Essays on Heroin

Abstract

The research paper discusses the origin and nature of methadone, including the historical aspect of its development and further commercial and scientific use. The paper also describes the pharmacology of methadone, including the route of administration of the drug, its metabolism and its mechanism of action. Next section of the paper explains the experience in medical use of methadone, as it`s a great alternative to the painkillers based on the opiates, it plays a major role in the therapy of maintaining and replacement and treating the withdrawals syndromes. The positive effects on the pregnant patients are also described ...

SLIDE 2

Opium is a strong drug, derived from the sun-dried milky juice extracted from the unripe pods of the opium poppy. Contains about 20 alkaloids. In traditional medicine, due to the high content of morphine alkaloids used as a strong painkiller. However, he quickly called drug addiction and is now used only as a raw material for medicines (morphine, codeine, papaverine, and others), as well as for the synthesis of the drug heroin.

SLIDE 3

The first mention of opium was fixed 300th year BC. Opium was used in ancient Greece, its analgesic properties were mentioned by Hippocrates. The use of opium ...

Having an addiction of any kind is dangerous. However, one kind of addiction that involves the most amount of health risk is drug addiction. Drug addiction is an ill that can rear its ugly head no matter who you are, and that is reason enough to take notice of it. Sadly though, despite what many people would like to believe, addiction to drugs is still very much a part of modern society, and the numbers surrounding the addiction are mind boggling to say the least. According to figures provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, around ...

The Opium Poppy, also known as Papaver somniferum, grows mainly in dry & warm climates. The color of the flowers of this plant is red and purple and they mainly grow across southern Asia from Turkey through Pakistan and Laos, where the weather conditions are more favorable for their cultivation . In the US, it is mostly grown in South America. It belongs to family Papaveraceae, Genus Papaver, and species somniferum.
Some people may question the legality of opium poppy because as most people know, the drug derived from the flower is heroin. There is a process in which three months ...

Drug Trafficking

The illegal trade of drugs in black markets is perhaps one of the most profitable businesses globally. It involves the cultivation, processing, sale and distribution of drugs that are all subject to prohibition laws in the different countries. Trade in most jurisdictions is mostly allowed only under license through drug prohibition laws. According to reports from the United Nations, the global drug trade generated an estimated total of US $321.6 billion back in 2003 which was one of the highest in history. In the same year, the illegal trade generated a world Gross Domestic Product of US$36 trillion ...

Following the death of Phillip Seymour Hoffman in February of 2014, media outlets in America and elsewhere filled with news of it. Alongside this news were claims that there was an uptick of heroin usage in the United States. Virtually all media centers seemed to point to the possibility of an uptrend in the use of heroin in contrast to that of its relatives in the opioid group. The media claimed that there were new warnings from health officials in the US of an impending confirmation on a heroin epidemic. According to some of the health officials interviewed, the ...

Based on the current situation, Robby should have a strong intervention. In his tender age of 14, his mind is not developed enough to differentiate good and bad. He cannot take rational decisions and think about the long term effects of this habit of marijuana. He requires a collective family support to understand his situation and take a decision for him and not by force.
Children in this age are going through hormonal changes and divert easily towards substance abuse by imitating friend and seniors. To target this problem more effectively, he needs separation from his current friends and ...

National Institute of Drug Abuse states that heroin falls under opioid drugs long side painkillers such as oxycontin and Vicodin. The drug is the by-product of synthesized morphine, a substance that occurs naturally through the extraction from Asian opium poppy plant seedpod. The physical appearance of the drug varies from white or brown powder to a black sticky substance. Research indicates that by 2011, 1.6 % of American population had at least tested heroin in their lifetime, 23 % of this group had become dependent on the drug.
According to National Institute of Drug Abuse, administration of heroin into the body ...

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Introduction

Heroin belongs to the opiate family, a class of drugs derived from either the flowers of the poppy plant, or from their synthetic substitutes. In heroin’s case, it is produced from morphine. This is a naturally occurring material derived from the seedpod of the poppy plants. Like numerous drugs made from opiates, heroin is incredibly a strong painkiller
Every opiate abuse, as well as heroin and several prescriptions pain relievers, carries with them a solid risk of addiction along with physical dependence. Heroin commonly appears as a white otherwise brown powder. Purest ...

