Essays on Half Life

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Introduction

Fire in Goafs (mines) is considered to be a potential environmental and health risk throughout the globe. Although, plenty of conventional fire extinguishing methods has been proposed in the past, yet they contain side effects. The authors in propose a novel fire management system using expansion form for fighting with fire at the top of goafs. The system contains a jet device for adding foaming agent produced by foam generator. The foam is powered by water pressure and compressed gas that are intrinsically safe for operating in mines. The expansion foam propels itself upwards to extinguish fire at the ...

About the paper

The paper is commissioned to discuss the utility of the Balance Score Card, which is turning out to be a revolutionary management tool over the past 25 years of its establishment. A one of a kind management tool that balances the organizational objectives within the spectrum of financial as well as non-financial considerations, has been adopted by organizations around the world. However, the adoption of balanced scorecard does not guarantee success as it depends upon the characteristics and organizational architecture of the company that is adopting it. In this paper, we will discuss two real life scenarios citing the ...

Geography Assignment

Geography Assignment

Question one

Ernest Rutherford is a renown physicist who is known as the father of nuclear physics due to his enormous contribution in the field of radioactivity. Rutherford discovered the concepts on radioactive half-life which assisted in proving that radioactivity is involved with transmutation of a single chemical element to the other. The physicist also differentiated and named the beta and alpha radiations. Rutherford was the first person to design and undertake highly original experiments that had alternating currents as well as high frequency. In his second paper, which was about magnetic viscosity contained a description of time apparatus ...

Abstract

The research paper discusses the origin and nature of methadone, including the historical aspect of its development and further commercial and scientific use. The paper also describes the pharmacology of methadone, including the route of administration of the drug, its metabolism and its mechanism of action. Next section of the paper explains the experience in medical use of methadone, as it`s a great alternative to the painkillers based on the opiates, it plays a major role in the therapy of maintaining and replacement and treating the withdrawals syndromes. The positive effects on the pregnant patients are also described here with a ...

The Navajo Nation is a semi-autonomous nation controlled by the United States of America’s government. It is located on the northeastern portion of Arizona, southeastern part of Utah, and northwestern part of New Mexico. Among all the Native American nations under the jurisdiction of the United States, the Navajo nation has one of the largest, if not the largest, land mass. One of the highlights in this native American tribal nation is the presence of public lands that possess natural sights such as the Ship rock that offers a spectacular view of a ship-shaped rock located in San Juan country, New ...

Brief History

Controversies regarding the use of methadone have been existent over the past three decades. The use of the drug has received praise and condemnation in equal measure. The controversies have been persistent especially due to misinformation on the part of the various parties concerned; the addicts and their families, sponsors, physicians and ethnic leaders. Staff who are meant to guide addicts need to get the right information on the level of safety. The recent past has seen an increase in the number of methadone-related deaths. This is especially so in the use of the drug in combination with ...

Although Helium and Lithium only differ in one element, differ in their chemical and physical behavior. Helium is a noble gas which is found in group 18. Helium has only one electron shell which contains two electrons. The complete shell makes helium an inactive element and does not combine with other elements. Lithium, on the other hand, has three electrons meaning it has two shells. The first shell in lithium, has 2 electrons, and the second has only 1 electron. The second shell is not complete and therefore very active making lithium to combine readily with other elements. The free ...

Introduction 3

Definition and background 3 Structure and properties of Artemisinin 4 Structure 4 Properties of Artemisinin 5 Synthesis of artemisinin 5 Activation of artemisinin 7 Mechanism of Artemisinin action in the body 8 Side effect 10 Conclusion 10

References 13

- Table of Figures Figure 1: Structure of Artemisinin2 4 Figure 2: A synthetic strategy of chemical synthesis from cyclohexenone. 7,9,10 6 Figure 3: Reductive scission model: Homolytic mechanisms of bioactivation of the endoperoxide bridge of artemisinin and derivatives 8 Figure 4: Proposed mechanism for artemisinin mediated lipid ...

Analysis of NSAIDs non-selective take (Ibuprofen and Naproxen)

Health impact of many diseases leaves a potential consequence on the quality of life (QOL). The frequency at which such impact occurs could vary from one disease condition to the other. Affected individuals need to encounter physical and psychological distress. However, scientific advancements have made a progress in alleviating such problems. Especially, pharmaceutical science has become a reliable branch to cater the needs of people who suffer from illnesses. Understanding the efficacy and other properties of various drugs is important for the better therapeutic application of pharmacy. In such context, the present description deals with highlighting about Analysis of NSAID take by ...

(Author)

Regulation of Xiap Protein in Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the breast. Two most commonly reported types of breast cancer are “ductal carcinoma” and “lobular carcinoma”. Ductal carcinoma is initiated in the lining of the milk ducts, which are thin tubes involved in carrying of milk from lobules of the breast to the nipple. Ductal carcinoma can be in the form of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) as well as Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). IDC is the most commonly found type of breast cancer ...

What is nicotine?

