Essays on Breast Cancer

Cancer is a term used to define a class of various diseases that entail irregular cell growth resulting in some forms of malignant tumors. When the malignant cells form in one part of the body, they affect the neighboring cells although the diseases can affect tissues far from the place that the cancerous tumor has developed. Recently, cases of cancers have been on the rise, and the reasons behind this could be pollution of the environments, lack of exercises, poor dietary habits, and consumption of carcinogenic substances. Cancer comes in various forms, and if detected early enough most of

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Technological innovation in the present times has been the talk of the day cutting across all the fields concerning humankind. Technology, particularly in the medical field has proved to be very crucial in the refinement of health practices. The new technology is making challenging disease less and less of a threat.
“Scentsory DiagNose” is a medical technology that makes use of microsensors. Microsensors are tiny electronic gadgets that are capable of identifying bodily, or biomedical signals by use of scent that can later be analyzed on a computer. The results can in turn be used to get health solutions

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Hormone replacement therapy can be simply defined as all the medications that contain female hormones for the replacement of those hormones that a female body does not manufacture after menopause. This therapy is a standard treatment to cure menopause symptoms. Although there are some benefits related with HRT, a majority of doctors are less likely to recommend this therapy as the concerns associated with it are much hazardous (especially for elder women). On the other hand, it could prove as a better option for certain women who have low risk factors (Cabot, 1995).

Risks of Hormone Therapy

At the same time as Hormone

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Breast cancer can be referred to as a cancer type that originates from breast tissue, mostly from the milk ducts’ inner lining or the lobules, which supply the ducts with milk (Sariego, 2010). Cancers arising from ducts are called ductal carcinomas, as those from lobules are called lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer affects humans, as well as other mammals. Breast cancer also affects in men.
Breast cancer occurs due to an environmental factor’s interaction with a host that is genetically susceptible. Normal cells undergo division as many times as required and stop. They get attached to other cells where

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The National Football League (NFL) is an American football league made of one of the major professional sports leagues in North America. The league constitutes of 32 teams which are equally divided between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The league has its highest professional level running for a 17 weeks season. The league consists of various forms of competition with winners of different competitions are awarded accordingly. Six of the 32 teams; where four are from division winners and two from wild-card teams, compete in playoffs to win a Super Bowl, which is

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[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
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Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancer prevalent in the modern world. According to the Journal of national Comprehensive Cancer Network, the author Therese B. Bevers, (2009) clearly states that Women in the United States have an increased risk of breast cancer. The incidents and the mortality due to breast cancer has also drastically increased in past decade. Thus considering all above statistics, it is very clear that breast cancer is a grave disease. However, early

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- Cell Culture and Cell Lines:
Three breast cancer cell lines: CAL120, EVSAT and MDA-MB-231, were cultured individually, in RRMI 1640 supplemented with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 100U/ml Penicillin, 100U/ml Streptomycin and L-Glutamine. The cells were cultured and maintained in an incubator at 370C supplied with 5% CO2. For subsequent experiments, the cells were further cultured till confluence, in 6 well and 96 well plates using RPMI+20%FBS.
1.2 Treatment of Cells:
For treatment, 1x106 cells were seeded in 6 well culture plates, and incubated for 24 hrs. After 24 hours, the old media was replaced with

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According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is a malignant tumour originating from the cells of the breast. The cancerous cells usually multiply and invade other tissues surrounding the breast. Majority of the malignant tumours start in the cells lining the lobules or those lining the ducts. The tumours cause lumps in the breast. Breast cancer is most common in women. However, men too are prone to the disease.
Breast cancer present with the following symptoms: lumps in the breast or armpit, painful breast, abnormal nipple discharge, and change in nipple size among others. Factors that increase one’

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Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women. This paper focuses on the various aspects of breast cancer among women. The paper briefly examines the various treatment options available for women diagnosed with breast cancer at any stage of pregnancy. The paper further examines the risk factors to breast cancer, birth defects, and chances of relapsing after delivery, how treatments affect fertility, and Survival Rate Female/Fetus. The paper outlines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery as the main treatment options for breast cancer available for women diagnosed with breast cancer. In terms of birth defects, the paper outlines some

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Discussion

Breast cancer continues to be the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among women. Significant variation is observed in breast cancer survival rates from one geographic area to another (Jemal et al., 2010, Curado, 2011). Interestingly, while the Middle East, along with sub-Saharan Africa and Asian countries have the lowest rates of breast cancer in the world, the incidence has been rapidly increasing over the last twenty years, as it has been with other cancers (Amoori et al., 2014). Some of the factors that play a role in early detection include improved screening practices and education (Curado, 2011).