Introduction

The Trainspotting is a Scottish novel authored by Irvine Welsh. The novel was released in 1993. It features a collection of short stories that are written in Scottish English, Scots or British English. The main theme in the novel is addiction. It revolves around individuals who reside in Leith, Edinburgh. These residents either use heroin, have befriended a core group of people who use heroin, or take part in destructive activities that are similar in function to heroine and are therefore implicitly depicted as addictions. The novel has since revolutionized Scottish fiction especially after the success of its film ...

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Abstract

In order to give a comprehensive assessment of the ratio of drug trafficking and organized crime, it is necessary to study the history of drug trafficking in the transformation of an important branch of the criminal enterprise - such as how it happened with the bootlegging era of "dry law". As soon as concern over opium derivatives such as morphine and heroin, has led to the adoption of the extremely important on the value of legislation - the Law of Harrison, our historical review will focus on this addictive substance.

Historical Background

In the United ...

Many people who are addicted to hard drugs are under treatment and rehabilitation due to the many risks that exist as a result of the risky behavior. Most of these addicts risk contracting infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis (B or C) and even sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, there is a need to create rehabilitation programs to aid in the recovery and freedom from various forms of drug addiction. One of such therapy programs is the methadone maintenance therapy program. Research shows that this is one of the most effective programs in helping addicts fight with various forms of ...

Opiates refer to groups of drugs that are derived from poppy seeds usually found in Asia. In medicine field, the term opiate refers only to the narcotic opioid alkaloids extracted as natural products from the opium poppy plant known as Papaver somniferum (Earhart). These drugs have a high potential of being abused by users and are known to bock pain temporarily. It is very difficult for someone who uses opiates regularly to avoid getting hooked up by the use of drugs.
The prescription of opiates is mostly in pill form although some like heroin can be a powder that ...

This chapter provides substantial information about opium and opioids. The chapter delves into a number of issues regarding opium. These include its extraction, historical issues, its role in the wars between China and Great Britain, its active components, how the typical opioid user has changed over the years, how the supply of heroin has changed over the years, and laws that have been put in place to address the abuse of opium. Interestingly opium, a juice from the Papaver Somniferum plant has had a history of medical use of about 600 years long. Some of the medical science problems ...

The New Heroin Epidemic

According to Gilderman (2012) the United States experienced their largest heroin epidemic from 1967 to 1971; the second largest epidemic lasted from 1976 to 1981 (para. 9). So generally when people hear about a heroin epidemic they immediately think back to the 60s and 70s. There seems to be no recognition that there could be an ongoing epidemic of heroin use right now in the United States. Not only that, the epidemic is global including large areas of sub-Saharan African countries as well as in other locations around the world.

The question considered in this essay is: Does a ...

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Drug abuse is the chemical abuse which is a disorder since, the pattern to use the drug is not adequate. The mental distress usually leads to the usage of inadequate drugs. Drug abuse is the outcome of the drug addiction in which an individual becomes addicted to the certain drug and cannot balance himself without the drug. Consequently, the individual requires the drug by all means which leads him to crimes and also endangers his life.
People get addicted to various drugs which have the strength to ...

Psychology

Background

Mary is a 24-year old African-American woman that seeks evaluation of her condition. She has been using heroin since she was 19 years old. Mary is pointed out her boyfriend Max as the person that introduced her to heroin after she moved in with him. She has a history of family dysfunction and grew up seeing her father as an alcoholic and her mother undergoing an alcoholic recovery phase. Mary reported that she never received any substance or professional help before and that would justify any hesitation on her part to undergo evaluation. Another crucial part of her ...

Introduction

The topic of this paper presents a study from a sociological perspective on how the abuse of opiates affects society. The viewpoint renders its gaze from the application of conflict theory. The progression of this research paper posits its analysis through several stages. Beyond the introduction herein, the conversation moves into a bit of history, and thereafter assesses a reasoning section prior to approaching a conclusion. What is conflict theory and how may it be defined? According to the ‘Sociological Guide’ conflict theory may be defined as a collection of several ‘conflict theories,’ however the prominent one links to ...

