for the spread of the significance it had to the users. The main idea of Christopher ...

Introduction

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the term used to describe a wide range of malignant tumors originating in the upper aero digestive tract (9). HNC imposes acute suffering on the patients while swallowing, breathing or speaking. Tobacco and alcohol are the primary causes in majority cases of HNC (18). Cancer is the second leading cause of death with estimates of 1.66M and 0.58M in 2013 for new cases and deaths respectively (15,16). Endoscopy, biopsy, mirror scan and CT/MRI imaging are commonly used methods for diagnosis in the last 20 years.

Ways of treating HNC

The treatment methods (10) vary from medication, abstinence ...

A)Pathophysiology of crocidolite.

Pathophysiology refers to both the pathological and physiological effects of a disease or injury. Crocidolite is a type of asbestos which is blue in color which has very thin fibers hair like fibers. This makes it the most dangerous type of asbestos as these thin fibers are very easily inhaled when blown by the wind where the asbestos occurs naturally (Australia) and when people are working with it especially during mining. This type of asbestos is used mainly for insulation as it is sprayed on walls, ceilings, boilers ovens and pipes. Crocidolite falls under the category of respirable dusts. These ...

The Hazards of Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking

Smoking and Its Effects: The Hazards of Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Background The Tobacco Industry Tobacco first came to be known when Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, received tobacco leaves as a gift from American Indians and brought it to Europe in the 1400’s. From that time to the early 1700’s, tobacco became widely popular increasing its value to that of gold and using it even as a medium of trade. The 16th-19th century saw the constant bloom of the Tobacco Industry then only producing and selling cigars. But it was in the early 20th century ...

John Hopkins School of Medicine (1995) describes conducting airways as those consisting of the oro-and nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, divisions of bronchi and bronchioles. However, the alveoli, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles are involved in the gaseous exchange with the pulmonary capillary.

Community-acquired pneumonia is caught in the public areas such as schools. It is caused by the virus, bacteria and fungi (John Hopskins School of Medicine, 1995). Hospital-acquired pneumonia may be acquired in hospital and in most cases at the intensive care unit.

Reactivated tuberculosis occurs due to reactivation that takes place within the ...

Among College Students in Cities in the East Coast

This study aims to explore and describe the important factors in the successful cessation from smoking among college students in the East Coast. This is significant because it will explore the solutions to cigarette smoking, a crucial health problems in the United States, especially among younger people. The prescriptions and the evidences of success of attempting to quit smoking for a permanent period of time will be very helpful.

Specifically, this study will explore and document the prevalence of successful ceasing from smoking, the characteristics of these quitters, and the association between patterns of smoking and the intentions to quit and ...

"Are Protein-Protein interactions likely to be valid therapeutic targets for cancer therapy?" In her paper entitled “Protein-Protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill” Michelle Arkin raises questions regarding the grooved and linear regions that permit protein-protein bonds, the binding peptides also found in those regions, if those interfaces are tractable for small molecule discovery and what compounds might serve as bonding agents. Further investigation of compounds would include if they are active, inhibiting, and do they help further characterize the target. She documents tubulin and several others that have potential. Her conclusion confirms that ...

Clean air is one of the most essential needs for the life of a human being but unfortunately the air is heavily polluted and it is causing a number of serious problems to the health of the people and also it is hampering the environment badly. Air pollution is a severe menace to the residents, animals and environment of the New York City. The problem has been causing health related problems to the residents of the city and recently it has been revealed that air pollution is responsible for more than six percent deaths per annum in the New York City. The ...

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

In the United States, 71% of smokers try their first cigarette when they are adolescents (Gold, Wang, Wypij, Speizer, Ware, & Dockery, 1996). Lung cancer kills more women than breast cancer in the United States, but breast cancer receives far more public attention. Data shows that only half of women who smoke have been encouraged by their primary care physician to stop smoking as it is considered to be their personal choice. More than 25 million women in the United States smoke and 25% of girls under the age of 18 smoke. Women give the main reason for smoking ...

