Essays on Magnetic Resonance

Abstract

Healthcare providers and physical therapist involved in the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders, the inclusion of an imaging modality would enhance and improve medical diagnosis of such conditions. Based on current evidence, the implementation of physical therapy is highly recommend before the inclusion of an imaging modality. In such cases, physical therapist would require a robust, comprehensive, and feasible diagnostic imaging modality. In the US, there is an increase in demand for physical therapist which enables them to practice in over 45 states. The privilege of imaging referral or inclusion of imaging modalities as an adjunct to screening ...

Purpose

The objective was to remove all doubts about the treatment of multiple sclerosis not being able to work for both men and women, whose domiciles are different. Comparisons for the treatment being given in two countries were to be made, with the aim of finding the similarities of drugs used, which work and which ones do not, as well as the differences between those regimens used. Through the differences, similarities, advantages and disadvantages uncovered from drugs obtained from two countries, the project sought to give male patients suffering from multiple sclerosis the ability to make sound and informed decisions ...

Thesis

Improved Detection and Characterization of Obscured Central Gland Tumors of the Prostate:

requirementsRequirements for the degree of

2016

©2016 by All rights reserved Approved by First Reader Boris Nicolas Bloch, M.D.

Associate Professor of Radiology and

Director of Bioimaging Science Second Reader Kevin Thomas, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Bioimaging and Health Emergency

DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my patient spouse Landry, my wonderful children Charlie and Phoenix, and my dog Armani. (Delete this page if you don't need it. Be sure to delete all the text on the page, and the page break after it, not the section break before it. To see the section and page breaks, ...

Chapter I: Introduction

In the United States, Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy after lung cancer in men with an incident of 126 per 100,000 people. The American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that the number of new cases of men diagnosed with PCa by 2016 will be an approximately 180,890 cases. PCa is still considered as the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Also, the ACS added that the estimation for death will occur from PCa is 26,120 deaths in 2016. Today, many studies stated that mortality rate is gradually decreasing compared with the ...

The manifestation of cancer begins when the cells in the body multiply out of control. There are various kinds of cancer with each type starting with the out-of control rapid growth of cells. In most cases, the rapid multiplication of the abnormal cells leads to the growth of tumors. Tumors can either be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are neither cancerous nor life threatening due to the fact that they do not move to other body parts. Malignant tumors cause cancer and are capable of spreading to other body parts close to the tumor. Malignant tumors are capable of ...

Health abnormlities of several kind require a thorough assessment in terms of management. With the technical advancements, medical field had evolved to simplify the complex assesssment tasks. For instance, medical imaging has come up to make feasible the analyis of body parts through the production of images. There is a need to know much about this particualr area. In such context, the present description deals with a topic Magentic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of the remal artery with a special emphasis on the 3D gradient echo sequencing in MRI. Briefly, magnetic resoannce angiography constitutes a kind of MRI (magnetic resonance ...

Vaccination for children

It is better to prevent it than to cure it. That is the advocacy of all the health organizations throughout the world. Vaccines are a type of weapon that can be used in order to shield oneself from the known diseases, and sometimes, with diseases that have yet to find remedy to them. A vaccine is a biological agent that is injected to our bodies in order to provide immunity to their corresponding ailment (WHO, n.d.). Nowadays, more and more diseases are discovered with the advancement of technology. However, not all are able to find the cure for all ...

Medical Equipment: MRI Machine

Over the past few years, technology has advanced significantly in almost all fields. The medical field has witnessed comprehensive technological advancement. It can be attributed to different factors, such as an increase in complicated diseases that call for comprehensive examinations and need for efficiency in medical operation. One of such products of technology in the medical field is the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. The equipment presents a lot of benefits to patients and the overall medical fraternity. MRI technology has advanced rapidly over the past few years. The current paper discusses the significance of MRI machine, the types ...