Annotated Bibliography

Alexander, M. The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of. New York: The New Press., 2010.
Alexander starts with an overview of the Jim Crow laws that promoted racial segregation where the people of color were discriminated against. He reflects on the intimidation practices by the Ku Klax Klan and they people of color were denied the right to vote among others. Although the US is over the racial discrimination and exclusion on the basis of color, but the modern day practice of discrimination is practiced in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has been ...

Introduction

Drug trafficking as defined by the UNODOC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) refers to the illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture and sale or distribution of drugs in contravention of the law prohibiting the handling of drugs. This vice has been in operation for quite a whole now. This saw Clinton’s drug czar Barry McCaffrey retort that drug trafficking has been in place from as far as 1996 (Suddath, 2009). The truth is that drug trafficking has been a global issue for over 40 years. The war on drug trafficking was instituted in an early ...

Vicent’s case study

Question 1- Discuss in point form
The clinical features of the scenario that lead you to administer oxygen.
The clinical scenario that lead you to administer oxygen; cyanosis, level of consciousness indicated with GSC 7, respiratory rate of 4 breath per minute which is regular but shallow, lowered pulse rate which is weak and regular are the clinical features that are responsible for the initiation of oxygen administration.

The physiological rationale for administering oxygen.

The physiologic rationale is to manage hypoxia and thus reduce the cyanosis, which is the result of shortage of oxygen and increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the patient's blood. Administering ...

Introduction

Over the past decade, drug crimes and drug abuse have garnered a lot of attention. It is estimated that every year about $110 billion is cost to the country through drug related accidental injuries and deaths, health care, criminal behaviors, dependency treatment and so on. Both the state and federal laws prohibit the manufacturing, possession, and the sale of certain controlled substances such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and ecstasy. Drug's relation to crimes is through the effects drugs make on the user's behavior by influencing him to commit violence and other illegal action connected to drug trafficking. In ...

The New York Department of Mental Hygiene prepared a 16-page guidebook, entitled “Take Charge, Take Care: Ten Tips for Safer Use”, for the purpose of helping heroin users on how to use the drug safely and prevent overdose. This pamphlet should reduce the harm associated with injecting heroin before they get into safe treatment and recovery. However, this pamphlet came under fire, as it can be used to inform people on how to use drugs, such as by using new syringes, preparing them carefully, taking care of the veins, knowing the HIV status, and by not sharing the drugs. ...

Introduction

At the dawn of the Vietnam War, the United States of America was driven by the malicious interest of going to war for no apparent motive to gain anything from the war. The cards were however turned upside down when the French withdrew from the war leaving the U.S troops at the war front. The U.S was just out to oppose the growth and establishment of communism at all costs. The proponents of communism were aggrieved by the malice occasioned on them by the U.S and thus resolved not to relent in the war. Due to the massive deaths ...

Abstract

The following paper analyzes three articles that deal with the effect of addicted mothers on infant development. The type of addiction that the paper concentrates on includes alcohol abuse, use of cocaine, marijuana, and heroin. Drug use during pregnancy has been on the higher rise as more young mothers engage in drug and alcohol abuse. Mothers who use non-prescribed when pregnant never realizes the dangers they expose their newborn babies to until the child is born and attains the age of five years. The paper will identify various problems analyzed in the selected articles and relate them to the ...

Introduction 3

Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy 3
Summary of Model 4
Strengths and Weaknesses of Treatment 6
Medication Treatment Approaches 7
Medication Assessment Treatment 8
Strengths and Weaknesses of Treatment 11
Therapeutic Modality use with a patient with a Substance Disorder 11
Ethical, legal, Individual and Socio-Cultural Implications 12
Conclusion 12

References: 13

Addiction Treatments
Introduction
In the past, there were times when the society actually looked at drug addiction as some kind of a flaw that was moral. Research shows that popular "treatments" did things much different than they did today. For instance, it involved imprisonment, sentencing to drug users to the ...