Question 1

Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control hypothesized that the salt intake of children is increasing their risk of developing hypertension, similar to that seen in adults (Park, 2012). The study included over six thousand children between the ages of eight and eighteen, a good sample size for statistical analysis. One potential drawback in the design of the study is that it only involved a detailed interview of the children and not an actual measurement of their daily salt intake. However, the results were clear. Children appear to be eating as much salt as an adult every day and the higher ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

Second-hand smoke or involuntary smoking, which can cause air pollution and adverse health consequences, refers to the combination of smoke, which fills offices, restaurants and other enclosed premises from the burning of tobacco products like cigarettes, water pipes, and bidis. Tobacco smoke contains over 7000 chemicals, of which hundreds are toxic or poisonous and approximately 70 can lead to cancer (USDHHS 1). Secondhand smoke causes many adverse health effects among immigrants’ children, and infants, including respiratory infections, severe asthma attacks, and ear infection (USDHHS 1). Some of the adverse health effects in immigrants’ adults due to secondhand smoke ...

12-4-13

Violence is endemic in today’s television, movies and video games. The prevalence of violence in popular media begs the question: Are we, as a culture, very violent in nature, or does the violence in the media make us violent. Many people subscribe to the “Art imitates life” idea that violence in the media reflects the violent urges of people, while some feel that the violence displayed in media actually causes people to be more violent. Of the two explanations, the more compelling one is that the violence in the media reflects the violent nature of humans. One study ...

Introduction

Many people have fallen victims of cigarette smoking. Statistics have shown that it accounts for more than 400, 000 deaths per year in America, and nearly 100, 000 in the United Kingdom (West and Shiffman 18). As far as the global population is concerned, cigarette smoking accounts for the deaths of five million people per year. In the developed nations, cigarette-smoking accounts for 12-13% of life-years lost avoidably. Recent research has shown that a quarter of smokers who fail to stop the habit of cigarette smoking die an average of 20 years earlier than comparable non-smokers (Jiloha 41). This calls ...

Introduction

Smoking is a habit of burning tobacco and inhaling the smoke. This habit is common in the United States of America. This is especially because smoking tobacco is legal in America. An estimated 45.3 million people in America smoke cigarettes. This translates to 19.3% of all adults in the country. The habit is more common to men as compared to women. 21.5% of smokers in America are men while women smokers constitute 17.3%. Statistics show that smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths. Smoking accounts for 443000 deaths each year. At least 1 out of 5 deaths in America ...

Cell Reproduction

Difference between normal cells and cancer cells The difference between cancer cells and normal cells is great attributed to the significant difference in the physical appearance of the cell structures, their mode of behaviour, and profound difference in their life spans. Microscopic studies reveal that cancer cells denote the property of pleomorphism, in that they tend to be more mortifying in size and shape than the cells in surrounding tissues. Also, the nucleus of cancer cell tends to be larger than in normal cells. Also, cancer cells are biochemically different from normal cells, in that normal cells use ...

Luke Flatt is an elderly married man who had a previous history of aspirating some peanut husks when he was young. he used to smoke but quit 10 years ago, 5 years before he started having shortness of breath initially on exertion which has now worsened to dyspnoea on mild exertion. he also has chronic productive cough which is painful. the above history is does not indicate a neoplasm. although he has a prolonged history of smoking, which has been associated with lung cancer, he could be suffering from Chronic Obstructive Airway disease which also has a history of prolonged smoking as a ...

‘Thank you for Smoking’ is a satirical comedy drama movie based on Christopher`s Buckley`s novel of the same name. The movie is centered on the life experiences of Nick Naylor, a talented tobacco lobbyist and Vice President of a lobby group, ‘Academy of Tobacco’. The movie focuses on Nick`s experiences in his bid to defend cigarettes from being branded with a warning sign of a skull and crossbones labels on all packets. This anti-tobacco campaign is strongly levied by a congressman, Senator Finistirre, who introduces this bill to the Senate to legislate the branding of all cigarette packets with the ...

Introduction

Smoking is universally accepted as one of the main problems affecting the modern society. This is a problem which does not come from nature. This is a problem which is created by us. Smoking is an activity which is voluntarily taken up by people of different ages, races, caste, creed and religion in full knowledge of its harmful effect. This not only affects the person who smokes but also indirectly affects the person nearby. Smoking is a source of an array of health hazards including cancer, respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases. Smoking during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in a child. This ...

Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or group. It is also a study of morality. Ethics is the discipline that examines the moral standards of a person or the moral standards of the community. Ethics asks whether those standards are applied to our life and whether they are reasonable or unreasonable. Business ethics is the specialized study of moral right or wrong that focuses on business institutions, activities and organizations. Business ethics is the study of moral standards and how they apply to social systems and organization through which modern societies are supplied with goods and services. Business ...

Introduction

Smoking ban refers to the prohibition of smoking as part of public policies for occupational safety and health regulations in office buildings and public places like bars, restaurants, city parks, college campuses and even public beaches. The rationale used for introducing smoking ban was to prevent second hand smoking. It has been estimated that the number of deaths caused by second hand smoking in USA is more than 42,000 people every year including infants (CDC #1, 2014). Since the implementation of this ban has made it a troublesome for smokers to smoke freely in places of their choice, many ...

English 103

Tobacco has a long history in the America since 600 to 900 A.D. It was used predominantly in medical purposes and the people on that time did not smoke every day (Healthliteracy.worlded.org). Today, smoking has become the major problem in the world since 1950s. According to the cross-section data obtained from 187 countries, nowadays there are more than 967 million of people, who smoke every day compared to 721 million in 1980s (BBC.com). It comprises about 1/10 population in the world and there are more than 480,000 deaths per year that are caused by smoking cigarettes in the United ...

Influence of Movies on Children

Literature Review Mass media comprised of specially the press, the radio, recorded music, as well as recorded movies. Out of all these, movies emerged as the greatest concern to education activists. This is because of their enormous attraction to children. The review sought to establish the nature of influence movies had on the children. Children’s movies can be influential teachers. This is because of their high degree of exposure to new places and culture (Rupprecht, 2011). Their influence over children ranges from telling stories, motivating children to act, educating children on various vices and virtues, and other ...

- History of tobacco smoking in America - The presence of tobacco in America dates back to the seventeenth century. Initially, tobacco was grown by poor farmers as a foundation crop. The demand was low and it was cheaper to acquire. However, subsequent wars increased the consumption of chewing tobacco, smoking pipes and cigars. Eventually, the market grew with the availability of slaves. Although slavery had existed long before tobacco was planted, the sudden increase in demand created an unexpected opportunity. The slave labor was incorporated into the tobacco labor force. Moreover, machine produced cigarettes reared its ugly head ...

Cannabis is a naturally-occurring substance that originates from the plant Cannabis sativa. The active compound in cannabis is the Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that has a mind-altering effect upon its use (Haerens, 28). As a result of its popularity across the world, cannabis has got many names such as weed, marijuana, and bhang. It is one of the leading illegal drugs that are highly consumed across the world. Use of cannabis has different effects on the human body that range from physiological to psychological. However, the main effects that its users pursue are the mental or psychological effects of the drug. Depending on ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Since its discovery, cancer in its many forms has been a continuous plague on humanity. There is no cure, and the known treatments are often unsuccessful or too damaging to the patient to be considered for long-term use. Currently, radiation and chemotherapy are used most often, though there is scientific consideration being put toward genetic engineering for use in the future. Presently, however, the scientific community and the population at large wonder if other, herbal remedies might be of service to those suffering from cancer. Now that medicinal cannabis, as well as recreational cannabis, has been legalized in several states, ...

Overview

United States has experienced an increase in prevalence and incidence of cancer among its citizens over the last few decades. According to American Cancer Society (2014), cancer refers to a group of diseases that present with uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer emerges due to several factors which include; smoking of tobacco, exposure to chemicals and radiation, hormones, and inherited mutations (American Cancer Society, 2014). Even though there are many causes of cancer, the disease can be prevented. For instance, avoiding smoking and minimizing exposure to chemicals and radiation by observing safety precautions can greatly help reduce chances ...