Biomedical engineering is a discipline that encompasses engineering field and medical field in order to solve pertinent problems. It bridges the gap between medicine and engineering. The products of this endeavour include the design and development of therapeutic and diagnostic devices, prostheses, imaging equipment such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) etc. The field of biomedical engineering thus has three main specialization areas which are (i) biomechanics, (ii) tissue and cellular engineering and (iii) imaging. These specialization areas are explained further in the following sections of this paper. i. Biomechanics Biomechanics is the study of mechanics in the human body ( ...

Impulsive Behavior Among Teenagers

Teenagers behave erratically when a massive transformation triggered by the sudden bout of hormonal changes takes place in their body and minds. They often contradict their actions. A teenager may secure top scores in school and be the best at whatever she or he does, but the same teenager might show a complete irresponsible behavior by taking things like not driving while drunk or not texting while driving casually and ends up in an accident. It often makes adults wonder how come teenagers who apparently seem to be responsible, smart and accomplished in their behavior could be so irresponsible and reckless ...

Gliosis, a process of neural scarring, is considered to be the characteristic feature of neuronal degeneration (Holtman C). Research across last few decades has shown conflicting results with respect to gliosis being present or absent in schizophrenic brains.

A couple of decades ago, Stevens and colleagues reported gliosis in approximately 70% of their schizophrenic brain cases (Stevens, 1982). Around the same time, some other research by Roessmann showed that gliosis injury to the brain resulting in schizophrenia can occur as early as the 20th week of intrauterine life (Roessman, 1986). In a separate research, Roberts GW concluded that injury to ...

Introduction

The field of medicine and pharmacy has over the recent past experienced tremendous growth with technological improvements making pharmacy and the analysis of drugs and characteristics of drugs much simpler. Drug analysis is a fundamental aspect of drug development. It is not confined to making improvements to drug but also assessing quality to ascertain their fitness for human consumption. Drugs are chemical compounds that are affected by a number of factors including temperature, moisture and contaminants among others. For this reason, technology has provided an analytical tool for analyzing the drugs.

Following the introduction of spectroscopy about half a century ago, ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

Animal research is inevitable in the present world as we seek to make advances in the development of medicine and improvement of human health. I support the use of animals in research albeit in very considerate and humane ways, with specific avoidance of torture of the animals or break the laws governing animal handling. This point of view is informed by the readings of this assignment. There are indeed many ethical issues that are associated with the use of animals in research. That notwithstanding, there are also several benefits of using the animals in the research and hence the ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI refers to a technique of medical imaging that is used in radiology in visualizing in details the structure of the organs in the body. MRI utilizes nuclear magnetic resonance property to image the nuclei of atoms that are in the body. A patient lies within a powerful and large magnet where a strong magnetic field generated by the magnet is used to align atomic nuclei magnetization in the body. Radio frequency magnetic fields are then applied in order to systematically alter the magnetic alignment. This results to the production of a rotating magnetic field by the nuclei that can ...

Structural imaging of the living human brain represents certain measurement techniques that can display anatomical information of the brain. These measurements techniques include X-ray, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT). computed Tomography scanning builds up a picture of the brain based on the differential absorptions of X-rays (Laureys & Tononi, 2011). It takes advantage of the fact that X-rays reflect the relative density of the tissue through which they pass (Laureys & Tononi, 2011). It uses computational techniques to provide visual images of the living human brain through passing of the X-rays at different angles. The major ...

I am a Magnetic Resonance Imaging technician (MRI Technician). My career involves using magnetic fields and radio waves to get images of tissues and systems of organs in order to search for or diagnose illnesses. My job entails preparing patients for MRIs, management of schedules, reporting and interpreting findings to doctors. I work in a hospital. In addition to the mentioned duties, I also move heavy equipment and assist patients to get into position for the procedure. Like any other job, being an MRI technician comes with a myriad of challenges and ethical dilemmas. Most imaging departments are always busy. We ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder related to Central Nervous System; it affects brain and spinal cord. Primary MS symptoms include tingling, weakness, numbness, and hazy vision. While some other signs are linked to thinking problems, muscular stiffness, body balancing during walk and urinary problems. Multiple sclerosis is manifested morphologically by inflammation and primary demyelination of neurons. The dispersed inflammatory lesions are distinguished by immense permeation of varied cellular mediators of the immune system that includes T and B cells, macrophages and microglia. ...

