Essays on Breast Cancer

Article review of MRI utilization in Newly diagnosed Breast cancer: a survey of practicing surgeons

In this article, Parker, Schroen and Brenin present the findings of a study they conducted on breast surgeons to determine the practice beliefs which surround the use of MRI in newly diagnosed breast cancer. They state that even though there are guidelines which support the use of MRI in high risk screening, there no guidelines to facilitate the use of MRI in newly diagnosed cancer. They state that breast MRI can identify a disease which is not seen under normal diagnosis procedures such as mammography, frequently leading to a change in surgical therapy. Accordingly, the optimal utility for breast MRI in a group ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

The assessment of risk for a project of fundraising for Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation charity is best identified by SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is a method applied for managing areas of risk and planning, as well as highlight areas within the project, which can be maximized for the benefit of the entire project. SWOT can also be used in specific areas in which competitive advantage can be gained.

SWOT is an important planning tool that assists anchor fundraising project in its context through highlighting risks. For example, competition from rival firms, resource shortages, as well as identifying or recognizing the ...

Mental illness; SAMHSA and the ad council launch national campaign to raise awareness about mental health problems in Hispanic/Latino communities. (2010). Marketing Weekly News, 395.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, SAMHSA announced the launch of the campaign that was aimed ate enlightening the public on the issues pertaining to mental health. In collaboration with the Advertising Council, SAMHSA aimed at using the campaign to promote the process of recovery from mental health and its related ailments. The campaign target was the Latino/Hispanic community, especially the adults. The culturally targeted activity sought to motivate a number of ...

Breast cancer is inevitable and it is the most common cancer next to skin cancer. According to statistics, 1 out of 8 women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will have an approximate 240,000 new cases of diagnosis related to breast cancer in the United States .

Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

No study have proven the direct cause of having a breast cancer, however, there are numerous risk factor identified related to the disease. Among the risk factors of breast cancer include age, gender and heredity. As women age, the risk of having breast cancer increases. ...

For a female undergoing treatment for breast cancer, maintaining a healthy breast cancer diet is paramount. This is because during this time, the body works hard in fighting the illness as well as repairing healthy cells that could be have been damaged by radiation treatments and chemotherapy. As such, good nutrition keeps a woman strong, helps the body in rebuilding tissue and helps the body in dealing with the treatment’s side effects. It is important that a woman with breast cancer eat a variety of foods.

These include fruits, breads and grains, vegetables and dairy products. High-protein foods such as fish, chicken or beans ...

1. Personal perspective of the future of epidemiological research

Epidemiology is a wide and diverse field that requires a researcher to narrow down to one of the several paths. My perspective of the future epidemiological research has to do with medical research. There are several emerging infectious and noninfectious disease that continue to threaten the very existence of the human race. Of particular interest, the so called lifestyle disease such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, obesity and many others, have an immense impact on the quality of human life due to the fact that many reports indicate that the prevalence of these diseases (once thought to be diseases of old ...

Diagnostic Tools

Mammography is a diagnostic test used for examining breasts with low-energy X-rays to detect breast cancer early. The mammogram uses ionizing radiation and creates images, which are then analyzed by radiologists to detect abnormal tissue growth. If a woman tests positive for breast cancer, the image will display microcalcifications or characteristic masses. However, the effectiveness of mammography is often disputed through clinical trials.

According to Gøtzsche and Nielsen (2009), the application of mammography reduces breast cancer mortality by 15 percent, but it also results in 30 percent increases in overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The sensitivity of mammographic readings has not been ...

Moon and Bates (1993) developed an approach of measuring the competitor performance. They came up with four main stages of analysis commonly referred to as the CORE analysis. CORE is an acronym name which refers to context, overview, ratios and evaluation. The strategic management accounting plays a very significant role in providing financial information about the main sources of gaining competitive advantage of a company. It involves two main aspects. The computation of the key internal financial ratios of the company is the first main issue. The second issue involves assessment of the external information that may pose a threat to the ...