Introduction

The federal government system functions with hundreds of federal agencies and administrative offices. These federal agencies have specific purposes and were formed through enactment of congress. Congress has been given the mandate to create such agencies and these agencies are answerable to congress at any point in time. Some agencies are formed under cabinet departments while others are independent agencies. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is one such federal agency. The DEA, as the name suggests, is cabinet agency formed in response to the drug menace that has hit the country in the 1970s. Its sole purpose is to ...

Let’s Get High

The need for a happy life is perhaps all that everybody wants; virtually every human being wants to live a stress-free life. However, the meaning of a happy life is discrepant to different people. To some, a happy and stress-free life is only attainable by smoking Marijuana- according to this group of people, marijuana promises them relaxation and relief for their daily life stress. Admittedly, this might be true for a while, but not all the time because using marijuana is the gateway to illicit drugs and might lead to addiction for a heavy user. Nonetheless, it should be ...

Article Reviews

Mayer, J., Wilson, R., and M. Hazlewood. “Personal Intelligence Expressed: A Multiple Case Study of Business Leaders.” Imagination, Cognition and Personality 30(2): 201-224.

Summary

This article acknowledges the wealth of intelligences that can lead to success in many different areas of life, focusing on the ways in which personal intelligence (PI) can influence life expressions. Defined as “the capacity to reason about personality and to use personality and personal information to enhance one’s thoughts, plans and life experience,” PI can increase one’s interest in one’s own personality, and the personalities of others, inspire the creation ...

Question one:

Developmental crises that demonstrate the normal evolution and growth of human beings where dramatic changes lead to abnormal responses
Situational crises arise in the case of extraordinary and uncommon events which an individual cannot control or forecast.
Existential crises relate to the internal conflicts which are closely connected to crucial human issues like responsibility, purpose, freedom, independence and commitment (Long, 2006).
Ecosystemic crises also entail disasters caused by human beings and natural disasters. The people find themselves in such disasters without their intention.
The founders of crisis theory include Rapoport in 1967 and 1970 who categorized crises into development ...

Famed basketball player Chris Herren endured a great deal of controversy and criticism over the course of his career – infamous for his drug addiction and abuse, his surprising candor about these issues make him unique among professional sports players. Chris Herren’s heroin and painkiller addictions made his journey an incredibly tragic one; despite his successes, notoriety and incredible heights with the Boston Celtics, his American Dream turned into a tragedy. The tale of Chris Herren is one of a young, talented upstart who was unable to handle the amorality of the professional sports world – as his fame increased, ...

Successful public policy is very difficult to devise but when the known facts and the perceptions of the citizens and government officials are used with honesty, success is more likely. David Baum wrote a book about the ‘war on drugs’ titled Smoke and Mirrors which was published in 1996. Examples from his book have been discussed with reference to Deborah A. Stone’s categories of causal stories. Causal stories that are used to justify public policy may involve policy actions that have been carefully researched and are targeted towards a specific goal. On the other hand the actions may ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access ...

Marijuana use by teenagers in the 10th and 12th grade increased from 14.2% and 18.8% in 2007 to 17.0% and 22.9% in 2012 respectively. A continued abuse of prescription and OTC drugs also continued to rise, especially on the use stimulants and pain relievers. While marijuana and medical drugs showed consistent and, other times, escalating use, other drugs of abuse such as inhalants, cocaine and MDMA (ecstasy) decreased in all. Alcohol use among teenagers, on the other hand, showed a slight increase in 2012. Cigarettes, though peaked around 1997, continued to decrease until now. Both cigarettes (17.1%) and marijuana ( ...

The text looks into narcotics and prescription drugs as a common problem today. Narcotics such as morphine and heroin and prescription drugs like hydrocodone are most prone to diversion and abuse. The text looks into why drug networks arise, the changes that come with drug use and the risk behaviors involved.
According to the text, most narcotic addicts fall victim to use of the drug due to close association with other addicts and personal curiosity. Harsh living conditions and poor backgrounds predispose most people to use of narcotics such as heroin. Most addicts suffer loss of employment and stigmatization. ...