[Replace with Student Name] [Replace with Institution] Advertisements had been an effective marketing tool used by businesses to increase market share and encourage consumers to buy their product and services. However, this is not the sole purpose of ads. In fact, over the years several advertisements had been used for information dissemination particularly geared to create social awareness. Anti-smoking campaigns lobbied by health experts and civic organizations had been very creative at trying to persuade smokers to quit smoking. This essay will evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-smoking advertisements in the way they present their arguments. At ...

Smoking in public places has been a major concern worldwide. Medical research has shown that public smoking leads to heath problems in the society due to the adverse effects it causes to both the smoker and the non-smoker, affecting both the people’s health and the environment at large. Though cigarette sale contributes revenue to the country, this should not make people overlook the economic effect it brings to the nation. The effects of public smoking cause to the community and the environment should be properly analyzed using available data and further research to support the proposal that Public smoking ...

Introduction

Among initial efforts to investigate the impact of mass communications, the most widespread are the reports forwarded by the eighth black bound volume published between 1933 and 1935 (Rupprecht, 2011). The pioneering work, “Payne Fund Studies,” was carried out when mass media comprised of solely the press, the radio, recorded music, as well as recorded movies. Out of all these, movies emerged as the greatest concern to education activists. This is because of their enormous attraction to children. The survey sought to establish the nature of influence movies had on the American youth. Children’s movies can be influential ...

(City, State) In Australia, various factors have been identified as determinants of health status in any given population. These factors include class, gender, ethnicity or whether one is indigenous or non-indigenous. Understanding the effect of these determinants on health and their interaction poses a great challenge. Gender and ethnicity are some of the complex traits and are very useful since they include social dimension that are necessary in the understanding their impact on health. This paper is aimed at showing how class, gender, indigeneity or ethnicity impact on the health status of people living in Australia. In terms ...

The Cover Letter

Q1 This essay gives an outline of the different positions on the smoking ban which are presented in the texts. The outlines different articles and opinions of various parties involved. To achieve this, the essay provides statistical data to support the stand of the researcher. Q2 The challenge the writer encountered during the research is in the writing phase as I had to illustrate whether the society has the responsibility to prevent people from smoking in public or if it is up to the individual to decide. I had to research on this subject. Q3 ...

This essay discusses the bans on smoking in public places that have been introduced in recent times in many countries of the world. Depending on the individual country, the ban may be either nationwide or determined by state or region within that country. The reason I believe such bans are so important is to reduce the numbers of deaths from cancer, which has long been known to be directly linked with smoking, including the effects of secondary inhalation of tobacco smoke, known as “passive smoking”. According to the CBC News website, quoting the World Health Organization (WHO), some 1.3 ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate gene expression (Wiemer, 2007; Garzon et al., 2009). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006). Currently, 4167miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007). MicroRNAs are crucial for the development of vertebrates due to the fact that depletion of the components of the miRNA processing pathway, or interfering with maturation of miRNAs, is not compatible with life (Wiemer, 2007). The miRNA ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides in length) comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate (modulate) gene expression (Wiemer, 2007, p.1529; Zhang et al., 2006, p.9136; Garzon et al., 2009, p.168). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006, p.131). Currently, 4167 miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007, p.1530).

The miRNA genes are dispersed across the genome in gene clusters or as single genes. At least 50% of the miRNA genes are ...

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of death in America. This is due to the multiple carcinogens contained within cigarette smoke which, when inhaled, mutate cells to create cancer and other conditions. Cigarettes also contain the addictive substance nicotine, which creates a physiological dependency upon smoking, leading the smoker to continue the habit. These two things lead to the development of a number of health problems, including emphysema, chronic obstructive lung diseases, cancer and more. A chronological account of the effects of cigarette smoking are outlined in this essay.

Cigarette smoking is universally regarded as one of the leading ...

Cancer is a disease that mostly affects the cells. It is often characterized by out of control cell growth. There are different types of cancer that are grouped by the cells they affect. It is a terminal disease that has no cure but can be controlled and prevented. If cancer is recognized early enough, then the diseases can be controlled from its initial stages before it spreads to the other body parts. Cancer as a disease is very expensive to treat not forgetting it is a terminal illness. Cancer as a disease will affect the body by forming lumps or tumours when the damaged ...