A black lesbian woman who was diagnosed with cancer in her breast wrote this article. She had to have an operation to remove the cancerous tumors in her breast. Weeks of great fear and worry of what would become of her became her source of strength to speak out. For years, she was silent about her sexuality and convictions in life. Her greatest fears were rejection, judgment and the challenges that accompany the truth. She thought that once she spoke up people would judge her based on her color, gender, and sexuality. However, the few weeks of agony and ...

Cancer is a term used to define a class of various diseases that entail irregular cell growth resulting in some forms of malignant tumors. When the malignant cells form in one part of the body, they affect the neighboring cells although the diseases can affect tissues far from the place that the cancerous tumor has developed. Recently, cases of cancers have been on the rise, and the reasons behind this could be pollution of the environments, lack of exercises, poor dietary habits, and consumption of carcinogenic substances. Cancer comes in various forms, and if detected early enough most of them are ...

Technological innovation in the present times has been the talk of the day cutting across all the fields concerning humankind. Technology, particularly in the medical field has proved to be very crucial in the refinement of health practices. The new technology is making challenging disease less and less of a threat. “Scentsory DiagNose” is a medical technology that makes use of microsensors. Microsensors are tiny electronic gadgets that are capable of identifying bodily, or biomedical signals by use of scent that can later be analyzed on a computer. The results can in turn be used to get health solutions on a number ...

Hormone replacement therapy can be simply defined as all the medications that contain female hormones for the replacement of those hormones that a female body does not manufacture after menopause. This therapy is a standard treatment to cure menopause symptoms. Although there are some benefits related with HRT, a majority of doctors are less likely to recommend this therapy as the concerns associated with it are much hazardous (especially for elder women). On the other hand, it could prove as a better option for certain women who have low risk factors (Cabot, 1995).

Risks of Hormone Therapy

At the same time as Hormone Replacement Therapy helps a majority ...

Breast cancer can be referred to as a cancer type that originates from breast tissue, mostly from the milk ducts’ inner lining or the lobules, which supply the ducts with milk (Sariego, 2010). Cancers arising from ducts are called ductal carcinomas, as those from lobules are called lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer affects humans, as well as other mammals. Breast cancer also affects in men. Breast cancer occurs due to an environmental factor’s interaction with a host that is genetically susceptible. Normal cells undergo division as many times as required and stop. They get attached to other cells where they ...

The National Football League (NFL) is an American football league made of one of the major professional sports leagues in North America. The league constitutes of 32 teams which are equally divided between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The league has its highest professional level running for a 17 weeks season. The league consists of various forms of competition with winners of different competitions are awarded accordingly. Six of the 32 teams; where four are from division winners and two from wild-card teams, compete in playoffs to win a Super Bowl, which is played between ...

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancer prevalent in the modern world. According to the Journal of national Comprehensive Cancer Network, the author Therese B. Bevers, (2009) clearly states that Women in the United States have an increased risk of breast cancer. The incidents and the mortality due to breast cancer has also drastically increased in past decade. Thus considering all above statistics, it is very clear that breast cancer is a grave disease. However, ...

- Cell Culture and Cell Lines: Three breast cancer cell lines: CAL120, EVSAT and MDA-MB-231, were cultured individually, in RRMI 1640 supplemented with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 100U/ml Penicillin, 100U/ml Streptomycin and L-Glutamine. The cells were cultured and maintained in an incubator at 370C supplied with 5% CO2. For subsequent experiments, the cells were further cultured till confluence, in 6 well and 96 well plates using RPMI+20%FBS. 1.2 Treatment of Cells: For treatment, 1x106 cells were seeded in 6 well culture plates, and incubated for 24 hrs. After 24 hours, the old media ...