A Critical Analysis

James Baldwin’s “Sonny’s Blues” (1965) is one of his best known stories, and it continues to attract critical attention and to attract new readers. Written during the Civil Rights Campaign of the 1960s, Baldwin eschews his habitual preoccupations with homosexuality and inter-racial relationships to write a moving story of two brothers. Clark 934) argues that the story “meticulously interrogates and dismantles the superficial, socially imposed aspects of men’s relationships precisely because the story is so uniquely asexual.” – unique in Baldwin’s work, he means. Famously, Baldwin uses the music of the blues and jazz as a ...

Drug abuse has become a worldwide issue, where each and every nation is struggling to control and prevent the ever increasing rate of drugs and substance abuse. As of today, the issue has become part of debate in almost all communities and nations in the world, and the question on who should take charge and how these issues should be solved without major effects on the society at large, has also raised more concern.

Drug and substance abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of frequent use of a certain drug substance, which is not ...

Introduction

There is a broad social movement calling for the legalization or even decriminalization of marijuana. These requirements are motivated by the fact that the drugs marijuana, unlike currently legalized alcohol or tobacco, according to supporters of, much less harmful to health and do not induce physical dependence. The argument for legalization is economic factor - a ban on the sale of marijuana generates excess profits derived crime corrupts and corrupts watching the traffic in organs, does not allow to fully develop the agricultural and industrial use of this valuable raw material and legalization would allow it to avoid and ...

Though stories vary greatly from one another, good stories have similar literary elements in common which make them a good story. This essay judges James Baldwin’s story Sonny’s Blues based on this criteria of characters, setting, and point of view and conflict.
Baldwin’s story features two protagonists, Sonny and his brother and his older, protective brother. Both are from an economically disadvantaged black neighborhood. Sonny is a musician, and as do many musicians, he used drugs. The reader is introduced to Sonny when he has just gotten out of jail and is no longer using drugs, ...

Introduction

Relationship between drug and crime
Drug abuse occurs as a result of maladaptive habits of drug use. It is manifested by recurrent and significant impact associated with repeated intake of the drugs. These problems occur repeatedly during the period of 12 months. The criteria include; harmful impacts of repeated use rather than tolerance and pattern of compulsive use. Drug abuse leads to addiction and drug dependency. The dependency raises the maladaptive pattern of substance abuse, resulting to cluster of behavioral and psychological phenomenon that develops after several drugs intakes. Drug dependency includes a strong urge to take the drug; ...

Health education is one of the most important kinds of classes that teenagers need, as their health and future both depend on their awareness of the problems drugs can cause in their lives. What should we do for teenagers not to become addicts? What are the first symptoms of teenage drug addiction? What type of drug harms in the most destructive way? Why can people suddenly die from heroin or methamphetamine? Why marijuana is the easiest and also the most dangerous drug? What is the average lifespan of a drug addict? Why is it almost not possible to recover ...

International Drug Trafficking: The Prevalence of Economic Crimes

Introduction
Sobering are the statistics of modern-day illicit drug use; it is estimated that over 210 million people per year use illicit drugs, with 16 million of these users living in The United States alone (Levitsky 228). Annually, the annual economic and social costs to the United States total over a staggering $100 billion, and the majority of research suggests that this number is set to increase as the global trend of drug trafficking increases as well (Cox et al. 430). Consequently, the most obvious result of increased international drug trafficking is the increase of crimes that associated with ...

The Most Controversial & Debated Plant in the Country

INTRODUCTION
Weed, grass, bud, pot, “giggle-twig,” Kush, “greenery,” and marijuana are all names for one plant; Cannabis. Whether one has first-hand experience or not, most Americans are aware of what Cannabis looks and how it smells. However, beyond that many people cannot agree on much else concerning the uses, laws and policies of this one, single plant. Some people believe that Cannabis is a dangerous, addictive, illicit drug as equally as threatening as any other drug, like heroin and methamphetamines, also called Speed. However, there are an ever-growing number of people in this country who argue that many of ...