Tobacco that basically comes from the plant known as nicotiana tabacum has been utilized for many years. It can be chewed, sniffed, or smoked. The initial depiction of tobacco addiction is contained in a New World report in which Spanish armed forces said that they were unable to quit smoking. Initially, nicotine was being used as an insecticide with its analogs still being used as insecticides currently (Yamamoto & Casida, 1999). When isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves was performed in the year 1828, scientists started researching its impacts on the body as well as brain. This research ultimately demonstrated ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

There are nearly 5 million cases of epilepsy in the United States every year. The most common and serious form of status epilepticus occurs to people with no prior history of epilepsy. About 5% of adults and 10% to 25% of children will develop this disorder every year. Infants and elderly people are at more great risk of developing Status epilepticus yearly than others1. About 1.4% of white and 1.1% of black people will develop this disorder every year compared to 0.6% of Hispanic who will have a lower rate of such incidence. About 1.23% of women will develop ...

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The Nature of the Environmental Problem The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is the destruction of 26 April 1986 of the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (now - Ukraine). The destruction was of an explosive nature, the reactor was completely destroyed, and the environment was released large quantities of radioactive substances. The accident is regarded as the largest of its kind in the history of nuclear power, as alleged by the number of dead and injured ...

Abstract:

Alexander Litvinenko was a Russian spy initially working with the KGB and afterwards with FSB. He was given orders to assassinate a Russian business tycoon but he did not follow the order but instead went ahead to publicly expose it among other KGB and FSB secrets. He was then imprisoned for nine months for treason. Upon his release, he was given political asylum in the United Kingdom following several death threats. With the ostensible sense of security in the UK he continued to condemn the then leader of the FSB Vladimir Putin and Kremlin, accusing them of drug trafficking, bombing apartment ...

Caffeine is the name that is used to commonly refer to the trimethylxanthine and has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 (Helmenstine, 2013). The compound has two major systematic name, which are 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine and 3, 7-dihydro-1, 3, 7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2, 6-Dione. Other common names that are used to refer to caffeine include guaranine, coffeine, mateine, theine, and methyltheobromine. The molecular structure for caffeine is as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Caffeine is usually produced by a number of plants that include guarana, coffee beans, cacao beans, and tea. It usually acts as a natural pesticide in plants where it kills or paralyzes insects ...

Technical Fact Sheet

CHEMICAL CLASS/TYPE Morphine is an opiate alkaloid, which are a group of chemical compounds with analgesic (pain-relieving) and narcotic (sleep-inducing) properties. Similar compounds in its class include buprenorphine, and the synthetic opioid heroine. It is found naturally in the environment in the sap of the opium poppy plant, Papaver sominferum (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012). These compounds exert their actions on the body through the opioid receptors, which are found on many different tissues. Morphine has widespread effects in the body, of which the most prominent are on the central nervous system and on smooth muscle ( ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

Wd Count: 1472

Introduction

Dextropropoxyphene is a drug used as a painkiller. The mild opioid can alleviate long-term or short-term pains. Dextropropoxyphene is an opioid that is a morphine-related drug. It acts on the neural system in the spine and the brain and hence relieves pain. The drug has been available for use by blending it with other drugs or on its own. In the recent past, use of the drug has been rejected by several countries, among them Australia, because of safety reasons. In Australia, the drug has been recently in March 2012 following discoveries that Dextropropoxyphene can cause changes in the electrical activity ...

I. Natural Radioactivity

Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon occurring in isotopes of elements with atomic numbers 20 and higher. This takes place in isotopes of elements with unstable atomic nuclei. Radiation-emitting isotopes are called radioisotopes. When an atom has an unstable nucleus, the number of protons and neutrons are not balanced and there are either too many protons or there are too few of it. This imbalance causes the nuclei to spontaneously decompose to form a more stable nucleus. During this process, energy or particles are released and this is known as radiation. There are three types of radiation. These are either in ...

Introduction

Radiation is best described as energy which is passing through space or a medium (Khan 2010). There are two categories of radiation; non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation is important in the life systems and can be exemplified by heat, visible light, or radio waves; however, overexposure may be toxic. Ionizing radiation is the one commonly implied whenever the term radiation is used. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to change atoms which may result in changes in cell molecules leading to alterations within the cells and thus cell damage. Radiation is measured by the unit, rem, which is ‘roentgen equivalent ...

Chemistry

Trizivir: Ingredients: 3 synthetic nucleoside analogues with inhibitory activity against HIV-1. “A recently approved antiretroviral looks like a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), but it acts like a protease inhibitor” (Portyansky 1999).

Active Ingredients:

1. abacavir sulfate, 300 mg (aka Ziagen™) 2. lamivudine, 150 mg (aka EIVIR™ or 3TC™) 3. zidovudine, 300 mg (aka RETROVIR™ or azidothymidine, ZDV or AZT because of Azide functional group).

Additives:

1. titanium dioxide 2. hypromellose 3. yellow iron oxide

Coating on Tablets

Is FD&C Blue No. 2, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide

Inactive Ingredients: 1. sodium starch glycolate ...