According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is a malignant tumour originating from the cells of the breast. The cancerous cells usually multiply and invade other tissues surrounding the breast. Majority of the malignant tumours start in the cells lining the lobules or those lining the ducts. The tumours cause lumps in the breast. Breast cancer is most common in women. However, men too are prone to the disease. Breast cancer present with the following symptoms: lumps in the breast or armpit, painful breast, abnormal nipple discharge, and change in nipple size among others. Factors that increase one’ ...

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women. This paper focuses on the various aspects of breast cancer among women. The paper briefly examines the various treatment options available for women diagnosed with breast cancer at any stage of pregnancy. The paper further examines the risk factors to breast cancer, birth defects, and chances of relapsing after delivery, how treatments affect fertility, and Survival Rate Female/Fetus. The paper outlines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery as the main treatment options for breast cancer available for women diagnosed with breast cancer. In terms of birth defects, the paper outlines some ...

Discussion

Breast cancer continues to be the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among women. Significant variation is observed in breast cancer survival rates from one geographic area to another (Jemal et al., 2010, Curado, 2011). Interestingly, while the Middle East, along with sub-Saharan Africa and Asian countries have the lowest rates of breast cancer in the world, the incidence has been rapidly increasing over the last twenty years, as it has been with other cancers (Amoori et al., 2014). Some of the factors that play a role in early detection include improved screening practices and education (Curado, 2011). .In ...

(Author)

Regulation of Xiap Protein in Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the breast. Two most commonly reported types of breast cancer are “ductal carcinoma” and “lobular carcinoma”. Ductal carcinoma is initiated in the lining of the milk ducts, which are thin tubes involved in carrying of milk from lobules of the breast to the nipple. Ductal carcinoma can be in the form of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) as well as Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). IDC is the most commonly found type of breast cancer ...

Introduction

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 has the privilege for a regal consent on March 27, 2012 that built new public health system. It is consequently imperative to reiterate the vision of government for the fresh public role of health in domestic official bodies and, to recap the new legal structure for domestic government that strengthens that dream. The act encompasses the accountability to ensure protection of health to upper level, unitary domestic official bodies and, Secretary of State. The liabilities of critical public health lie on upper level and unitary domestic official bodies. The government issues the revived ...

Information Speech Outline on Breast Cancer

Introduction In the 21st Century, breast cancer remains one of the most dreadful diseases with effective cures yet to be discovered. It is imperative to note that breast cancer affects both men and women hence the need for information dissemination. It is my postulation that breast cancer, if detected earlier can be cured or managed to prolong the lives of its victims. Breast cancer is occasioned by a number of factors some of which are controllable. Statistics indicate a decline in the rates of infection and related deaths.

Body

Breast cancer victims or potential victims ought to be ...

God has created all creatures. It is amazing to discover that each creature is unique in its own sense and does not resemble the other creature completely. The various creatures on earth, including plants and animals differ greatly from each other on the basis of their outer morphology and inner anatomy. Humans are considered the most intelligent creatures on earth and they utilize animals extensively for research and development of inventions that may benefit the mankind in the future. It is estimated that nearly 26 million animals are used everyday for scientific and commercial testing in the USA . ...

Specific purpose: With this speech, the audience will: a) have a better understanding of the role of aluminum in deodorants/antiperspirants, b) understand the connection of aluminum to health problems, and c) know if we should worry about the use of deodorants/antiperspirants.

Introduction:

- Attention Getting Device: Who here happens to use deodorants or antiperspirants? Did you know that most deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminum (Chameides)? Well, it just so happens that there exists a connection between aluminum and some serious health problems, such as breast cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and kidney problems (Watson). But, should you worry? - Thesis: There is a connection ...

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer found in women, second only to melanoma. Although breast cancer occurs in both men and women it is far more frequently diagnosed in women. Increased awareness and support for breast cancer on a community and national level as improved the ability to detect breast cancer early, and to diagnose type of cancer accurately and quickly has led to new treatments and increased survival rates.

Background Information

Breast cancer is a type of malignancy that begins in the breast tissue. There are two primary kinds of breast cancer. The first, called ductal carcinoma, forms in ...