The film Trainspotting (1996), which was based on the book of the same name, was about a group of drug addicts in the depressed areas of Edinburgh (Böckenfeld). It follows the lead character, Mark Renton, and his friends as they explore the urban areas of Edinburgh which are plagued with poverty and squalor. Although the film was mainly about the highs and lows of drug addicts, their circle of friends, lies and deceit, the film had a number of economic themes which were very historic.
One thing that was a bit awkward about the film was how the ...

Reducing Drug Induced Deaths

During the year 2005, approximately 22m Americans were experiencing alcohol or drug related problem. Around 99% of people who abused substances or drugs were not aware of the problem they were experiencing. 273, 000 people out of those who identified their problem unsuccessfully sought treatment of their identified problems. The problems suffered included domestic violence, homicide, suicide and motor vehicle accidents/ crashes. These incidences emphasize the importance of enhancing measures to prevent and treat substance/ drug abuse and their related disorders. Such measures will improve the safety, health and life quality of the victims. This paper explores the 2020 ...

Country Report: China

- Introduction
Since the time of the early civilizations, China has remained to be permanent actor in the development of practices, traditions, and history throughout the globe. From being traders from the East, the Chinese had been able to keep up with development and be one of the world’s leading actors in politics and economy today. However, while the nation is known for its steady economic development and growing political power, China is also known for its still communist roots and the potential impact it has over its neighboring countries. The international community, especially the United States, is ...

Imagine suffering from an unbearable pain and discomfort and being denied the medication you need for relief because it is a controlled substance. Medicinal marijuana is a term used to define derivatives of marijuana that can be used to treat various ailments. Marijuana is an illegal substance in all but 16 states in the United States. This means majority of American citizens who are willing to choose medicinal marijuana are unable to consume it as acceptable therapy for their ailments.
This proposal will advance the argument for the legalization of medicinal marijuana. The thesis statement is that the United ...

Introduction

Criminal activities among the youth and women are high in areas with low incomes like slums and poverty-stricken populations. A Rage in Harlem (1957), by Chester and ‘’The Corner’ by Simon and Burns focus on the criminal activities taking place in inner cities. A Rage in Harlem focuses on sexual and violence among the youth in the City of Harlem where majority of its population is black who live in congested dwellings, feeding on each other’s throats. This shows how poverty is prevalent in among the blacks living in Harlem while the whites are living in mansions on ...

Drug abuse and its negative effects on soldiers is a historically common phenomenon in the military service and personnel. During the American civil war, soldiers used drugs to increase their level alertness and to dull the pains they incurred during the fights. Others used the drugs to reduce the fatigue from working and staying awake for several hours during the war. Unfortunately, the use of drugs in addition to alcohol abuse lead to addiction and other drug related consequences among the military service members in the army (Char 123).
This problem went on undetected for a long period resulting ...

Press Release

With the support of various groups such as the Heroin Hurts, Mr. Jason Jarvis is running for the Sheriff post in Jefferson County, Missouri. Jarvis believes that he can make a change in the county that has been put down by the use of heroin. In terms of qualifications, he has an Associates degree in Criminal Justice and a Bachelors of Arts in Criminal Justice from the American Military University, besides being a member of the Golden Key Society as well as the Alpha Phi Sigma Criminal Justice Honor Society.

It is such qualifications that give Jarvis the confidence ...

On July 12, 2015, Mexican drug lord Joaquin 'El Chapo' Guzman, the leader of the Sinaloa drug cartel, escaped from his jail cell in Altiplano prison, outside of Mexico City. With an estimated net worth of a billion dollars, Guzman is known as a brutal leader responsible for the thousands of murders, and the exportation of large amounts of cocaine, methamphetamine and marijuana into the United States. To many Mexicans, he is also a folk hero like Jesús Malverde, a Mexican Robin Hood figure who robbed Mexican banks in the early 1900’s (Campbell). In the Mexican state ...