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(Author)

Regulation of Xiap Protein in Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the breast. Two most commonly reported types of breast cancer are “ductal carcinoma” and “lobular carcinoma”. Ductal carcinoma is initiated in the lining of the milk ducts, which are thin tubes involved in carrying of milk from lobules of the breast to the nipple. Ductal carcinoma can be in the form of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) as well as Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). IDC is the most commonly found type of breast cancer with nearly

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Introduction

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 has the privilege for a regal consent on March 27, 2012 that built new public health system. It is consequently imperative to reiterate the vision of government for the fresh public role of health in domestic official bodies and, to recap the new legal structure for domestic government that strengthens that dream. The act encompasses the accountability to ensure protection of health to upper level, unitary domestic official bodies and, Secretary of State. The liabilities of critical public health lie on upper level and unitary domestic official bodies. The government issues the

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Information Speech Outline on Breast Cancer

Introduction
In the 21st Century, breast cancer remains one of the most dreadful diseases with effective cures yet to be discovered.
It is imperative to note that breast cancer affects both men and women hence the need for information dissemination.
It is my postulation that breast cancer, if detected earlier can be cured or managed to prolong the lives of its victims.
Breast cancer is occasioned by a number of factors some of which are controllable. Statistics indicate a decline in the rates of infection and related deaths.

Body

Breast cancer victims or potential victims ought to be informed of

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God has created all creatures. It is amazing to discover that each creature is unique in its own sense and does not resemble the other creature completely. The various creatures on earth, including plants and animals differ greatly from each other on the basis of their outer morphology and inner anatomy. Humans are considered the most intelligent creatures on earth and they utilize animals extensively for research and development of inventions that may benefit the mankind in the future.
It is estimated that nearly 26 million animals are used everyday for scientific and commercial testing in the USA . The

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Specific purpose: With this speech, the audience will: a) have a better understanding of the role of aluminum in deodorants/antiperspirants, b) understand the connection of aluminum to health problems, and c) know if we should worry about the use of deodorants/antiperspirants.

Introduction:

- Attention Getting Device: Who here happens to use deodorants or antiperspirants? Did you know that most deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminum (Chameides)? Well, it just so happens that there exists a connection between aluminum and some serious health problems, such as breast cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and kidney problems (Watson). But, should you worry?
- Thesis:

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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer found in women, second only to melanoma. Although breast cancer occurs in both men and women it is far more frequently diagnosed in women. Increased awareness and support for breast cancer on a community and national level as improved the ability to detect breast cancer early, and to diagnose type of cancer accurately and quickly has led to new treatments and increased survival rates.

Background Information

Breast cancer is a type of malignancy that begins in the breast tissue. There are two primary kinds of breast cancer. The first, called ductal carcinoma,

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In medical terms, breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor whose growth begins in the breast cells. Malignancy of tumors refers to that bunch of cancerous cells in the breast that are capable of not only growing in the specific cells, but also have the ability to invade the surrounding tissue and metastasize or spread to distant parts of the body. However, most often, breast cancer lumps are benign. This means that they are not cancerous or in other words cannot spread to other areas in the body.
Although this disease is known to affect women, there have been

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Introduction

Cancer is a chronic disease in which there is out of control growth of cells. There are over hundred types of cancer, and each type is distinct with the rest in the sense that particular human cells are affected initially.Breast cancer affects the breast tissues, mostly the inner lining of the ducts or lobules supplying milk to ducts (Cedolini et al. 2014). Cancers having their origin in ducts are called duct carcinomas and those having their origin in lobules are referred as lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer is commonly prevailing and alarmingly high incidences of this disease in women all

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Introduction

In multicellular organisms, the cell divisions occur under the control of strict control of internal and external signals. However, cancer involves an uncontrolled growth of cells. The branch of medicine that deals with the study of cancer and tumors is known as oncology. A tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body while, malignant tumors can spread from the original site known as the primary site to other organs establishing secondary tumors.
According to their tissue of origin, cancers are classified as carcinoma

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Introduction

Breast cancer affects the breast tissue. There are two forms of this cancer: one type originates from the ducts and is commonly known as ductal carcinoma while that which originates in the lobules is termed as lobular carcinoma. In women, breast cancer accounts for over 22 percent of all cancers (Suter & Marcum, 2007).
The molecular underpinnings of breast cancer are very complex and have different cellular pathways particularly those of cell growth and proliferation. Examples of these pathways include MAPK; TP53; P13K/AKAT/mTOR and RB/E2F (Suter & Marcum, 2007). At the molecular level, these pathways are a representation of molecular mechanisms

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Abstract

This study was meant to find out the level of understanding of the various aspects of breast cancer in the society especially concerning its causes and the susceptible group. A survey was conducted and it was noted that there was some awareness about breast cancer in the society, however, it was not adequate. The study, therefore, also seeks to bring to light the approaches that have been proposed to combat the disease before it metastasizes.

Introduction

Cancer is a group of diseases collectively characterized by the multiplication of body cells that are no longer controlled by the body. There are

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Johannes Smith,

Ohio Medical Practitioners, Radiotherapist
641 Lancers Street

Texas, USA 99999

Hannington Roberts
Federal Awarding Agency, Manager
3743 Main Street,

Tokyo, USA 99999.