In medical terms, breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor whose growth begins in the breast cells. Malignancy of tumors refers to that bunch of cancerous cells in the breast that are capable of not only growing in the specific cells, but also have the ability to invade the surrounding tissue and metastasize or spread to distant parts of the body. However, most often, breast cancer lumps are benign. This means that they are not cancerous or in other words cannot spread to other areas in the body. Although this disease is known to affect women, there have been a ...

Introduction

Cancer is a chronic disease in which there is out of control growth of cells. There are over hundred types of cancer, and each type is distinct with the rest in the sense that particular human cells are affected initially.Breast cancer affects the breast tissues, mostly the inner lining of the ducts or lobules supplying milk to ducts (Cedolini et al. 2014). Cancers having their origin in ducts are called duct carcinomas and those having their origin in lobules are referred as lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer is commonly prevailing and alarmingly high incidences of this disease in women all over ...

Introduction

In multicellular organisms, the cell divisions occur under the control of strict control of internal and external signals. However, cancer involves an uncontrolled growth of cells. The branch of medicine that deals with the study of cancer and tumors is known as oncology. A tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body while, malignant tumors can spread from the original site known as the primary site to other organs establishing secondary tumors. According to their tissue of origin, cancers are classified as ...

Introduction

Breast cancer affects the breast tissue. There are two forms of this cancer: one type originates from the ducts and is commonly known as ductal carcinoma while that which originates in the lobules is termed as lobular carcinoma. In women, breast cancer accounts for over 22 percent of all cancers (Suter & Marcum, 2007). The molecular underpinnings of breast cancer are very complex and have different cellular pathways particularly those of cell growth and proliferation. Examples of these pathways include MAPK; TP53; P13K/AKAT/mTOR and RB/E2F (Suter & Marcum, 2007). At the molecular level, these pathways are a representation of molecular mechanisms ...

Abstract

This study was meant to find out the level of understanding of the various aspects of breast cancer in the society especially concerning its causes and the susceptible group. A survey was conducted and it was noted that there was some awareness about breast cancer in the society, however, it was not adequate. The study, therefore, also seeks to bring to light the approaches that have been proposed to combat the disease before it metastasizes.

Introduction

Cancer is a group of diseases collectively characterized by the multiplication of body cells that are no longer controlled by the body. There are several ...

Johannes Smith,

Ohio Medical Practitioners, Radiotherapist 641 Lancers Street

Texas, USA 99999

Hannington Roberts Federal Awarding Agency, Manager 3743 Main Street,

Tokyo, USA 99999.

Dear Sir, Ref: Thanking You for Your Proposal It is through my sincere regard that I would like to share with you the feedback of thanks that have been given to our agency concerning the proposal we submitted for consideration to Federal Award Agency. They have appreciated you so much for you effort and sacrifice for drafting the proposal and putting your hope in them. Their detailed analysis and experience will have a great importance to our future progress ...

Op-Ed

Testing minor children for breast cancer risk needs to be a public policy for all children who have risk characteristics. We need to take advantage of all opportunities to help a child lead the healthiest life possible. It is our duty as members of society. It does take a village to raise a child after all. A village includes families and the medical community. Public policy can be developed and initiated to make sure children from age 16 to 25 have an opportunity to test for BRCA1/BRCA2. All cancers begin due to genetic mutations. Mutations are changes in DNA cells. Some changes ...

Question 1

Currently, medical practitioners recommend that women, especially those aged between 50 and 74 years, should to go for mammography screening on a routine basis. This is very crucial since women who are at risk of breast cancer may benefit from the early screening and diagnosis. It is also recommended that they are screened since they may benefit from the risk reduction strategies that are already existent. The frequency of screening is normally recommended annually to minimize risks. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a screening method used in prostate cancer screening. Some agencies such as USPSTF recommend an annual check-up for men ...