This paper seeks to establish the use of technology in the investigation of cognitive processes. Cognitive processes are the mental functions of intuition, sensing, feeling and thinking. These functions divide along the lines of; processes of perception and processes of judgment. Sensory and intuitive processes help the brain in perceiving the environment and collecting information. Thinking and feeling processes apply in making appropriate decisions as may be required of the situation. Owing to the immense value of cognitive Processes to humanity, it is important that they are apparent. The use of technology has changed the manner in which ...

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Introduction

Radiographic treatments are based on the novel concepts of three-dimensional anatomy along with cross-sectional anatomy. The advancement in the art of computer science proposes the enhanced knowledge about the human body organized in a stronger and conceptual way. This is a computer’s era where dealing with plain text has become outdated. Knowledge engineering facilitates the designing and creation of symbolic information in a much more steady and supple manner. Computer graphics crafts the realistic interactive three-dimensional (3D) models of human anatomy and physiology. CT and MR provided information ...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights ...

Abstract

Shaping is the process used to develop a terminal behaviour through reinforcing its successive approximations systematically and differentially. Successive approximations refer to the building blocks of the eventual behaviour. Shaping is applied in various contexts that can range from using shaping to teach children how to use contact lenses, how behaviour analysis can influence people with intellectual disabilities. Also, it used to study the performance track of athletes, and how to eliminate autism in children. Moreover, shaping is also applicable in helping people quit smoking and teach self-initiated toileting among children. The authors provide various agreements to advance their research, ...

[Class Name]

Since the beginning of science, humans have always marveled around the human body. They have especially been interested in the human body and how it works. One such marvel is that of the autopsy. Post-mortem bodies have been examined and discovered ever since the Egyptian period when mummification practices led to organs being removed and studied. Since then autopsies have been performed as a means of diagnosing and determining causes of death. They have also been used as court evidence, as autopsies are performed to determine cause of death and other ailments that may have occurred. Recently, a method ...

- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT - Aims and objectives The health risk assessment of MRI is incomplete yet and a number of gaps in our knowledge about the ill-effects of MRI have been identified. The effects of exposure to static fields above 8 T are not known. Only a little is known about the increased sensitivity of some people to CNS stimulation by the electric fields in switched gradient fields. There are concerns about the increased heat loads on infants and pregnant women. Hence, well-targeted research is required to complete the health risk assessment (Health Protection Agency, 2008). ...

Ball State University: Nursing 101

(Interventional) Radiology

Introduction

The application of principles of physics has led to technical advancements and the development of new techniques in the field of radiology. This has been a major factor which has revolutionized the diagnosis as well as a therapeutic approach in clinical medicine. Various improvements in medical imaging techniques involving the transition from analogue to digital imaging and continued developments in communication technology have together improved the processing capabilities of computers and generated a quantum leap in the area of micro instruments and molecular biology .Various enhancements in the field of radiology have led to immense benefits such as higher quality ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...

Introduction

Human brain is a complex organ and so are its diseases. Over the years numerous techniques, devices and processes have been developed that can help us to correctly access and diagnose the problem areas and provide solutions to them (14). Computer controlled delivery of carbon dioxide is a method that is conducted with the help of a gas blender that works to supply and alter carbon dioxide to the brain creating tensions in the brain (10) (16).

Carbon dioxide challenge

Changes in the carbon dioxide tensions in the brain are capable of sufficiently affecting the Brain and its functioning (1) . Due to increased carbon dioxide ...

Introduction

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and death in children and adolescents in the world today. It is a condition that involves head injuries that are attributed in pediatric deaths and disability across the world. This condition physically affects the pediatric population in different ways than adults. It all depends with the differences in body size and proportion. It brings about anatomic and physiologic differences in children such as greater head to body ratio, thinner cranial bones which offer less protection to the brain, increased vulnerability of brain cells due to less maturity, ...