Brief History

Controversies regarding the use of methadone have been existent over the past three decades. The use of the drug has received praise and condemnation in equal measure. The controversies have been persistent especially due to misinformation on the part of the various parties concerned; the addicts and their families, sponsors, physicians and ethnic leaders. Staff who are meant to guide addicts need to get the right information on the level of safety.
The recent past has seen an increase in the number of methadone-related deaths. This is especially so in the use of the drug in combination with other ...

Problem Statement/Introduction:

Prescription pain medication abuse has become an epidemic. The statistics on this form of abuse are increasing and are fatal. Prescription opioid pain medicine are being abused and are leading to more deaths than all other street illicit drugs including cocaine and heroin. Over 86% of OxyContin abusers report that they had not been prescribed the drug for medical purposes. Health care providers wrote 259 million prescriptions for painkillers in 2012, enough for every American to have a bottle of pills. In 2012, of the 41,502 drug overdose deaths in the USA, 22,114 (53%) were related to ...

This paper considers the links between drug addiction and crime rates. As described by Gottfredson et al. (2008), they are “two of the most intractable social problems facing the United States.” Extensive research into the relationship between drugs and crime has produced three explanations. The first is that the use of drugs leads to criminal activity. The second is the reverse of that; i.e. that crimes lead to people using drugs. The third explanation offered is that the relationship between drugs and crime has a series of common causes. The objective of this research paper is to establish that ...

[Institution Title]

Abstract

Substance abuse and addiction have been classified as a psychological condition as based under DSM-5 classification. Substances are classified according to categories under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, which the US Congress specifies under Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. This paper will concentrate on the discussion of opioid use disorder and how it gradually develops to be included among the substances commonly abused. Aside from delving into the discussion of the disorder, this paper will start by tracking down the history of use of the substance opium. At the same ...

Cause and Effect Essay

Introduction
Cigarette smoking is a practice that involves the burning of a tobacco in which its actual smoke is being inhaled and exhaled in the process. Tens and millions of people around the world spend much of their money just to support their cigarette dependence. This is because cigarette contains active substances that make people crave for a stick to another. Cigarette smoking is one of the most common types of recreational drug use, making it to be one of the leading causes of deaths around the world. Harmful substances of a cigarette may not only directly affect smokers, ...

What is nicotine?

Tobacco that basically comes from the plant known as nicotiana tabacum has been utilized for many years. It can be chewed, sniffed, or smoked. The initial depiction of tobacco addiction is contained in a New World report in which Spanish armed forces said that they were unable to quit smoking. Initially, nicotine was being used as an insecticide with its analogs still being used as insecticides currently (Yamamoto & Casida, 1999).
When isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves was performed in the year 1828, scientists started researching its impacts on the body as well as brain. This research ultimately demonstrated ...

Drug abuse is the chronic or excessive use of mind altering drugs to an extent that interferes with the social adjustment or health of an individual. The most vulnerable group to drug abuse is the youth, many of whom yield to the peer pressure into becoming regular drug abusers. The other factors are lack of moral education and parental care, broken homes, media, pop culture, and depression. Drug abuse affects the society in many ways such as increased criminal activities, spread of HIV and other infections, deaths on the road and off the road, medical expenses and disruption of ...

Drug Abuse or Substance Abuse also called chemical abuse leads to disorder which is characterized with vicious pattern of substance usage leading to distress and significant problems. Over 7% of the population is affected by Drug abuse in their lifetime. These days, many teenagers engage themselves in drug abuse especially Narcotics (Drug prescribed for severe pain relief) and stimulating medications for treating disorder like attention deficit and narcolepsy (“Dryden-Edwards”).

Drugs Abuse and Types of Drugs

If ingesting a substance causes feeling of euphoria (high) then that substance can be abused. There are many legal and illegal drugs which people are well aware of but there ...

The War on Drugs has been fought for the past several decades in the United States – billions of dollars have been spent fighting the flow of illegal drugs into America, seemingly to no avail. Millions of Americans use illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, heroin) regularly, and even the most well-organized and efficient anti-drug efforts seem to do little against this. With that in mind, it is time to reevaluate the moral and philosophical objections to drugs in the US; philosophers such as Milton Friedman would argue that it is best to decriminalize drugs and make them legal. On the other ...