Breast cancer is harmful to women and men, can lead to the loss of a breast or can be fatal. Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that originates from the tissues of the breast especially the inner lining of the milk duct or lobules that are involved in the supply of milk to the ducts (Sariego). Breast cancer just like the other cancers takes place through an interaction between environmental factors and the host who is genetically susceptible. Normal cells usually become cancerous after losing their ability to stop the division process. Breast cancer is divided into two main ...

Article review

This article describes in detail the experiences of women suffering from breast cancer with chemotherapy treatments. Some of the problematic experiences explained are, problems with body image, negative emotions, depression, social dysfunction and physical problems. Breast cancer patients also experience dysfunction in sexual relationships, marriage and family dysfunction. The authors have also provided good information on the method of data analysis and collection used in the article (Nizamli et al , 2011). The article also purports that vitamin C and E supplements are helpful in the protection of some side effects of anticancer drugs. However, the authors do not ...

INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer is a global health threat due to its frequent nature with a frequency of 30% amongst other types of cancer. In women, breast cancer comes second in causing cancer related deaths. Despite these known facts, there are several incidences with the current research showing that it has been increasing for the past two decades. (Suhail, 2012) Breast cancer diagnosis and its treatment cause numerous psychological and physical effects on women. These include inability to perform roles in the family, social dysfunction, chemotherapy (sometimes with acute consequences), depressive symptoms and negative emotions amongst other effects. When one is diagnosed ...

Malignancy of the breast is the most common cancer in women after melanoma and it is responsible for about one-third of all cancers in women. Mortality because of the cancer is on the decline in the United States due to better detection and treatment. Breast cancer is a disease of epithelial cells that line the ducts of the breast. It is a clonal disease, meaning that a single transformed cell that eventually expresses full malignant potential causes it. Therefore, it may exist for a long period before it becomes invasive and metastatic. (Harrisons, 2008, p.563) Park, et al, are affiliated with Massachusetts ...

Breast cancer is a disease of epithelial cells that line the ducts of the breast. Malignancies of the breast are some of the most common cancers in women (aside from skin cancer) and are responsible for up to one-third of all cancers in women. Mortality because of the cancer is on the decline in the United States due to better detection and treatment. Breast cancer is a clonal disease, meaning that a single transformed cell that eventually expresses full malignant potential causes it. Therefore, it may exist for a long period before it becomes invasive and metastatic (Harrisons, 2008, p.563) The major ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

WHI Trial (Writing Group for the WHI Investigators; JAMA)

What was the main objective of the WHI study? Assesment of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the US for health benefits and risks When and why was the subject enrollmentstopped early (specific statistical reason)? After 5.2 years. This was due to harm from the breast cancer.

What was the design of the trial?

16608 postmenopausal women underwent the study over 8.5 years

Who monitored the “double-blind” data? How often?

Safety monitoring board.Monitored semiannually.

How many women: screened, randomized, assigned to either arm?

373092 – Screened, 16606 – Randomized, 8506 – Estrogen, 8102- Placebo Why was the dose of E 0.625 mg/day and P 2.5 mg/day in a single tablet chosen?

Highest amount without damaging the subjects

Why was an “intact uterus” necessary for entry ...

Kadcyla is a drug approved in February of 2013 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat advanced breast cancer. Genentech, the company that developed the drug, created it by combining the breast cancer drug Herceptin with a powerful toxin designed to target the cancer cells (Pollack). Kadcyla works because it links the toxin to a protein called monoclonal antibodies; these antibodies attach themselves to the tumors and deliver the toxin to the tumor (Pollack). Side effects of the treatment are reduced because the toxin does not become active until the antibody attaches itself to the tumor. This means that healthy ...