Introduction

The complex mysteries of the brain have been the subject of constant debate, intrigue and controversy for many years. Over the last few decades, the mysteries on the working of the brain have started to be more clearly understood. Neuropsychology is at the forefront of making this possible through technological advancements in imaging. Neuropsychology is the study of how the brain and its complex components impact on behavior (Hartlage, Lawrence and Long 3). Neuropsychology also comprises of studying how behavior is affected by brain function. In this science, the function of the brain is evaluated through objective testing of ...

Executive summary

This piece examines ten departments in the hospital that have contributed to the milestones achieved this year. These departments include Dermatology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radiology and Imaging Orthopedics, and Neurology. This piece describes common diseases seen, significant procedures and services, relevant diagnostic services and the specialty teams in each department.

Introduction

In this fiscal year, the hospital departments have demonstrated excellent performance that has transcended the strategic plan. Under the leadership of the chief executive officer, this hospital has attained its vision and mission that aim to be responsive to client needs through the provision ...

Introduction

There are many techniques that are being used today to examine the functionality of the human brain. Most of the current technologies emerged in early 1990s. Some of the technologies that are used for brain imaging include; computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), event-related potentials (ERPs) and magnetoncephalography (MEG). This paper will look at the history of these techniques used for brain imaging(Katz & Alexander 1994). 1895 – 1900 Early uses of brain imaging The process of imaging human dieses started in 1895 following the discovery of Wilhelm Roentagen. He was a physicist that ...

Introduction

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is referred to as a test that makes use of the magnetic field as well as the radio waves in order to produce the pictures of organs of the body. It also produces the structures of the of the body (Pettersson 1998). It has been found out that MRI normally produces pictures of the organ of the body in a very different manner. However, it differs with some techniques such as X-ray, ultrasound or computed tomography. MRI again can produce some problems which might otherwise not be found using other techniques already mentioned. Image quality of MRI ...

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine benefits of ultrasound over MRI as an imaging modality for assessing fetal brain. This study establishes that these two imaging modalities mainly play matching roles. Several differences exist in relation to the laws, abilities, technology and guidelines governing abortion. These differences have a significant effect on how pathologists use prenatal imaging in their treatment procedures. Based on the roles that each method plays and other predetermined factors, a person has to select the most suitable and applicable imaging modality. The benefits and confines of the two imaging modalities when establishing a fetal brain are ...

MRI is an imaging system that is applied in radiology in visualizing the interior composition of the human anatomy in fine details. The MRI process in medical practice uses the properties of magnetic resonance in creating images of the nuclei of the body cells and as a result it creates a detailed image of the body structure as compared to the X-rays. The MRI technique has had a rapid development within the field of medicine since the introduction of the early MRI equipment in medical care at the start of the 1980s. Consequently, by the year 2002, it is estimated that more ...

Introduction

Fourier analysis is a field of mathematics that studies how general functions can be approximated or represented by the addition of simple trigonometric functions. Fourier analysis is named after a man who proved that representing a mathematical function in the form of a sum of a trigonometric function simplifies the inquiry into heat propagation. Joseph Fourier envisioned the Fourier series, a concept from which Fourier analysis grew. Presently, vast spectrums of mathematics involve Fourier analysis as a subject. The subject spans through the field of engineering and sciences. In these two fields, Fourier analysis involves the process through which a function is decomposed into simpler functions. The ...

Introduction

It has been known that all living things have electrical charges in their bodies. These electrical charges are distributed throughout the body of an organism. In the modern physiology, it has been found out that it is possible to measure the strength of charges in the body as well as their distribution. The human body is not exempted since it contains the electrical charges as well. In addition, a number of the modern equipment used in hospitals such electrocardiogram, electromyogram, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram all depend on the distribution of electrical charges in the body so as to ...

Introduction

One of the classes of chemical complexes whose coordination chemistry has generated a lot of interest is the bidentate phosphines. This can be attributed to the fact that this class of ligands facilitates the combination of phosphorus atoms that have strong metal bonds with atoms from donor groups that are more labile in nature. Examples include Nitrogen atom from the aminophosphines donor group or an Oxygen atom from etherphosphines. This is unlike hard donors that are weak and basic like MeOH and H2O that do not have good binding with transitional metals including Rhenium. Due to this fact, complexes formed from ...