Dear Sir,
Ref: Thanking You for Your Proposal
It is through my sincere regard that I would like to share with you the feedback of thanks that have been given to our agency concerning the proposal we submitted for consideration to Federal Award Agency. They have appreciated you so much for you effort and sacrifice for drafting the proposal and putting your hope in them. Their detailed analysis and experience will have a great importance to our future progress and success.
I do

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Op-Ed

Testing minor children for breast cancer risk needs to be a public policy for all children who have risk characteristics. We need to take advantage of all opportunities to help a child lead the healthiest life possible. It is our duty as members of society. It does take a village to raise a child after all. A village includes families and the medical community. Public policy can be developed and initiated to make sure children from age 16 to 25 have an opportunity to test for BRCA1/BRCA2.
All cancers begin due to genetic mutations. Mutations are changes in DNA

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Question 1

Currently, medical practitioners recommend that women, especially those aged between 50 and 74 years, should to go for mammography screening on a routine basis. This is very crucial since women who are at risk of breast cancer may benefit from the early screening and diagnosis. It is also recommended that they are screened since they may benefit from the risk reduction strategies that are already existent. The frequency of screening is normally recommended annually to minimize risks. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a screening method used in prostate cancer screening. Some agencies such as USPSTF recommend an annual check-up

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Breast cancer is harmful to women and men, can lead to the loss of a breast or can be fatal. Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that originates from the tissues of the breast especially the inner lining of the milk duct or lobules that are involved in the supply of milk to the ducts (Sariego). Breast cancer just like the other cancers takes place through an interaction between environmental factors and the host who is genetically susceptible. Normal cells usually become cancerous after losing their ability to stop the division process. Breast cancer is divided into

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Article review

This article describes in detail the experiences of women suffering from breast cancer with chemotherapy treatments. Some of the problematic experiences explained are, problems with body image, negative emotions, depression, social dysfunction and physical problems. Breast cancer patients also experience dysfunction in sexual relationships, marriage and family dysfunction. The authors have also provided good information on the method of data analysis and collection used in the article (Nizamli et al , 2011).
The article also purports that vitamin C and E supplements are helpful in the protection of some side effects of anticancer drugs. However, the authors do not give

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INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer is a global health threat due to its frequent nature with a frequency of 30% amongst other types of cancer. In women, breast cancer comes second in causing cancer related deaths. Despite these known facts, there are several incidences with the current research showing that it has been increasing for the past two decades. (Suhail, 2012)
Breast cancer diagnosis and its treatment cause numerous psychological and physical effects on women. These include inability to perform roles in the family, social dysfunction, chemotherapy (sometimes with acute consequences), depressive symptoms and negative emotions amongst other effects. When one is

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Malignancy of the breast is the most common cancer in women after melanoma and it is responsible for about one-third of all cancers in women. Mortality because of the cancer is on the decline in the United States due to better detection and treatment. Breast cancer is a disease of epithelial cells that line the ducts of the breast. It is a clonal disease, meaning that a single transformed cell that eventually expresses full malignant potential causes it. Therefore, it may exist for a long period before it becomes invasive and metastatic. (Harrisons, 2008, p.563)
Park, et al, are

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Breast cancer is a disease of epithelial cells that line the ducts of the breast. Malignancies of the breast are some of the most common cancers in women (aside from skin cancer) and are responsible for up to one-third of all cancers in women. Mortality because of the cancer is on the decline in the United States due to better detection and treatment. Breast cancer is a clonal disease, meaning that a single transformed cell that eventually expresses full malignant potential causes it. Therefore, it may exist for a long period before it becomes invasive and metastatic (Harrisons, 2008,

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Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist in

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WHI Trial (Writing Group for the WHI Investigators; JAMA)

What was the main objective of the WHI study?
Assesment of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the US for health benefits and risks
When and why was the subject enrollmentstopped early (specific statistical reason)?
After 5.2 years. This was due to harm from the breast cancer.

What was the design of the trial?

16608 postmenopausal women underwent the study over 8.5 years

Who monitored the “double-blind” data? How often?

Safety monitoring board.Monitored semiannually.

How many women: screened, randomized, assigned to either arm?

373092 – Screened, 16606 – Randomized, 8506 – Estrogen, 8102- Placebo
Why was the dose of E 0.625 mg/day and P 2.5 mg/day in a single tablet chosen?

Highest amount without damaging the subjects

Why was an “intact uterus” necessary for entry into the “main”

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Kadcyla is a drug approved in February of 2013 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat advanced breast cancer. Genentech, the company that developed the drug, created it by combining the breast cancer drug Herceptin with a powerful toxin designed to target the cancer cells (Pollack). Kadcyla works because it links the toxin to a protein called monoclonal antibodies; these antibodies attach themselves to the tumors and deliver the toxin to the tumor (Pollack). Side effects of the treatment are reduced because the toxin does not become active until the antibody attaches itself to the tumor. This

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Mammography Adherence: A Qualitative Study (Watson-Johnson et al., 2011).
Mammography is a procedure that entails using radiation for early detection of breast cancer in women to facilitate proper management after diagnosis. Despite its proven efficacy in reducing breast cancer-related deaths and a pronounced increase in its use among women between 1987 and 2000, a sharp decline has been noticed in adherence to its continued use. Watson-John et al. in this study aims at uncovering the cause of this sharp decline in usage of mammography by various categories of women who have used it in the past.
In designing the

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