Mammography Adherence: A Qualitative Study (Watson-Johnson et al., 2011). Mammography is a procedure that entails using radiation for early detection of breast cancer in women to facilitate proper management after diagnosis. Despite its proven efficacy in reducing breast cancer-related deaths and a pronounced increase in its use among women between 1987 and 2000, a sharp decline has been noticed in adherence to its continued use. Watson-John et al. in this study aims at uncovering the cause of this sharp decline in usage of mammography by various categories of women who have used it in the past. In designing the methodology ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a type of disease where certain breast cells develop abnormally mostly in the milk ducts and lobules leading to formation of tumors. The exact cause of breast cancer is a topic that has flavored many debates and researches but still remains unknown. However a plethora of research has established that certain risk factors have a direct linkage with breast cancer. Breast cancer related risk factors are wide and varied and may include lifestyle choices like smoking/ diet or factors that are beyond the control of a person like gender, age or family history. It is however worth noting from the start ...

Introduction

“Breast cancer is classified by diverse schemata.” Explains; Ivan. &. Lakhmi. (2010) “every phase influence treatment reaction and prognosis. The breast cancer can be categorized in different stages by; pathology, receptor status, grade and the presence. The initial stage (stage 0) is a pre-malignant disease or marker. The second stage (stages 1-3) this are early cancer which is potentially curable. The last stage is called the advanced stage (stage 4) it is also called metastatic cancer. At this stage the cancer is incurable.” (Ivan. &. Lakhmi. 2010)

Ivan & Lakhimi (2010) further explains that “the initial symptom ...

Abstract

Obesity and breast cancer are key health issues for American women. Obesity has approximately reached epidemic percentages in the United States and is more widespread among American women. The breast cancer mortality rate persists to mount in Americans. A review of the recent literature was conducted to bring into focus the relationship of these two health problems as they relate to American women. The review is separated into three subjects, obesity prevalence and incidence, breast cancer incidence and mortality and the relationship between obesity and breast cancer. The two studies reviewed are facts of a connection between obesity and breast ...

1.0 Introduction Breast cancer is a type of disease where certain breast cells develop abnormally mostly in the milk ducts and lobules leading to formation of tumors. The exact cause of breast cancer is a topic that has flavored many debates and researches but still remains unknown. However a plethora of research has established that certain risk factors have a direct linkage with breast cancer. Breast cancer related risk factors are wide and varied and may include lifestyle choices like smoking/ diet or factors that are beyond the control of a person like gender, age or family history. It is however worth noting ...

Introduction

Data by the US Institute of Medicine indicates that the number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer yearly stands at an alarming figure of two hundred and fifty thousand. It further shows that breast cancer claims forty thousand lives each year 1. The aforementioned statistics coupled with the fact that current research estimates on the probability of a woman developing breast cancer during the course of her lifetime stand at one out of eight women are the factors that prompted my interest in writing on this particular topic. This paper will therefore focus on the symptoms and treatment of breast ...

Introduction

Cancer is a huge problem of all mankind. We know that this is the second disease after cardiovascular diseases in terms of mortality. Currently, a lot of research is conducted to understand the reasons for which there is a cancer, find a cure and to develop methods of prevention. Nevertheless, the problem of cancer has been and remains a priority for the medical community. In developed countries, there is a tendency to reduce the increase in the incidence and mortality from cancer. The main increase in deaths from the disease occurs in developing countries. There are more than 100 types of cancer that can ...

Method of obtaining necessary approval

The plan needs support and high levels of corporation from everyone in the organization. Therefore, there are numerous ways i can use to obtain the necessary support from the managers and fellow staff Members. Some of the methods that can be used to gain their support and total commitment to the project include writing a rough draft on the proposed project and then presenting it to the management in an effort to get their support. This will help in gaining and bringing it to their attention the need to undertake the projects. The other methods that can be used is doing ...

Psychosocial assessment of a patient diagnosed with breast cancer

Introduction

About two hundred and fifty thousand women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year with more than forty thousand dying of the disease each year (US Institute of Medicine, 2008). The diagnosis of a patient with breast cancer is more often than not a life changing event because the diagnosis adversely impacts on the physical well being of the patient whilst posing a significant threat on the patient’s psychosocial well being (Schmid-Buchi et al., 2008). Patients diagnosed with breast cancer experience a wide array of emotions ranging from denial, anxiety, fear, depression, shock, amongst others that put them at risk of ...