Parkinson’s disease was first described by James Parkinson in 1817 as the “shaking palsy”. A person with Parkinson’s disease suffers from continuous shaking tremors while they are at rest, a phenomenon known as “pill rolling” (Jankovic, 2008). There are several public figures that live with Parkinson’s disease including the actor Michael J. Fox, the boxer Muhammad Ali, and former Attorney General Janet Reno. While tremendous research efforts have uncovered many important aspects of this disease, it is still unclear what determines the onset of this disease. The majority of Parkinson disease cases are idiopathic, meaning that there ...

Myocardial infarction is a term that is used in the clinical setting in reference to the necrosis of a section of the myocardium which occurs as a result of the interruption of the supply of blood to the heart. This often takes place as a result of the occlusion of the coronary artery. From a pathological point of view, myocardial infarction is myocardial infarction refers to the death of the myocardial cells as a result of prolonged ischemia. It may the result of chronic heart disease or as the onset of coronary heart disease. The prolonged ischemia which triggers the death of myocardial cells ...

Neurotechnology is the science that combines advancements in medicine, gadgets and treatment to alleviate suffering in patients by learning how the brain interacts with the rest of the body. This technology also includes methodologies that are put in place to improve the functioning of the brain, consequently permitting researchers to study the brain. Neurotechnology has left an indelible mark in today’s society, but even with these advancements, some conditions have been found to affect an individual adversely even without their realization . Modernity in the science of the brain has made it possible to visualize various aspects of the ...

INTRODUCTION

Arteriovenous vascular malformation is a collection of poorly formed and abnormal arteries and veins. Though the cause is unknown, they are thought to occur due to developmental anomalies of blood vessels in utero. Compared to other blood vessels, they have an increased tendency to bleed which could be deleterious to the brain and the individual involved. Since they are poorly formed, they are not as strong as the normal vessels, hence their propensity to bleed easily.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The prevalence and incidence is not really known, the only available data are from autopsy reports which suggests around 4% incidence in the population. Autopsy ...

I. Natural Radioactivity

Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon occurring in isotopes of elements with atomic numbers 20 and higher. This takes place in isotopes of elements with unstable atomic nuclei. Radiation-emitting isotopes are called radioisotopes. When an atom has an unstable nucleus, the number of protons and neutrons are not balanced and there are either too many protons or there are too few of it. This imbalance causes the nuclei to spontaneously decompose to form a more stable nucleus. During this process, energy or particles are released and this is known as radiation. There are three types of radiation. These are either in ...

Abstract

Computed Tomography CT refers to an imaging procedure that has been popular over the last decade in the imaging of the human body. In coronary artery imaging, this procedure is called Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography (CTCA). This technique is used specifically in the imaging and assessment of the cardiac and coronary anatomy to determine if one has a coronary artery disease or to determine the extent to which the individual has been affected by the disease. This procedure is also used to evaluate the coronary arteries and their anatomy. There are also other methods or techniques that are used in ...

Imaging protocols plays an important role in both patient's management and research purposes. Major imaging systems in medical practice include: radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine (Scintigraphy, PET and SPECT), photo acoustic imaging, breast thermography, tomography and ultrasound. Most of those imaging systems play a significant role in providing a form of non-invasive diagnostic and treatment protocols. This article reviews a type of magnetic resonance imaging known as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRI is a radiological investigative technique for visualizing detailed internal structures. It allows for the production of detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. Exposing the patient to radio waves in a ...

Abstract

In this experiment, 5 mL of toluene solution was transferred in a 25 mL round bottom flask and then 0.40 g maleic anhydride and 0.4 g E, E-2, 4-hexadien-1-l added. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent to carry out a TLC analysis on the mixture produced after reaction completion mainly to determine the presence of any starting material in the mixture. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to room temperature. There was crystallization taking place as the reaction cooled, white crystals were formed. The mixture was further cooled in for 10 minutes in a water bath to promote crystallization to ...

1.0 Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...