According to Clark and Fallowfield (2002), breast cancer covers a wide variety of disease patterns. A malignant tumor is the most common characteristic of breast cancer. Some patients normally feel a lump in their breast while others react by becoming ill with the disease spreads elsewhere in the body. There are different types of breast cancers that affect the breast (Hunt et al, 2007). These include intraductal carnicoma (referred to as Ductal carnicoma in situ), which is the most common type of breast cancer. Additional breast cancer types are Lobular carnicoma in situ, the Invasive ductal carniocma and the Invasive lobular ...

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is cancer, which emanates from the breast tissues, normally the lobules, or the milk ducts. The one which starts from the milk ducts are identified as ductal carcinomas whereas the one which starts from the lobules are identified as lobular carcinomas (Saunders & Jassal, 2009). After lung cancer, breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer across the globe. Although it is a women disease, close to 1% of its cases are reported in men.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

The most significant causes of breast cancer include the advancing age and hereditary factors. A woman whose daughter, mother or sister has the ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides in length) comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate (modulate) gene expression (Wiemer, 2007, p.1529; Zhang et al., 2006, p.9136; Garzon et al., 2009, p.168). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006, p.131). Currently, 4167 miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007, p.1530).

The miRNA genes are dispersed across the genome in gene clusters or as single genes. At least 50% of the miRNA genes are ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate gene expression (Wiemer, 2007; Garzon et al., 2009). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006). Currently, 4167miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007). MicroRNAs are crucial for the development of vertebrates due to the fact that depletion of the components of the miRNA processing pathway, or interfering with maturation of miRNAs, is not compatible with life (Wiemer, 2007). The miRNA ...

Abstract

Cancer is an abnormal condition characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and spread of cells, such as in the colon, rectum, lung, breast and prostate. Cancer is caused by both external risk factors (physical inactivity, obesity, and radiation and chemicals exposure) and internal factors (innate mutations, and immune and hormonal aberrations). Cancer can remain dormant for ten years following contagion for it to manifest itself. Cancer is managed through surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy-where various drugs are used. Cancer death rate shows a disparity since higher deaths are reported in populations of low socioeconomic status than the well-off populace. Cancer infections also show ...

In the given case the nurse should ask the following questions in addition to the ones already asked, regarding the pain. If the pain radiates to any other organ, if there is any relation between the pain and the menstrual cycle of the patient? If the pain increases before or during the menses, if there is any family history of such pains, especially in the maternal side, if anyone in the family has a history of breast cancer, or if she is pregnant or not.

Some of the important causes of breast pain which should be borne in the ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

Introduction

Malaria is major life threatening disease, transmitted through mosquitoes and caused by parasites. Plasmodium virus causes malaria in humans. A recent study and WHO Statistics revealed that around 625,000 individuals died because of Malaria in the year 2012. Malaria has affected more than 200 million people in over 75 countries in the past 50 years. The sub-Saharan Africa covering to about 50% of malarial cases alone. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was introduced in the year 1874. The insecticidal properties of DDT was discovered in the year 1935 and has been used worldwide ever since. Many early studies had revealed the ...

Abstract

Alcohol abuse related problems contribute to numerous deaths in the United States. These involve heath and non-health related circumstances. This paper reviews alcohol related problems in a deeper perspective. It analyzes the psychological toils that prevail in an individual who abuses alcohol. Secondly, it analyzes the advanced stage of alcohol abuse which is alcohol addiction. The problems encountered by an alcoholic and the symptoms are listed to act as guidelines when analyzing an alcohol dependent individual. The psychological implications of excessive consumptions of alcohol are discussed and it is advised that if people must engage in drinking, they should only ...